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Showing 91 to 100 of 100 (0.024 seconds)| 91 |
Nouveaux alliages Fe-Co magnétiques pour l’aéronautique, à microstructure partiellement recristallisée et à texture fortement orientée / New magnetic Fe-Co alloys, having a partially recrystallized microstructure and strongly oriented texture, for aeronautic applicationsNabi, Brahim 27 January 2014 (has links)
Les propriétés magnétiques et mécaniques des alliages Fe-49%Co-2%V et Fe-27%Co, utilisés respectivement dans les générateurs et les transformateurs électriques de l’aéronef, ont été étudiées en fonction des traitements thermiques. Concernant le Fe-49%Co-2%V, les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les propriétés magnétiques et mécaniques dépendent de la distance entre les interfaces qui séparent les cristallites présents dans la microstructure et ceci quel que soit le taux de recristallisation. Le champ coercitif dépend linéairement de l’inverse de la distance entre ces interfaces et la limite d’élasticité suit une loi de Hall et Petch modifiée pour tenir compte des sous-joints. De plus, une relation linéaire entre la contrainte de friction de la loi de Hall et Petch avec le taux d’ordre à grande distance mesuré par diffraction de neutrons a été établie. Finalement, en s’appuyant sur l’expérience, une loi polynomiale de degré deux reliant les pertes magnétiques et la limite d’élasticité a été proposée. Concernant l’alliage Fe-27%Co, un suivi de l’évolution de la composante de Goss {011}<100> pendant le processus de fabrication a été réalisé. Cette composante est recherchée car favorable pour les propriétés magnétiques. Il a été trouvé que l’origine de cette texture est intimement liée au cisaillement développé lors du laminage à chaud. De plus, le développement de la texture {111}<112> de déformation à froid a été étudié. Le système de glissement {110}<111>, majoritairement activé, a été mis en évidence via un couplage d’analyses EBSD et de simulations VPSC. Au cours de la déformation plastique, les composantes de Goss et Cube tournée ({001}<110>) tournent afin de positionner leur plan {110} pour le glissement facile. Ces rotations, respectivement de 35° et 55° autour de la direction transverse, permettent de former la composante {111}<112>. / Magnetic and mechanical properties of Fe-49%Co-2%V and Fe-27%Co alloys, used in electric generators and transformers of the aircraft, have been investigated as a function of heat treatments. As regards to Fe-49%Co-2%V alloy, experimental results have shown that the magnetic and mechanical properties depend on the boundary spacing, which separate the microstructure crystallites, whatever the recrystallized fraction. The coercivity depends linearly on the inverse of the boundary spacing and the yield strength follows a modified Hall Petch relationship by taking into account the sub-grain size. Moreover, a linear relationship between the frictional stress and the long range order degree measured by neutron diffraction has been established. Finally, based on the experiment, a square polynomial degree relationship between the magnetic losses and the yield stress has been proposed. As respect to the Fe-27%Co alloy, the evolution of the {011}<100> Goss component during the manufacturing process has been investigated. This sought component is favorable for the magnetic properties of the sheet. It has been found that the origin of this texture is related to its development by shearing during hot rolling. Moreover, the development of the {111}<112> cold deformation texture was studied. It has been established by coupling EBSD analysis and simulation based on VPSC model that the {110}<111> system is the predominant active slip system during the plastic deformation. During the deformation, the Goss and the rotated Cube ({001}<110>) components, rotate of 35° and 55° respectively with regard to the transverse direction. That happens in order to place the active slip plane {110} in the favorable position for gliding to develop the {111}<112> component.
