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生死之間:戒嚴時期政治案件死刑判決之研究 / Between life and death: Death penalty in political cases during the martial law period謝孟達, Hsieh, Mehn Dah Unknown Date (has links)
一個國家發生大規模國家暴力之後,檢討相關人員的責任,向來是重要的轉型正義議題,可是這個議題在台灣因為多種原因,長期被忽略。長達三十八年的戒嚴期間,上萬人因叛亂、匪諜嫌疑被捕、遭判重刑,至少八百人失去生命。在這種官僚式壓迫的體系中,檢討相關人員責任前,須先了解當初他們在暴力行動的參與中如何做出決定。本文藉由判決書檔案,探索並評析軍事法官如何針對政治案件進行判案,並且將人民判處死刑。從中發現幾項事實,可供未來檢討這些法官刑事與道德責任之基礎。法官的判決與論述中,除了曾經出現違法的情形外,亦不乏相同犯罪事實,判決標準不一致,以及違反人權精神等例證。另一方面,確實也曾經出現較為人道的判決。這些事實顯示當時法官擁有裁量權,選擇空間是存在無疑的。從而,部分選擇剝奪人民生命的法官,可能面臨道德上更大的非難。 / As massive state violence subsides, the issue of holding those who carried out such violence into account has always been an important concern. Yet due to numerous reasons, such issue has been long ignored in Taiwan. During the 38-year-long martial law period, tens of thousands of citizens were arrested and severely condemned on charges of subversion or espionage. In such bureaucratic oppressive regime, the decision-making process should be studied prior to the discussion of responsibility. By studying the verdicts, this thesis focuses on exploring and analyzing how death sentences were made by military judges. The results show that not only illegal verdicts have ever occurred, but also the inconsistencies between verdicts with similar criminal facts, as well as examples in violation of human rights spirit. On the other hand, there were indeed some cases where the judges ruled more humanely. In all, these facts demonstrate that the judges did have powers of dicretion, and room for choice undoubtedly existed. Hence, the acts of certain judges, who under the same circumstances chose nevertheless to deprive lives of certain citizens, may seem to be more morally reproachable.
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[en] DEMILITARIZING THE POLICE IN TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE: DISARTICULATING OLD GEARS / [pt] DESMILITARIZAÇÃO DA POLÍCIA NO CONTEXTO DA JUSTIÇA DE TRANSIÇÃO: DESARTICULANDO VELHAS ENGRENAGENSNATALIA BALDESSAR MENEZES 07 June 2016 (has links)
[pt] O presente trabalho tem por objetivo defender a necessidade de reforma
institucional da polícia brasileira como mecanismo essencial de justiça de
transição e se afina com a fase moderna do projeto transicional que procura
alinhar os mecanismos transicionais às necessidades das sociedades a que se
destinam a fim de promover paz positiva, reconciliar, reduzir identidades sociais
antagônicas, reconhecendo os efeitos materiais dos conflitos para buscar a
exequibilidade do perdão. Partiremos do necessário reconhecimento do alto grau
de militarização da sociedade brasileira promovido pelo especializado projeto de
propaganda anticomunista e difusão da doutrina de segurança nacional em prol da
inserção do Brasil no capitalismo global sob a liderança dos Estados Unidos. A
transição democrática não será completa sem a destruição das engrenagens
militarizadas que permitiram a tortura, o extermínio e abalaram o livre exercício
de direitos políticos por cidadãos brasileiros. A presença militar na segurança
pública interna, na gestão e controle da polícias militares é um ranço ditatorial que
obstaculiza o desenvolvimento democrático da instituição policial em busca da
proteção de minorias e do resguardo ao livre exercício de direitos fundamentais. A
reforma da polícia tem por finalidade essencial conter a repetição de graves
violações de direitos humanos perpetradas pela mão policial, a partir do
reconhecimento de que identidades de grupo antagônicas – ontem comunistas,
hoje populações negras e pardas marginalizadas – facilitam a concretização do
projeto de segurança elitizado e de manutenção das desigualdades sociais na
sociedade neoliberal. / [en] This study aims to defend the institutional reform of Brazilian police as a
key mechanism of transitional justice, attuned to the modern phase of the
transitional justice project that seeks to put together transitional mechanisms, and
the needs of the society they are applied to, with the main purpose of promoting
positive peace whilst reconciliation and reduce antagonistic social identities and
recognizing the material effects of conflicts to achieve feasibility of forgiveness.
