Waste management (WM) is a prominent issue in the world’s most populated country, India. Lack of WM can have a negative impact on the environment through leachate contamination of water bodies and emissions of greenhouse gases. The purpose of this study was to thoroughly map WM processes in South East India and identify areas with potential for environmental improvement. This was conducted in three steps: by mapping the flows in a WM system in Chennai (India), by qualitatively assessing these flows through a literature review of articles published in the field, and by interviewing representatives from the company that are responsible for the collection and transportation of waste to identify what challenges the process faces and how they can be addressed. The main finding from the study was that the lack of site-specific data made it difficult to quantitatively assess the global warming potential of the process; however, it is possible to make a qualitative analysis. From study visits to the different treatment facilities, it was clear that energy recovery is a technical solution that could reduce the GWP of the process. Additionally, it became clear that the process should be seen as a socio-technical system, as the studied process is currently focusing on developing and improving the social elements of the process. These social elements include getting the residents to segregate their waste through education in schools and door-to-door collection. The results also showed how an improved cultural perception on WM could potentially influence several of the identified challenges in the process and their respective solutions. Finally, the study highlighted the importance of conducting more in-depth research to enable the implementation of an LCA that can contribute with valuable results. / Avfallshantering är en viktig fråga i världens mest befolkade land, Indien. Bristande avfallshantering kan ha en negativ inverkan på miljön genom att lakvatten förorenar vattendrag och utsläpp av växthusgaser. Syftet med den här studien var att noggrant kartlägga en process för avfallshantering i sydöstra Indien och identifiera områden med potential för miljöförbättringar. Detta genomfördes i tre steg: genom att kartlägga flödena i ett avfallshanteringssystem i Chennai (Indien), genom att kvalitativt bedöma dessa flöden genom en litteraturgenomgång av artiklar som publicerats på området och genom att intervjua representanter från det företag som ansvarar för insamling och transport av avfall för att identifiera vilka utmaningar som processen står inför och hur de kan åtgärdas. Det viktigaste resultatet av studien var att bristen på platsspecifika data gjorde det svårt att kvantitativt bedöma processens globala uppvärmningspotential (GWP), men att det var möjligt att göra en kvalitativ analys. Vid studiebesöken vid de olika behandlingsanläggningarna blev det tydligt att energiåtervinning är en teknisk lösning som skulle kunna minska processens GWP. Dessutom blev det tydligt att processen bör ses som ett sociotekniskt system, eftersom den studerade processen för närvarande fokuserar på att utveckla och förbättra processens sociala element. Dessa sociala element omfattar att få invånarna att sortera sitt avfall genom utbildning i skolor och insamling av avfall från dörr till dörr. Resultaten visade också hur en förbättrad kulturell uppfattning om avfallshantering potentiellt skulle kunna påverka flera av de identifierade utmaningarna i processen och deras respektive lösningar. Slutligen betonade studien vikten av att genomföra mer djupgående forskning för att möjliggöra genomförandet av en LCA som kan bidra med värdefulla resultat.

The maritime industry is vital to the Swedish trade and economy. Shipping has less environmental impact per ton transported goods than other transport modes. Furthermore, ships use the sea as their roads, thus not requiring additional impact on the environment in the form of building roads or tracks to be able to transport goods or people. The aim of this thesis is to identify the characteristics of the safety management approach and safety management systems (SMS) in five Swedish companies operating in the Swedish shipping industry. It furthermore explores whether a new approach to safety management such as Safety II and resilience engineering can offer a complementary view to the current safety management. The study design of this thesis has been a multiple case study. A literature review has been performed to gain insights into the domain and safety management in the domain in specific. Data has been gathered through semi-structured interviews with 10 respondents working within shipping or crew management companies. Five of the respondents work ashore with safety management and five of the respondents work onboard as Chief Officers or Chief Engineer. Chief Officers as well as Chief Engineers have responsibilities regarding safety for their respective department and thus have management positions within the operations. The results show that the participating companies’ safety management and SMSs are of the reactive kind. There is furthermore a gap between work as imagined, WAI, and work as done, WAD, that affects the suitability of the routines, procedures and equipment used in operations. Complexity of a system is also a contributing factor when it comes to safety management, and in the participating companies, aspects regarding complexity were identified at a regulatory, organisational and operational level. This affects the possibility to create routines and procedures that correspond to the demands, variations and situations encountered in operations. It is suggested in this thesis that a Safety II approach to safety management, along with the use of resilience engineering to develop and enhance the domain’s adaptability, can serve as a complement to the current safety management approach. Being able to adapt, respond and manage various unforeseen situations is a way of ensuring safety in operations even in complex socio-technical systems. The resilience assessment grid, RAG, is suggested as a tool to be developed to be usable in the participating companies. The RAG could serve as a tool to taper the gap between WAI and WAD, as well as to provide input to the development of indicators other than accidents for improving safety. Furthermore, it could also facilitate learning from everyday operations and what is going well – the everyday successes in everyday execution of tasks involved in operations.