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Nanoformulações à base de óleo essencial de Lippia sidoides e timol para o manejo de populações de Sitophilus zeamais / Nanoformulations based on essential oil of Lippia sidoides and thymol to the management of Sitophilus zeamais populationsOliveira, Alexandre Passos 29 July 2016 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Sitophilus zeamais is a global important pest-insect, known for the losses that it causes during production and grain storage. One of the main problems caused by synthetic pesticides use is the development of resistant insect populations. Essential oils of plants have been considered a promising alternative to the conventional management of pests insects, however, its direct application has limitations due to the instability of its composition and high volatility. According to this, the technology of nanoformulations production can increase the potential of essential oil use, and its compounds, by increasing the efficiency, and stability of these compounds. The aim of this study was evaluate the lethal and sub lethal effects of Lippia sidoides essential oil, its majoritary compound (thymol), and nanoformulations of essential oil based prototypes, under S. zeamais populations (N = 5) from different regions of Brazil. The chemical composition of the essential oil, and nanoformulation was analyzed by GC/MS/DIC. The completely random design consisted in four replications for each combination of treatment x populations of S. zeamais. Bioassays of acute toxicity were conducted in Petri dishes (6 x 1,5 cm) with 10 unsexed adults. The lethal doses (LD50 and LD90), and the lethal time (LT50) were obtained through topic application bioassays. To the nanoformulation storage efficiency was used the LD95. On the population growth, and grain consume bioassays were used different concentrations of nanoformulations to mass grain treatment. The major compound present in the L. sidoides essential oil was thymol (68.5%). During nanoformulation storage, the concentration of these compound increased, getting to 82% of the essential oil composition. L. sidoides essential oil lethal doses, needed to kill 50% of S. zeamais populations, vary between 7.1 to 19.9 μg mg-1. Jacarezinho, and Maracaju populations were, respectively, the most tolerant and susceptible populations to L. sidoides essential oil. Intermediates susceptibilities were observed to Aracaju, Rio Branco, and Sete Lagoas populations. To thymol LD50 were observed variations between 17.1 to 25.7 μg mg-1. To nanoformulations prototypes (18%) containing L. sidoides essential oil, and thymol were observed LD50 variations between 26.4 to 36 e 20.8 a 27.7 μg mg-1, respectively. L. sidoides essential oil, thymol, and their nanoformulations had a fast action under S. zeamais populations. Lethal times needed to kill 50% of the population vary between 5.8 to 62 hours. In all of those cases, the nanoformulations took longer to cause the same mortality. The nanoformulations caused mortalities higher than 80% of S. zeamais populations of over 210 storage days. Nanoformulations increasing concentrations resulted on intrinsic tax (ri), and grain consume reduction of S. zeamais populations. This study prove that nanoformulations of L. sidoides oil essential based prototypes and its majoritary compound are promising alternatives to the management of S. zeamais once these demonstrated high efficacy, low liberation of the substances, and good storage stability. / Sitophilus zeamais é uma praga de importância mundial que ocasiona danos em grãos durante sua produção e estocagem. Um dos principais problemas da utilização de inseticidas organosintéticos, usados para o controle desta praga, consiste no desenvolvimento de populações de insetos resistentes. Óleos essenciais de plantas tem sido considerados uma boa alternativa ao manejo convencional, porém sua utilização direta apresenta limitações devido à instabilidade de sua composição e a alta volatilidade. Neste sentido, a tecnologia de produção de nanoformulações pode aumentar a potencialidade do uso dos óleos essenciais e seus compostos por aumentar a eficiência e a estabilidade destes compostos. No presente estudo analisamos os efeitos letais e subletais do óleo essencial de Lippia sidoides, de seu composto majoritário (timol) e de protótipos de nanoformulações a base destes compostos sobre populações de S. zeamais (N = 5) provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil. A composição química do óleo essencial e da nanoformulação foram analisadas por CG/EM/DIC. O delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, consistiu em quatro repetições para cada combinação de tratamento x população de S. zeamais. Bioensaios de toxicidade aguda foram conduzidos em placas de Petri (6 x 1,5 cm) contendo 10 adultos não sexados. As doses letais (DL50 e DL90) e o tempo letal (TL50) foram determinados em bioensaios de aplicação tópica. Para a eficiência do armazenamento das nanoformulações utilizou-se a DL95. Nos bioensaios de crescimento populacional e consumo de grãos foram utilizadas diferentes concentrações das nanoformulações para o tratamento da massa de grãos. O composto majoritário presente no óleo essencial de L. sidoides foi o timol (68,5%). Durante o armazenamento da nanoformulação esse composto aumentou, chegando a até 82% da composição do óleo. As doses letais do óleo essencial de L. sidoides necessárias para matar 50% das populações de S. zeamais variaram de 7,1 a 19,9 μg mg-1. As populações de Jacarezinho e Maracaju foram, respectivamente, a mais tolerante e susceptível ao óleo essencial de L. sidoides. Susceptibidades intermediárias foram observadas para as populações de Aracaju, Rio Branco e Sete Lagoas. O timol apresentou DL50 que variou de 17,1 a 25,7 μg mg-1. Os protótipos das nanoformulações (18%) contendo óleo essencial de L. sidoides e timol apresentaram DL50 que variaram de 26,4 a 36 e 20,8 a 27,7 μg mg-1, respectivamente. O óleo essencial de L. sidoides, o timol e suas nanoformulações atuaram rapidamente sobre as populações de S. zeamais. Os tempos letais necessários para matar 50% das populações variaram de 5,8 a 62 horas. Em todos os casos as nanoformulações demoram mais tempo para causar a mesma mortalidade. As nanoformulações causaram mortalidades superiores a 80% nas populações de S. zeamais até 210 dias de armazenamento. Concentrações crescentes das nanoformulações ocasiononaram redução da taxa intrínseca de crescimento (ri) e do consumo de grãos das populações de S. zeamais. Este trabalho comprova que os protótipos de nanoformulação a base do óleo essencial de L. sidoides e seu composto majoritário são promissores para o manejo de populações de S. zeamais uma vez que demonstraram alta eficácia, liberação lenta das substâncias e boa estabilidade no armazenamento.