It s necessary to recognize that Brazilian society is heavily militarized and that
this militarization is a consequence of the specialized anti-communist propaganda
and dissemination of national security doctrine promoted by the military
government to effectively include Brazil in the global capitalism under the
leadership of the United States. The transition to democracy will not be complete
without the destruction of militarized gears that continuously facilitate torture,
extermination and jolt the free exercise of political rights for Brazilian citizens.
The military presence in the domestic public security, management and control of
the military police is a dictatorial legacy that hinders the democratic development
of the police institution in pursuing minority protection and safeguarding the free
exercise of fundamental rights. The reform intends to contain the repetition of
serious human rights violations perpetrated by the police, recognizing that
antagonistic group identities - yesterday communist, today black and brown
marginalized populations - facilitate the implementation of the elitist security
project and maintenance of social inequalities in the neoliberal society.
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Les implications de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada pour l'État de droit et la justice transitionnelle : étude comparée avec l'Afrique du SudCorbu, Michelle Mei Lee 06 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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Serious Human Right violation victims/ International crimes and transitional justice mechanisms / Víctimas de serias violaciones de Derechos Humanos/Crímenes internacionales y mecanismos de justicia transicionalGamarra Herrera, Ronald Alex, Pérez-León Acevedo, Juan Pablo 10 April 2018 (has links)
This article discusses, in a general manner, the most important transitional justice mechanisms at which victims of serious human rights violations, constitutive of international crimes such as crimes against humanity, can participate. The analysis is mainly conducted in the light of international law areas such as international human rights law and international criminal law. Transitional justice mechanisms are examined under two categories: transitional justice mechanisms that are mainly of a retributive nature and those that are mainly of a restorative kind. In each category, possibilities, advantages, challenges and limitations faced by the victims of serious human rights violations/international crimes are examined. Some concluding remarks are provided. / El presente artículo presenta de manera general los más importantes mecanismos de justicia transicional, a través de los cuales pueden participar las víctimas de serias violaciones de derechos humanos que pueden constituir crímenes internacionales, tales como crímenes de lesa humanidad. El análisis se desarrolla, principalmente, desde la óptica de áreas del derecho internacional, tales como el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos y el derecho penal internacional. Los mecanismos de justicia transicional son considerados en dos categorías: mecanismos de justicia transicional de tipo, principalmente, retributivo y aquellos que son de tipo, principalmente, restaurativo. En cada una de las dos categorías, se examinan las posibilidades, ventajas, desafíos y limitaciones que las víctimas de serias violaciones de derechos humanos/crímenes internacionales pueden encontrar. El artículo concluye con reflexiones finales.
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[en] HONDURAS: POLITICAL TRANSITIONAL, TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AND MEMORY, REGARDING THE TRAUMATIC PERIOD 1980-1993 / [pt] HONDURAS: TRANSIÇÃO POLÍTICA, JUSTIÇA DE TRANSIÇÃO E MEMÓRIA DO PASSADO TRAUMÁTICO, EM RELAÇÃO AO PERÍODO 1980-1993MARÍA MILAGRO DE JESÚS ARÉVALO GARCÍA 17 September 2018 (has links)
[pt] Paralelo às transições do Cone Sul, a transição política para a democracia em Honduras iniciou no ano 1980 com um conjunto de caraterísticas singulares e atípicas que a distinguem do resto das transições do continente Latino-americano, visto que coincidiu com o período mais crítico de violação sistemática dos direitos humanos, incluindo desaparecimentos forçados, assassinatos e repressão política de mais de uma centena de cidadãos pertencentes aos movimentos sociais de esquerda e de oposição política. Em consequência, sob intensas lutas sociais, o dia 30 de agosto de cada ano é oficialmente reconhecido como o Dia Nacional dos Detidos-Desaparecidos em Honduras, em que centenas de pessoas se reúnem para exigir ao Estado que forneça os espaços pertinentes para reconhecer que em Honduras há desaparecidos políticos, assassinados e torturados. Diante desses acontecimentos, as perguntas que subjazem são: i) como podemos entender a relação entre os estudos e preceitos teóricos mais minimalistas das transições políticas para a democrática e essa lacerante contradição histórica ocorrida em Honduras? ii) é possível construir um futuro democrático sobre as bases de uma história negada e esquecida? Em razão desses questionamentos, decorre a necessidade e o grande desafio de desenvolver a presente pesquisa, referente à evolução da transição política e da memória em Honduras, relacionada ao passado traumático do período 1980-1993, visto que após mais de duas décadas da passagem das ditaduras militares e golpes de Estado para a democracia, percebem-se resquícios delatórios em sua estrutura atual, social e institucional. / [en] Simultaneously with the Southern Cone transitions, the political transition to democracy in Honduras began in 1980 with a unique and atypical characteristics that distinguish it from the rest of the Latin American transitions, since it coincided with the most critical period of systematic violations human rights, including forced disappearances, murders and political repression of more than a hundred citizens belonging to leftist social movements and political opposition. Consequently, under intense social struggles, August 30 is officially recognized as the National Day of the Detained-Disappeared citizens in Honduras, where hundreds of people come together to demand that the State provide appropriate efforts to recognize that political disappeared, murdered and tortured have taken place in Honduras. In this regard, the questions that arise are: i) how can we understand the relationship between studies and the more minimalistic theoretical precepts of political transitions to democracy and this lacerating historical contradiction that occurred in Honduras? ii) is it possible to build a democratic future on the basis of a neglected and forgotten history? Due to these questions, the need and the great challenge of developing the present research, referring to the evolution of the political transition and memory in Honduras, related to the traumatic past of the 1980-1993 period, arises, since after more than two decades of the military dictatorships and coups d état for the democratic transition, there are vestiges in its current social and institutional structure.