Existing literature indicates that although both academics and practitioners recognize knowledge management (KM) as a source of competitive advantage, users are not always willing to use a knowledge management system (KMS). Because of the social nature of knowledge transfer, a KMS can be considered a socio-technical system. Many explanations have been presented for this failure to utilize the KMS. These explanations include a number of the socio-technical factors relating to people, processes, and technologies. While these factors may have significant explanatory power when examined independently, existing studies have not sufficiently addressed the interactions among all three socio-technical factors or their impacts on KMS usage. The goal of this study was to develop a comprehensive understanding of socio-technical factors that impact KMS usage within decision support systems (DSS). A comprehensive framework was presented that will be helpful in developing and improving KMS initiatives and thus improving KM across the organization. This study identified factors of people (self-efficacy, social ties, and ease of use), processes (leadership, culture/climate, and governance), and technologies (system & information quality, and technology fit) and their influence on KMS system usage. Analysis for this problem required a causal, non-contrived field study employing structural equation modeling. Founded on socio-technical systems theory, nine hypotheses were proposed. Data was collected using a 36 item survey distributed to KMS users from a variety of industries in the United States. Confirmatory factor analysis and an eight-stage structural equation modeling procedure were used to analyze 97 usable responses. The results confirmed that technology-oriented factors predicted knowledge seeking and contributing in DSS. Furthermore, significant positive relationships were confirmed between certain sociotechnical factors including: (1) people and process, (2) people and technology, (3) processes and technology, (4) processes and people, (5) technology and people, and (6) technology and processes. These findings extend the relevance and statistical power of existing studies on KMS usage. This study indicated that the most important concerns for increasing KMS usage were system quality, information quality, and technology fit. Results also confirmed that in the context of this study, people-oriented factors (self-efficacy, social ties, and ease of use/usefulness) and organizational process factors (leadership, organizational culture/climate, and governance) were not critical factors directly responsible for increasing KMS usage. However, the relationships among socio-technical factors all had positive significant relationships. Therefore, investments in people and process-oriented factors will create a more favorable perspective on technology-oriented factors, which in turn can increase KMS usage. On a practical front, this study provided indicators to managers regarding a number of desirable and undesirable conditions that should be taken into consideration when developing or implementing knowledge management initiatives and the systems to support them. This study offered an original contribution to the existing bodies of knowledge on socio-technical factors and KMS usage behavior. The constructs presented in this study highlighted the significance of social and technical relationships in understanding knowledge seeking and contribution in a decision-driven organization.

<p>The examination has been performed at Bjerking AB, which is an architectural and engineering company. Bjerking AB has the ambition to be a member of Green Building.</p><p>The Green Building program developed in year 2005 by The European Commission, the program is an environmental system with the aim to improving energy efficiency within the sectors of non-residential buildings. The minimum requirements to participate the program are following: in new-built buildings the calculated energy consumption must be 25 % lower than the requirements in the BBR (Building regulations) and in refurbishment the reduction must be 25 % lower than before the optimization.</p><p>The aim of this study has been to examine and review the company Bjerking AB's energy efficiency work in the project of building the school/kindergarten S:ta Maria Alsike, where the goal is to get this building Green Building classed. A description of requirements to become a member of the Green Building has also accomplished in the thesis.</p><p>The methods performed in this study are literature review, searches on the Internet, studies on the project database for facts/values, calculation of energy consumption and interviews of members of the Green Building. </p><p>The following issues have been dealt with in the report;</p><p>-          Did the building in the project manage the requirement to achieve an   energy consumption that is 25% lower than the requirements in BBR?</p><p>-          What technical measures/system was selected in the building?</p><p>-          What kind of cooperation was the project based on?</p><p>-          What is required for consultancy companies and real estate owners to become members of the Green Building?</p><p>The study of the project and calculation of estimated energy consumption in the building, give the result 47 kWh/m², year. This is 60 % lower than the requirements of BBR. The Green Building requirement is that the building's energy consumption should be at least 25% less than the requirements in BBR. The building fulfills this requirement by a significant margin. It can therefore be concluded that the technical solutions carried out in the building are energy efficient. The project consisted of the cooperation shape “partnering ", which can be assumed to be a good form of cooperation in order to achieve an energy efficient building. The consultancy company Bjerking AB and the landlord Knivsta Pastorat has the potential to become members of Green Building, as Green Building Endorser respective Green Building Partner.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> energy efficiency, requirements of BBR, technical systems, cooperation, consultancy companies, real estate owners, estimated energy consumption, partnering, Green Building Partner, Green Building Endorser.</p> / Utbildningsprogram: Civilingenjör i samhällsteknik, 180 p (270 hp).