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Tratamentos térmicos, cloreto de cálcio e atmosfera modificada em pêssegos \'IAC Douradão\': aspectos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e de qualidade / Heat treatments, calcium chloride and modified atmosphere in IAC Douradão peach: physiological, biochemical and qualitative aspectsFabiana Fumi Sasaki 28 August 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o potencial de conservação refrigerado de pêssego IAC Douradão e determinar os efeitos dos tratamentos térmicos, da aplicação de cloreto de cálcio e da modificação de atmosfera, sobre a fisiologia, a bioquímica e a qualidade dos frutos, visando aumentar o período de armazenamento deste cultivar. Para isso, foram realizados cinco experimentos. No primeiro foram avaliados tempos e temperaturas de condicionamento térmico, com os frutos sendo expostos a 50°C/1h, 50°C/2hs e 20°C/48hs, antes de serem armazenados a 1°C. No segundo experimento foram avaliados diferentes ciclos de aquecimento intermitente durante o armazenamento refrigerado (5 dias a 25°C por 24hs, 5 dias a 15°C por 48hs, 10 dias a 25°C por 24hs e 10 dias a 15°C por 48hs). No terceiro experimento foram avaliados tempos e temperaturas de choque a frio, com os frutos sendo expostos à temperaturas de 2°C e 4°C durante 1, 2 ou 3 horas. O quarto experimento consistiu na aplicação de CaCl2 em concentrações variando de zero a 1,50%. No quinto experimento foram avaliadas embalagens com diferentes tipos de filmes, sendo elas PEAD, PP 0,06, PP 0,10, PEBD 0,06 e PEBD 0,10. O pêssego IAC Douradão pode ser armazenado por 20 dias com perdas reduzidas na qualidade dos frutos e sintomas leves de injúrias pelo frio. Com uso do condicionamento térmico a 20°C/48hs ou aquecimento intermitente em todos os ciclos testados, os frutos não apresentaram sintomas de lanosidade até o final do armazenamento, mas somente o aquecimento intermitente teve influência sobre o escurecimento interno da polpa. Por outro lado, o choque a frio antecipou e intensificou o aparecimento das injúrias pelo frio. Por isso, este técnica não é indicada para conservação de pêssegos IAC Douradão. As concentrações de 0,75% a 1,25% de CaCl2 controlaram o aparecimento de podridões e reduziram a incidência de injúrias pelo frio. O uso de embalagens reduziu a perda de massa, sendo a embalagem PEBD 0,10 a mais eficiente também para a redução das injúrias pelo frio e na manutenção dos demais atributos de qualidade. A embalagem PP 0,10, embora tenha sido eficiente no controle das injúrias pelo frio, provocou a fermentação dos frutos. Observou-se, ainda, em todos os experimentos, que os tratamentos que proporcionaram maior produção de etileno durante o armazenamento refrigerado e após a retirada dos frutos para a temperatura ambiente provocaram redução nos sintomas de lanosidade. / This study was carried out with the objective of evaluate the cold storage potential of \'IAC Douradão\' peach and to determine effects of the heat treatment, calcium chloride application and modified atmosphere on the physiology, biochemistry and quality of this fruit, to increase the shelf-life of this cultivar. For this, five experiments were carried out. In the first, different times and temperatures of heat treatment were applied. Fruit were exposed to 50°C/1h, 50°C/2hs and 20°C/48hs before of the stored at 1°C. In the second experiment, different cycles of intermittent warming during cold storage were evaluated. Fruit were heated to each 5 days at 25°C for 24h; 5 days at 15°C for 48 h; 10 days at 25°C for 24h; and 10 days to 15°C for 48h. In the third experiment, times and temperatures of the cold shock were studied. Fruit were exposed at - 2°C or - 4°C during 1, 2 or 3 hours. In the fourth experiment, CaCl2 application in concentrations ranging from zero to 1.50% were studied. In the fifth experiment, different types of packaging films were evaluated (HDPE, PP 0.06, PP 0.10, and LDPE 0.06 and 0.10). The \'IAC Douradão\' peach can be stored for 20 days without quality losses and light chilling injury symptoms. Heat treatment at 20°C/48hs or intermittent warming in all cycles reduced wooliness until the end of storage, but only the intermittent warming affect the internal browning. For other hand, the cold shock accelerated and intensified the chilling injuries symptoms. Therefore, this technique is not indicated for storage of \'IAC Douradão\' peach. Concentrations of 0.75% to 1.25% of CaCl2 controlled the onset of decay and reduced the incidence of chilling injuries. The use of packaging reduced weight loss, and the packaging LDPE 0.10 was most efficient in reducing chilling injuries and maintaining the other attributes of quality. The PP 0.10 packaging, despite having been effective to reduce chilling injuries, it caused fermentation of the fruit. In all experiments was observed that the treatments that provided higher production of ethylene during cold storage and after exposure of fruit to room temperature caused reduction in symptoms of wooliness.
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Prospecção de produtos naturais para o manejo integrado de Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) / Prospecting of natural products for the integrated management of Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)Silva, Ana Paula Oliveira da 15 December 2017 (has links)
Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) is
a cosmopolitan plague popularly known as a tobacco beetle that attacks a wide
variety of stored agricultural products, like soybeans, escavating galleries in the
grains while feeding and consequently generating losses to the producers by the loss
of quality and value of the seeds. Due to the risks of intoxication and environment
contamination with chemical residues, as well as the emergence of resistant
individuals, other approaches to the control of L. serricorne have been sought. The
host plant kairomones are molecules with potential for application as food attractants
in traps for monitoring and capture insects. On the other hand, the evaluation of
essential oils (EO) of native plants cultivated locally, can contribute to the discovery
of useful compounds as natural repellents or bio-insecticides, also generating tools
useful in integrated pest management (IPM). The objective of this study was to
investigate and identify the volatile organic compounds released by stored soybeans
from 3 varieties cultivated in Brazil with attractiveness to adults L. serricorne
(soybean marketed in large supermarket chains in Maceió-AL and two varieties
EMBRAPA BRS284 and BRS360RR) and to test the EO activity of the mature fruits
of Schinus terebinthifolius, in order to promote the prospection of natural compounds
with potential for application in the integrated management of this pest in storage
environments. The attractiveness of grains and extracts prepared by dynamic
headspace collection was evaluated in 4-arm olfactometer behavioral bioassays,
while the isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds were carried out
using gas chromatography coupled to electroanthennography (GC-EAG) and gas
chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Five EAG-active
compounds were identified in the extracts of soybeans: 1-octen- 3-ol, 3-octanol, 1-
nonanol, linalool and limonene. The behavioral response of L. serricorne in 4-arm
olfactometer bioassays to synthetic compounds was statistically significant for 1-
octen-3- ol, 3-octanol, 1-nonanol and linalool, while the attraction for the 4 synthetic
blend was comparable to that verified for soybeans. The activity of the EO extracted
by steam-drag of the mature fruits of S. terebinthifolius (3 replicates) harvested from
matrices located on the A. C. Simões Campus of UFAL, Maceió-AL, on L. serricorne
adults was tested in 4-arm olfactometer bioassays , in two concentrations (1 and 10
μL), while the EO composition was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. EO repellency
was checked at a dose of 10 μL. A total of 14 compounds were identified in S.
terebinthifolius EO, with the main components being β-pinene (49.8%), α-pinene
(33.49%), 3-carene (5.85%), germacrene-D (2.08%) and bornylene (1.21%). The
attractive compounds identified from the soybean grains act as kayromones for L.