This thesis investigate Swedish policy-making concerning promotion of wood gas and ethanol distilled from fermented sulphite lye as domestic fuel alternatives in the Interwar years and World War II. With a departure point in the theories of social constructions of technology (SCOT), the sociology of expectations and Thomas P. Hughe’s socio-technical systems I analyse the measures that were undertaken in these efforts, the arguments put forward for and against the ethanol and wood gas projects and how the efforts turned out. I also investigate how the interpretations of ethanol and wood gas as fuel alternatives changed from the Interwar period on through World War II and what consequences this had for ethanol and wood gas policy immediately after World War II. Source material includes Parliament and Government records, cabinet meeting files, governmental commissions, authority archives, technical evaluations and handbooks and scientific medical publications. Ethanol and wood gas were promoted from a nationalist vantage point. The Interwar debate was imbued with visions of national techno-scientific prowess in a perceived ongoing global contest for technological and scientific advancement, of which achieving autarky, self-sufficiency on important raw materials and industrial products, was an ideal for some. Ethanol and wood gas were also promoted as means for creating a lucrative new market for the forestry industry, which also held a prominent position in nationalist visions of technology. Expectations of a new war also motivated the promotion of ethanol and wood gas as national fuels. Measures for promotion included tax exemptions, sales guarantees and legislation for mandatory ethanol purchase for all petrol importing companies and gasifier loan funds. Political conflicts mainly centred around the principles of free trade as opposed to protectionism, proper use of tax funds and whether the potentials of the fuel alternatives were rhetorically exaggerated. During World War II ethanol and wood gas in particular served as important petrol surrogates. The increased wood gas use led to negative interpretations of wood gas a fuel alternative due to its hazardous, dirty and time-consuming maintenance and the changed driving behaviour it required from its users compared to petrol or ethanol fuelled automobiles. Compared to wood gas, ethanol was appreciated for its socio-technical similarities to petrol, but production was after the war deemed difficult to maintain during wartime. Whereas wood gas remained an important stand-by surrogate during the cold war, Swedish politicians lost interest in ethanol of the kind that was promoted in the Interwar years. / Fuel of the Future? A Research Programme on the Science, Technology and Selling of Biofuels in Sweden

The examination has been performed at Bjerking AB, which is an architectural and engineering company. Bjerking AB has the ambition to be a member of Green Building. The Green Building program developed in year 2005 by The European Commission, the program is an environmental system with the aim to improving energy efficiency within the sectors of non-residential buildings. The minimum requirements to participate the program are following: in new-built buildings the calculated energy consumption must be 25 % lower than the requirements in the BBR (Building regulations) and in refurbishment the reduction must be 25 % lower than before the optimization. The aim of this study has been to examine and review the company Bjerking AB's energy efficiency work in the project of building the school/kindergarten S:ta Maria Alsike, where the goal is to get this building Green Building classed. A description of requirements to become a member of the Green Building has also accomplished in the thesis. The methods performed in this study are literature review, searches on the Internet, studies on the project database for facts/values, calculation of energy consumption and interviews of members of the Green Building.  The following issues have been dealt with in the report; -          Did the building in the project manage the requirement to achieve an   energy consumption that is 25% lower than the requirements in BBR? -          What technical measures/system was selected in the building? -          What kind of cooperation was the project based on? -          What is required for consultancy companies and real estate owners to become members of the Green Building? The study of the project and calculation of estimated energy consumption in the building, give the result 47 kWh/m2, year. This is 60 % lower than the requirements of BBR. The Green Building requirement is that the building's energy consumption should be at least 25% less than the requirements in BBR. The building fulfills this requirement by a significant margin. It can therefore be concluded that the technical solutions carried out in the building are energy efficient. The project consisted of the cooperation shape “partnering ", which can be assumed to be a good form of cooperation in order to achieve an energy efficient building. The consultancy company Bjerking AB and the landlord Knivsta Pastorat has the potential to become members of Green Building, as Green Building Endorser respective Green Building Partner. Keywords: energy efficiency, requirements of BBR, technical systems, cooperation, consultancy companies, real estate owners, estimated energy consumption, partnering, Green Building Partner, Green Building Endorser. / Utbildningsprogram: Civilingenjör i samhällsteknik, 180 p (270 hp).