serricorne, while the S. terebinthifolius EO has repellent activity against this pest, so
the results obtained here can be applied in the development of bioproducts for the
integrated management of L. serricorne in and around storage environments,
favoring the rational use of insecticides. / Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) é
uma praga cosmopolita conhecida popularmente como besourinho do tabaco que
ataca uma grande variedade de produtos agrícolas armazenados, dentre eles a soja,
escavando galerias nos grãos enquanto se alimentam e consequentemente gerando
prejuízos aos produtores pela perda da qualidade e valor das sementes. Devido aos
riscos de intoxicação e de contaminação do meio ambiente com resíduos químicos,
assim como o surgimento de indivíduos resistentes, outras abordagens para o
controle de L. serricorne tem sido buscadas. Os cairomônios das plantas
hospedeiras são moléculas com potencial para aplicação como atraentes
alimentares em armadilhas para monitoramento e captura de insetos. Por outro lado,
a avaliação de óleos essenciais (OE) de plantas nativas cultivadas localmente, pode
contribuir para a descoberta de compostos úteis como repelentes ou bioinseticidas
naturais, gerando também ferramentas úteis manejo integrado de pragas (MIP). O
objetivo desse estudo foi investigar e identificar os compostos orgânicos voláteis
liberados pelos grãos de soja armazenados de três variedades cultivadas no Brasil
com atratividade para adultos de L. serricorne (soja comercializada em grandes
cadeias de supermercados em Maceió-AL e duas variedades EMBRAPA BRS284 e
BRS360RR) e testar a atividade do OE dos frutos maduros de Schinus
terebinthifolius, a fim de promover a prospecção de compostos naturais com
potencial para aplicação no manejo integrado dessa praga em ambientes de
armazenamento. A atratividade dos grãos e de extratos preparados por coleta
dinâmica do headspace dos grãos foi avaliada em bioensaios comportamentais em
olfatômetro de 4 braços, enquanto o isolamento e identificação dos compostos
bioativos foram realizados pelas técnicas de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à
eletroantenografia (CG-EAG) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de
massas (CG-EM). Cinco compostos EAG-ativos foram identificados nos extratos dos
grãos de soja: 1-octen- 3-ol, 3-octanol, 1-nonanol, linalol e limoneno. A resposta
comportamental de L. serricorne em bioensaios em olfatômetro de 4 braços aos
compostos sintéticos foi estatisticamente significativa para 1-octen- 3-ol, 3-octanol, 1-
nonanol e linalol, enquanto a atração pela mistura dos 4 compostos sintéticos foi
comparável à verificada para os grãos de soja. A atividade do OE extraído por
arraste a vapor dos frutos maduros de S. terebinthifolius (3 repetições) colhidos de
matrizes localizadas no campus A. C. Simões da UFAL, Maceió-AL, sobre adultos de
L. serricorne foi testada em bioensaios em olfatômetro de 4 braços, em duas
concentrações (1 e 10μL), enquanto a composição do OE foi analisada por CG-FID
e CG-EM. Foi verificada repelência do OE na dose de 10 μL. Foram identificados 14
compostos no OE de S. terebinthifolius, sendo os componentes principais: β-pineno
(49,8 %), α-pineno (33,49 %), 3-careno (5,85 %), germancreno-D (2,08 %) e
bornileno (1,21 %). Os compostos atrativos identificados a partir dos grãos de soja
atuam como cairomônios para L. serricorne, enquanto o OE de S. terebinthifolius
possui atividade repelente contra essa praga, portanto os resultados aqui obtidos
podem ser aplicados no desenvolvimento de bioprodutos para o manejo integrado
de L. serricorne dentro e ao redor de ambientes de armazenamento, favorecendo a
utilização racional de inseticidas.
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Dolovací modul systému pro získávání znalostí z dat FIT-Miner / Mining Module of Data Mining System FIT-MinerZapletal, Petr January 2011 (has links)
This master's thesis deals with with FIT-Miner, the system for knowledge discovery in databases. The first part of this paper describes the data-mining process, mixture model's issues and FIT-Miner system. Second part deals with design, implementation and testing of created module, which is used for cluster analysis with Expectation-Maximalization algorithm. The end of the paper is focused to design of modules using Java Store Procedures Technology.
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Weekly planning of hydropower in systems with large volumes of varying power generationAhlfors, Charlotta January 2022 (has links)
Hydropower is the world’s largest source of renewable electricity generation. Hydropower plants with reservoirs provide flexibility to the power systems. Efficient planning techniques improve the flexibility of the power systems and reduce carbon emissions, which is needed in power systems experiencing a rapid change in balance between power production and consumption. This is due to increasing amount of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power. Hydropower plants have low operating costs and are used as base power. This thesis focuses on weekly planning of hydropower in systems with large volumes and varying power generation and a literature review and a maintenance scheduling method are presented. The topic of hydropower planning is well investigated and various research questions have been studied under many years in different countries. Some of the works are summarized and discussed in literature reviews, which are presented in this thesis. First, some reviews are presented, which covers several aspects of hydropower planning. Literature reviews for long term, mid term and short term planning, respectively, are described. Maintenance scheduling in power systems consists of preventive and corrective maintenance. Preventive maintenance is performed at predetermined intervals according to a prescribed criteria. This type of maintenance is important for power producers to avoid loss in electricity production and loss in income. The maintenance scheduling for hydropower plants prevent these phenomena since spill in the reservoirs and wear on the turbines can be avoided. Usually, the maintenance in hydropower plants is performed on the turbines or at the reservoir intake. A deterministic and a stochastic method to solve a mid term maintenance scheduling problem formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming using dynamic programming is presented. The deterministic method works well in terms of computational time and accuracy. The stochastic method compared to the deterministic method yields a slightly better result at the cost of a need for larger computational resources. / Vattenkraft är världens största källa till förnyelsebar elproduktion. Vattenkraftverk med magasin erbjuder flexibilitet till elkraftsystem. Effektiva planeringsmetoder förbättrar flexibiliteten hos kraftsystemen och minskar koldioxidutsläppen, vilket är nödvändigt i kraftsystem som utsätts för snabb förändring med obalans mellan produktion och konsumtion av effekt. Detta beror på ökad andel förnyelsebara energikällor, som vind- och solkraft, i kraftsystemen. Vattenkraftverk har låga driftkostnader och används som baskraft. Den här avhandlingen fokuserar på veckoplanering av vattenkraft i kraftsystem med stora volymer och varierande kraftproduktion, samt en litteraturstudie och en metod för underhållsplanering presenteras. Ämnet vattenkraftplanering är väl undersökt och varierande forskningsfrågor har studerats under många år i olika länder. En del av arbetena sammanfattas och diskuteras i litteraturstudier, vilka presenteras i den här avhandlingen. Först presenteras några litteraturstudier, som täcker flera aspekter av vattenkraftplanering. Litteraturstudier, för långtids-, medeltidsplanering, respektive korttidsplanering beskrivs. Underhållsplanering i elkraftsystem består av förebyggande och korrigerande underhåll. Förebyggande underhåll utförs vid förutbestämda intervall enligt förbestämda kriterier. Denna typ av underhåll är viktig för att kraftproducenter ska kunna undvika förlorad elproduktion och förlorad inkomst. Underhållsplaneringen för vattenkraftverk förebygger dessa fenomen, eftersom spill i magasinen och slitage på turbinerna kan undvikas. Vanligen utförs underhållen i vattenkraftverken på turbinerna eller vid intaget i magasinet. En deterministisk metod och en stokastisk metod att lösa ett medeltidsplaneringsproblem, formulerat som ett blandat heltalsprogrammeringsproblem presenteras. Den deterministiska metoden fungerar väl i termer av beräkningstid och noggrannhet. Den stokastiska metoden jämfört med den deterministiska metoden ger ett något bättre resultat dock till priset av ett behov av större datorresurser. / <p>QC 20220920</p>
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以電子支付及第三方支付法制論消費者保護與產業發展 / Research on the legal system of electronic payment and third-party payment for consumer protection and industry development吳東益 Unknown Date (has links)
《電子支付機構管理條例》自2015年2月實施後，陸續有相關子法作為補充。2015年底，金管會目標台灣非現金支付要在5年內達到52%，因此2016年被稱為｢支付元年｣。推廣線上支付最重要的除了市場動向外，莫過於法規的設置，因此本文探討目前的法制是否足以因應如此新興產業的需求，從進入門檻監理、消費者保護與產業發展三大個面向討論現行法規，並剖析是否有檢討之處。
由法制面審視我國對支付產業進入門檻的規定，反映了產業的競爭與發展的機會。而消費者的使用經驗是支付產業最佳的廣告，尤其支付系統多由小額且龐雜的交易組成，一旦紛爭發生，使用者大多自認倒楣，因此具有完備的防止糾紛或詐騙機制、資訊安全規範，產業才能永續發展。 / Since the implementation of the《Law on the Administration of Electronic Payment Institutions》in February 2015, the related regulations have been supplemented one after another. By the end of 2015, Financial Supervisory Commission set the target for non-cash payments in Taiwan to reach 52% of the total transaction within 5 years. So 2016 is called "the first year of payment". The most important thing promoting online payment is not only market trends, but also the establishment of legal system. Therefore, this article examines whether the current legal system is sufficient to meet the needs of such emerging industries, From entry barriers and supervision, consumer protection, industrial development, the three-oriented discussion of existing laws and regulations.
From the legal point of view of Taiwanese payment industry entry barriers, it reflects the competition and development opportunities. The consumer experience is the best advertisement of payment industry. Especially the payment system is composed of small amount and complex transactions, once the dispute occurs, most users claim to be unfortunate.
So there is a comprehensive mechanism to prevent disputes or fraud, information security norms, industry will be sustainable.