1. Contextual outline of the PhD Research<p><p>Climate change is today often seen as one of the most challenging issue that our civilisation will have to face during the 21st century. This is especially so now that the most recent scientific data have led to the conclusion that the globally averaged net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming (IPCC 2007, p. 5) and that continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming (IPCC, 2007 p. 13). This unequivocal link between climate change and anthropogenic activities requires an urgent, world-wide shift towards a low carbon economy (STERN 2006 p. iv) and coordinated policies and measures to manage this transition.<p><p>The climate issue is undoubtedly a typical policy question and as such, is considered amenable to economic scrutiny. Indeed, in today’s world economics is inevitable when it comes to arbitrages in the field of policy making. From the very beginning of international talks on climate change, up until the most recent discussions on a post-Kyoto international framework, economic arguments have turned out to be crucial elements of the analysis that shapes policy responses to the climate threat. This can be illustrated by the prominent role that economics has played in the different analyses produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of climate change on society.<p><p>The starting point and the core idea of this PhD research is the long-held observation that the threat of climate change calls for a change of climate in economics. Borrowing from the jargon used in climate policy, adaptation measures could also usefully target the academic discipline of economics. Given that inherent characteristics of the climate problem (e.g. complexity, irreversibility, deep uncertainty, etc.) challenge core economic assumptions, mainstream economic theory does not appear as appropriately equipped to deal with this crucial issue. This makes that new assumptions and analyses are needed in economics in order to comprehend and respond to the problem of climate change.<p><p>In parallel (and without environmental considerations being specifically the driving force to it), the mainstream model in economics has also long been (and still is) strongly criticised and disputed by numerous scholars - both from within and outside the field of economics. For the sake of functionality, these criticisms - whether they relate to theoretical inconsistencies or are empirically-based - can be subsumed as all challenging part of the Cartesian/Newtonian legacy of economics. This legacy can be shown to have led to a model imprinted with what could be called “mechanistic reductionism”. The mechanistic side refers to the Homo oeconomicus construct while reductionism refers to the quest for micro-foundations materialised with the representative agent hypothesis. These two hypotheses constitute, together with the conjecture of perfect markets, the building blocks of the framework of general equilibrium economics. <p><p>Even though it is functional for the purpose of this work to present them separately, the flaws of economics in dealing with the specificities of the climate issue are not considered independent from the fundamental objections made to the theoretical framework of mainstream economics. The former only make the latter seem more pregnant while the current failure of traditional climate policies informed by mainstream economics render the need for complementary approaches more urgent. <p><p>2. Overview of the approach and its main insights for climate policy<p><p>Starting from this observation, the main objective of this PhD is thus to assess the implications for climate policy that arise from adopting an alternative analytical economic framework. The stance is that the coupling of insights from the framework of evolutionary economics with the perspective of ecological economics provides a promising way forward both theoretically as well as on a more applied basis with respect to a better comprehension of the socioeconomic aspects related to the climate problem. As claimed in van den Bergh (2007, p. 521), ecological economics and evolutionary economics “share many characteristics and can be combined in a fruitful way" - which renders the coupling approach both legitimate and promising. <p><p>The choice of an evolutionary line of thought initially stems from its core characteristic: given its focus on innovation and system change it provides a useful approach to start with for assessing and managing the needed transition towards a low carbon economy. Besides, its shift of focus towards a better understanding of economic dynamics together with its departure from the perfect rationality hypothesis renders evolutionary economics a suitable theoretical complement for designing environmental policies.