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IC卡應用發展趨勢之研究徐核朋, hsu,Hopeng Unknown Date (has links)
隨著IC卡的使用，它正深深地影響著我們的未來生活方式，其應用發展趨勢也是值得我們重視的課題。本研究主要從「IC智慧卡成為主流的資訊載具」、「我國內政部、衛生署、交通部及財政部等中央各部，對IC卡之應用發展各擁管轄範圍且各自發展」、「民間業者各自引進或發行電子現金儲值卡」等三方面，說明其可能造成的結果及相關重要課題，以作為本研究之動機。
本研究從我國IC卡應用發展相關文獻中，搜集和本研究主題較相關者，提出IC卡票證整合、IC卡安全整合機制及IC卡規模經濟等值得研究課題，以作為進行IC卡應用發展趨勢研究之參考。
對於IC卡目前應用發展現況，本研究主要說明政府推動國民卡的沿革、政府推動自然人憑證的沿革、政府推動健保IC卡沿革及交通IC票卡目前應用發展，以利了解我國IC卡目前應用發展現況。
針對交通IC票卡，本研究說明北、中、南各地區電子票證IC智慧卡應用發展，包括悠遊卡、台中ｅ卡通、Taiwan Money Card等，後續說明IC票卡規格發展及交通IC票卡系統架構發展，以更深入了解交通IC票卡目前應用發展現況。
本研究針對IC卡應用發展問題，進行更深入的分析，主要論述面向，包括技術面(IC卡規格、IC卡系統架構) 、法令面(IC卡法令規定)、經營管理面(含IC卡管理組織、發行、經營模式)等方面，以發掘問題，分析問題及提出解決策略。
本研究針對所提出之解決策略，予以聚焦，以提出更關鍵的解決策略，包括：(一)技術面：1.建立IC卡共同憑證。2.建立IC卡安全認證。3.建立IC卡整合架構。(二)法律面：1.修改銀行法及交通運輸相關法規中不合IC卡現有運作之規定。2.增訂電子票證法規。(三)經營管理面：1.建立規模經濟發卡量。2.建立IC卡發卡機構經營模式。 3.建立憑證認證機構公信力。4.建立IC卡資訊交換中心。
本研究針對三個構面，提出核心解決策略為「一卡通用」及其整體解決架構及實施步驟，且對整體解決策略之構想方案，提出IC卡卡片規格整合矩陣架構圖，以找出更為適當的IC卡規格方案，該矩陣架構圖，以「共同憑證一卡整合」及「多憑證一卡整合」二構面為縱軸，及「IC卡規格中不存放各類別資料」和「IC卡規格中存放各類別資料」二構面為橫軸，提出四種IC卡片規格整合架構，並列出其優缺點，經研析後，本研究建議初期以具有共同憑證及各類別憑證但不存放各類別資料之架構，作為一卡通用整合規格初期架構，稱為「IC卡共同多憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合」，最後本研究提出長期一卡通用願景，以「IC卡共同憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合」為目標。
本研究之結論為：1.我國各類別IC卡規格各行其道，未有整合前瞻性。2.各產業IC卡系統運作架構未整合，導致我們卡滿為患。3.IC卡應用發展於法律面應積極訂定「交通運輸業電子票證法」。4.「非銀行不得發行現金儲值卡」已超越母法規定應修法。5.IC票卡發行機構透過銀行發卡可享有發卡權利金等商機。6.建立IC票卡資訊中心作為全台IC票卡整合運作中心。7.IC票卡業者透過整合可增加發卡量，共創雙贏。8.IC卡於技術面應發展整合技術，以達成一卡通用目標。9.IC卡一卡通用宜建立IC卡資訊交換中心及憑證整合認證中心。10.IC卡一卡通用宜建立整體解決架構之實施步驟。11.IC卡一卡通用卡片規格整合可建立矩陣架構圖，以利分析。12.IC卡一卡通用共同憑證之運作於技術上為可行方案。
最後建議未來可持續探討之課題：1.IC卡一卡通用宜建立認證API(Application Programming Interface)程式介面及標準作業程序。2.IC卡一卡通用宜建立憑證整合認證中心及資訊中心之經營模式。3.IC卡一卡通用宜評估對IC卡產業及憑證認證產業之衝擊。 / A study of trends in the applications and developments of IC cards
The IC card is being used widely and it will deeply affect our future living mode. Therefore, trends in its applications and developments have become important subjects of study.
This research explores the possible outcome and related important subjects for the utilization of IC card, based on the following three propositions.
1. The IC card is one of the modern world’s primary information media.
2. Government units such as the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, the Ministry of Finance ROC, the Department of Health and the Executive Yuan ROC all have jurisdiction over the development and control of development and potential applications of the IC card.
3. Private enterprises have introduced or developed electronic cash-stored cards.
The information related to the research subject was collected from the relevant literatures in regard to the applications and developments of IC card in Taiwan, presenting the current safety and integration mechanism of IC ticket cards and the economical magnitude of IC card use, which are both topics that should be taken into consideration in the study of the applications and developments of IC cards.
Based on the current situation of the applications and developments for IC cards, the main purpose of this research is to show the evolution of IC cards promoted by the our government, including National Card, Citizen Digital Certificate IC Card, National Health Insurance IC Card, as well as current applications and developments of the Transportation IC Card, in order to help understand the current situation for the applications and developments for existing IC cards in Taiwan.