<p><p>The notions of path-dependence and lock-in can be seen as the core elements from this PhD research. They arise from adopting a framework which is founded on a different view of individual rationality and that allows for richer and more complex causalities to be accounted for. In a quest for surmounting the above-mentioned problem of reductionism, our framework builds on the idea of ‘multi-level selection’. This means that our analytical framework should be able to accommodate not only for upward but also for downward causation, without giving analytical priority to any level over the other. One crucial implication of such a framework is that the notion of circularity becomes the core dynamic, highlighting the importance of historicity, feedbacks and emergent properties. <p><p>More precisely, the added value of the perspective adopted in this PhD research is that it highlights the role played by inertia and path-dependence. Obviously, it is essential to have a good understanding of the underlying causes of that inertia prior to devising on how to enforce a change. Providing a clear picture of the socio-economic processes at play in shaping socio-technical systems is thus a necessary first step in order to usefully complement policy-making in the field of energy and climate change. In providing an analytical basis for this important diagnosis to be performed, the use of the evolutionary framework sheds a new light on the transition towards low-carbon socio-technical systems. The objective is to suggest strategies that could prove efficient in triggering the needed transition such as it has been the case in past “lock-in” stories. <p><p>Most notably, the evolutionary framework allows us to depict the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e at the levels of individuals through “habits” and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. Within the broad perspective on path dependence and lock-in, this PhD research has first sketched the implications for climate policy of applying the concept of ‘technological lock-in’ in a systemic perspective. We then investigated in more details the notion of habits. This is important as the ‘behavioural’ part of the lock-in process, although explicitly acknowledged in the pioneer work of Paul David (David, 1985, p. 336), has been neglected in most of subsequent analyses. Throughout this study, the notion of habits has been studied at both the theoretical and applied level of analysis as well as from an empirical perspective. <p><p>As shown in the first chapters of the PhD, the advantage of our approach is that it can incorporate theories that so far have been presented opposite, partial and incomplete perspectives. For instance, it is shown that our evolutionary approach not only is able to provide explanation to some of the puzzling questions in economics (e.g. the problem of strong reciprocity displayed by individual in anonymous one-shot situations) but also is very helpful in bringing a complementary explanation with respect to the famous debate on the ‘no-regret’ emission reduction potential which agitates the experts of climate policy. <p><p>An emission reduction potential is said to be "no regret" when the costs of implementing a measure are more than offset by the benefits it generates such as, for instance, reduced energy bills. In explaining why individuals do not spontaneously implement those highly profitable energy-efficient investments ,it appears that most prior analyses have neglected the importance of non-economic obstacle. They are often referred to as “barriers” and partly relate to the ‘bounded rationality’ of economic agent. As developed in the different chapters of this PhD research, the framework of evolutionary economics is very useful in that it is able to provide a two-fold account (i.e. relying on both individual and socio-technical sources of inertia) of this limited rationality that prevent individuals to act as purely optimising agents.<p><p>Bearing this context in mind, the concept of habits, as defined and developed in this study, is essential in analysing the determinants of energy consumption. Indeed, this concept sheds an insightful light on the puzzling question of why energy consumption keeps rising even though there is an evident increase of awareness and concern about energy-related environmental issues such as climate change. Indeed, if we subscribe to the idea that energy-consuming behaviours are often guided by habits and that deeply ingrained habits can become “counter-intentional”, it then follows that people may often display “locked-in” practices in their daily energy consumption behaviour. This hypothesis has been assessed in our empirical analysis whose results show how the presence of strong energy-consuming habitual practices can reduce the effectiveness of economic incentives such as energy subsidies. One additional delicate factor that appears crucial for our purpose is that habits are not fully conscious forms of behaviours. This makes that individuals do not really see habits as a problem given that it is viewed as easily changed.<p><p>In sum, based on our evolutionary account of the situation, it follows that, to be more efficient, climate policies would have to both shift the incumbent carbon-based socio-technical systems (for it to shape decisions towards a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and also deconstruct habits that this same socio-technical has forged with time (as increased environmental awareness and intentions formulated accordingly are not sufficient in the presence of strong habits).