In the Transportation sector, this research shows the applications and developments of various IC smart cards in north, central and south Taiwan, i.e. Easy Card, Taichung e-Cartoon Ticket Card and Taiwan Money Card. It also shows the development of the specification for IC Ticket Cards as well as the development of Transportation IC Cards’ systematic infrastructure, in order to help understand the present situation for the applications and developments of a Transportation IC Card.
This research is an analysis of IC card’s applications and developments, covering technical issues (specification and systematic framework of IC card), legislation issues (laws and regulations for IC Card), management issues (operation and administration, release and business model for IC cards), so as to discover and analyze the possible problems as well as propose solutions.
Focusing on strategies for finding solutions, presenting more critical strategies for IC Cards, consisting of:
1. Technical:
(1) To establish a common certificate
(2) To establish safety authentication
(3) To establish integration infrastructure
2. Legislation:
(1) To revise the Banking Law as well as the laws and regulations relating to public transportation, which are not suitable for the existing operations
(2) To revise and augment the laws and regulations for electronic tickets
3. Management:
(1) To establish an economic circulation of scale
(2) To establish the management pattern for card-issuing organization
(3) To establish public credibility for a certificate authentication organization
(4) To establish information interchange center
To consolidate the above-mentioned three areas, this research proposes a core strategic solution – the concept of “one card for common use (All-in-One Card)” along with integrated solution scheme and operation steps. In addition, for an overall solution strategic plan, in this research it also presents a matrix composition for the integration of specifications to discover a more applicable specification scheme for the IC card. The matrix composition is proposed in four types of framework of specification integration with a file of advantages/disadvantages, based on the concept of X, Y coordinate system – X axis being “One Card integrated with Common Certificate” and “One Card integrated with Multi-Certificates”, Y axis being “No data deposited in the IC card specification” and “All sorts of data deposited in the IC the card specification”.
Through detailed research and analysis, it is suggested that at the primary stage, to create the “One card for common use” with an integration of “Common Certificate and Multi-Certificates but no data depositing in the IC card specification”, which is called “One card with common and multi-certificates but no any data deposited in the specification.” The long-term goal will be to achieve “One card with common certificate only and no data deposited in the card specification” for long-term use.
Conclusions:
1. In this country, various IC cards have their own specifications and there is still no prospect for integration.
2. The IC card system being used by different industries is still not being integrated, so the market is full of different IC cards.
3. The enactment of the “law on electronic tickets” should be pursued more vigorously for the IC card applications and developments.
4. The stipulation of “A non-bank may not issue a stored value card” might have overtaken the stipulation of “Banking Act”. It should be amended.
5. So long as the IC Ticket Card agency issues IC cards through a bank, the agency will possess the business opportunity of charging the bank a card-issuing fee.
6. To establish an IC Ticket Card information center to integrate the operation of the many IC ticket cards using in Taiwan area.
7. It will be a win-win situation, if IC ticket card operations can be integrated, and this will increase card-issuing quantity as well.
8. On the technical front, integration technology for IC cards should be developed in order to achieve the goal of an “All-in-One Card”.
9. An “IC Card Information Interchange Center” and an “Authentication Center of Certificate Integration” for the “All-in-One Card” should be established.
10. A standardized operational procedure should be established for an overall solution to the “All-in-One IC Card”.
11. The integration of the specifications of the “All-in-One IC Card” can be done through a matrix composition to assist analysis.
12. Technically, an “All-in-One IC Card” with “Common Certificate” is a feasible plan.
In the end, this research also offers suggestion on valuable topics that can be the subject of continued discussion in the future:
1. “All-in-One IC Cards” should have an authentication with API (Application Programming Interface) program as well as a standard operational procedure.
2. A business model for “IC Card Information Center” and “Authentication Center of Certificate Integration” should be established.
3. An evaluation of the impact on the IC card industry and the certificate authentication industry should be made.
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Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial servicesPerlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links)
The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique
transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked,
underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones.
Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and
independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’
services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’
services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services
are provided through ‘agents.’
Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a
Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile
‘airtime’-based Store of Value.
The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed,
in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and
consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that
entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the
traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric
MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’
An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is
undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be
deemed ‘money’ in law.
Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law
and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in
South African law is discussed.
The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are
compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer
protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a
regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is
recommended for protection of user funds.
| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LLD
|
| 100 |
Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial servicesPerlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links)
The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique
transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked,
underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones.
Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and
independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’
services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’
services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services
are provided through ‘agents.’
Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a
Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile
‘airtime’-based Store of Value.
The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed,
in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and
consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that
entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the
traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric
MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’
An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is
undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be
deemed ‘money’ in law.
Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law
and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in
South African law is discussed.
The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are
compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer
protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a
regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is
recommended for protection of user funds.
| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.
|
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