<p><p>Accordingly, decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management, etc.) that, as explained in this research, specifically target those change-resisting factors and their key features. This is essential as these factors tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. Micro-level interventions are thus needed as much as macro-level ones. For instance, it is often the case that external improvements of energy efficiency do not lead to lower energy consumption due to the rebound effect arising from unchanged energy-consuming habits. Bearing this in mind and building on the insights from the evolutionary approach, policy-makers should go beyond the mere subsidisation of technologies. They should instead create conditions enabling the use of the multi-layered, cumulative and self-reinforcing character of economic change highlighted by evolutionary analyses. This means supporting both social and physical technologies with the aim of influencing the selection environment so that only the low-carbon technologies and practices will survive. <p><p><p>Mentioned references:<p><p>David, P. A. (1985), Clio and the economics of QWERTY, American Economic Review 75/2: 332–337.<p><p>IPCC, 2007, ‘Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis’, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S. D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp. <p><p>Stern, N. 2006, ‘Stern Review: The economics of Climate Change’, Report to the UK Prime Minister and Chancellor, London, 575 p. (www.sternreview.org.uk)<p><p>van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. 2007, ‘Evolutionary thinking in environmental economics’, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17(5): 521-549.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Samspelet mellan Försvarsmakten och FMV har förändrats. Före 2019 ansvarade FMV för de tekniska system de anskaffat på uppdrag av Försvarsmakten över hela dess livscykel. 2019 flyttades det tekniska designansvaret över till Försvarsmakten för system i användningfasen. Det innebar att Försvarsmakten och dess försvarsgrenar övertog ett ansvar för sina system de tidigare inte innehaft.  Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda vad det inneburit för armén att få det tekniska designansvaret för sina system och hur arbetet för att omhänderta detta ansvar kan utföras.  Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med representanter från Försvarsmakten. Studien genomfördes med en induktiv ansats.  Vi analyserade empirin som vi fick från intervjuerna med en anpassad grundad teori som analysmetod. Resultatet av analysen har granskats och jämförts med forskning av implementering och tvärfunktionellt arbete. Våra slutsatser är att vi har studerat en pågående implementering med mycket kvarstående arbete samt att en tvärfunktionell ansats har visats sig vara ett bra sätt för armén att hantera sina nya uppgifter. / The interaction between the Swedish Armed Forces and The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration has changed. Before 2019, The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration was responsible for the technical systems they acquired on behalf of the Swedish Armed Forces throughout its life cycle. In 2019, the responsibility for the technical design was transferred to the Swedish Armed Forces for systems in the user phase. This meant that the Swedish Armed Forces and its branches assumed a responsibility for their systems they had not previously held.  The purpose of this study is to investigate what it has meant for the Swedish Army to have the responsibility for the technical design of their systems and how to manage this responsibility. The thesis was conducted as a qualitative interview study with representatives from the Swedish Armed Forces. The study was conducted with an inductive approach.  We analyzed the empirical data received from the interviews using a custom grounded theory as an analytical method. The results of the analysis have been reviewed and compared with research of implementation and cross-functional work. Our conclusions are that we have studied an ongoing implementation with a lot of remaining work, a cross-functional approach has been shown to be an appropriate way for the Army to handle its new tasks.

No description available.

Over the past decade, technologies that facilitate household electricity production and storage have seen a rapid development along with a significant cost reduction. Research points to an increased share of household-produced electricity within the existing national grids across the globe. In some cases, self-sufficiency is possible where households are able to decouple from the grid and become independent on their electricity, in other words, go off-grid. Furthermore, this change puts additional pressure on how the electricity system is set up, which, challenges prevailing incumbents to adapt. Depending on the geographical location, circumstances for selfsufficiency varies. Sweden is a country with high seasonal variations with its Northern position, which raises the question of how off-grid households are feasible and, how they can receive traction. To investigate possible changes within large technical systems such as the electricity system, which is a vital part of the society, theories within socio-technical systems have shown much promise. However, these theories often lack the more techno-economic aspect of concrete and future investment costs from a consumer perspective, suggesting an existing research gap. Hence, the purpose of this study is to provide further knowledge regarding off-grid applications in the Swedish Context. This is done by investigating what circumstances could trigger existing electricity consumers to go off-grid. The research process and structure of the report can be interpreted as indiscriminate, however, the study has focused on combining theories surrounding socio-technical changes whilst applying techno-economic modelling to strengthen the work, similar to a dual paper study. Data was collected in the form of a literature review and interviews to provide a holistic representation of off-grid and its nexus to the electricity system. In addition to this, complementing modelling of grid-connected-, prosumer-, and off-grid households were performed. Results point towards a scene where off-grid reaches grid parity within the coming two decades, which, will increase the economic rationale of investing in an off-grid. Opposingly, there is currently no economic rationale in off-grid applications considering the relatively low electricity costs in Sweden as of today. Moreover, conditions show promise if the adopters see beyond economics and, possesses a strong will towards independence. However, implications suggest that the high reliability and low costs of the Swedish electricity grid impedes the ability of new radical innovations to receive traction. Furthermore, this study has contributed by filling the research gap between socio-technical changes and techno-economic projects in regards to electricity systems. Consequently, contributing to the academic field of socio-technical change, it has been shown that the combination of socio-technical change and techno-economic projections is applicable and beneficial. Additionally, it can be argued that the results of this study highlight that the consumer have a greater role in the development of off-grid applications than what the theories suggest. Lastly, the electricity system is a complex mechanism and, to further strengthen the perception of how a relatively new application, as in the case of off-grid, will impact the system, appurtenant suggestions for possible future research within the area are proposed. / Under det senaste decenniet har teknik som underlättar hushållens elproduktion och lagring haft en hastig utveckling tillsammans med en betydande kostnadsminskning. Forskning pekar på en ökad andel hushållsproducerad el inom de befintliga nationella elnäten över hela världen. I vissa fall är självförsörjning möjligt där hushållen kan koppla bort sig från nätet och bli oberoende av sin elförsörjning, med andra ord gå off-grid. Vidare leder en potentiell förändring mot offgrid till ytterligare påtryckningar på hur elsystemet är uppbyggt, vilket utmanar många aktörers sätt att agera. Beroende på geografisk plats så varierar förutsättningarna för självförsörjning. Sverige är ett land med stora säsongsvariationer i och med sin nordliga position, vilket väcker frågan om off-grid hushåll är genomförbara i Sverige och hur de kan skulle kunna etableras. För att undersöka möjliga förändringar inom stora tekniska system som elsystemet, som är en viktig del av samhället, har teorier inom socio-tekniska system visat vara till stor nytta. Däremot saknar dessa teorier emellertid den mer tekno-ekonomiska aspekten av konkreta och framtida investeringskostnader ur ett konsumentperspektiv, vilket antyder ett befintligt forskningsgap. Följaktligen är syftet med den här studien att ge ytterligare inblick om off-grid-applikationer i svenska sammanhang. Vilket har gjorts genom att undersöka vilka omständigheter som kan leda till att befintliga elkonsumenter går off-grid. Forskningsprocessen och strukturen i rapporten kan vara svårtolkat, men studien har fokuserat på att kombinera teorier kring socio-tekniska förändringar samtidigt som man använder teknoekonomisk modellering för att stärka arbetet. Data samlades in i form av en litteraturstudie och intervjuer för att ge en holistisk representation av off-grid och dess koppling till elsystemet. Utöver litteraturstudie utfördes kompletterande modellering av hushållsanslutna, prosumeroch off-gridhushåll. Resultaten pekar mot scenarion där off-grid når nätparitet under de kommande två decennierna, vilket kommer att öka den ekonomiska rationaliteten för att investera i ett off-grid. Det finns det för närvarande inga ekonomiska skäl till att investera off-grid-applikationer med tanke på de relativt låga elkostnaderna i Sverige idag. Förhållandena visar dessutom löfte om att potentiella användare ser förbi ekonomin och har istället en stark vilja mot självständighet. Implikationer tyder emellertid på att det svenska elnätets höga tillförlitlighet och låga pris hindrar nya radikala innovationers förmåga att ta få fäste. Det är argumenterbart att den här studien har bidragit med att fylla forskningsgapet mellan socio-tekniska förändringar och tekno-ekonomiska projektioner inom elsystem. Samtidigt har studien bidragit till det vetenskapliga området kring socio-tekniska visat på möjligheten och fördelen i att kombinera teorier kring socio-teknisk förändring och tekno-ekonomiska förändringar. Dessutom kan det hävdas att resultaten av den här studie visar att konsumenten har en större roll i utvecklingen av applikationer utanför nätet än vad teorierna föreslår. Slutligen är elsystemet en komplex mekanism, och för att ytterligare stärka uppfattningen om hur en relativt ny applikation, som i fallet utanför nätet, kommer att påverka systemet föreslås lämpliga förslag för eventuell framtida forskning inom området.