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Justiça de Transição e Poder Judiciário: o relatório da Comissão Nacional da Verdade e a atuação do Supremo Tribunal Federal entre 1964 e 1969 / Transitional Justice and the Judiciary: the report of the National Commission of Truth and the action of the Supreme Federal Court between 1964 and 1969Silva, Marina Ribeiro da 28 September 2017 (has links)
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1. O título em inglês no repositório está diferente que no trabalho Abstract.
2. A data de defesa e do trabalho estão corretos? 2017 ? Se sim ignore a pergunta.
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Previous issue date: 2017-09-28 / Esta pesquisa pretende analisar a percepção expressa pela Comissão Nacional da Verdade acerca da atividade jurisdicional desenvolvida pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, durante os anos da Ditadura Militar brasileira. Órgão de cúpula do Judiciário, o Supremo Tribunal Federal foi profundamente afetado pelos Atos Institucionais editados pelo Poder Executivo militarizado. A investigação, à semelhança daquela realizada pela comissão de verdade, tomará o interregno compreendido entre 1964 e 1969 como marco temporal, e se preocupará com o estudo dos habeas corpus de caráter político que chegaram ao Tribunal nestes primeiros anos da ditadura militar. Objetivando descortinar os critérios utilizados pela Comissão Nacional da Verdade, em seu relatório final, ao vaticinar que o Supremo Tribunal Federal, em consonância com todo o Poder Judiciário brasileiro, compactuou com as arbitrariedades e graves violações de direitos humanos perpetradas pelo Regime Militar, adotaremos uma abordagem multimétodo. Em um primeiro momento, serão levantadas fontes jurídico-históricas referentes à utilização da garantia do habeas corpus no Brasil e ao impacto que os Atos Institucionais editados durante a Ditadura Militar tiveram sobre o Supremo Tribunal Federal. Posteriormente, na segunda parte da pesquisa, buscaremos apreender o que é uma comissão de verdade, ferramenta de Justiça Transicional, e como a Comissão Nacional da Verdade, utilizando-se de métodos e materiais próprios, entendeu o funcionamento do Supremo Tribunal Federal nos primeiros anos do período de exceção brasileiro. / This research aims to analyze the perception expressed by the National Truth Commission on the judicial activity of the Supreme Federal Court, during the years of dictatorship the Brazilian military. Judiciary umbrella body, the Supreme Court was deeply affected by the Institutional Acts issued by the Executive Branch militarized. The research, like that carried out by the truth commission, will take the interregnum between 1964 and 1969 as a timeframe, and be concerned with the study of the political nature of habeas corpus which reached the Court in these early years of the military dictatorship. Aiming to uncover the criteria used by the National Truth Commission in its final report to predict that the Supreme Court, in line with all the Brazilian Judiciary, agreed with arbitrariness and serious human rights violations perpetrated by the military regime, adopt one multi-method approach. At first, legal and historical sources referring will be raised to the use of the habeas corpus guarantee in Brazil and the impact that the Acts Institutional edited during the military dictatorship had on the Supreme Court. Later, in the second part of the study, we seek to grasp what a truth commission, transitional justice tool, and as the National Truth Commission, using methods and materials themselves, understand the functioning of the Supreme Court in the early years Brazilian exception period.
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An evaluation of Zimbabwe's national peace and reconciliation commission Bill, 2017Maribha, Sheilla Kudzai January 2017 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / This is a study of Zimbabwe's National Peace and Reconciliation Commission Bill (hereafter
NPRC Bill). The NPRC Bill seeks to bring the National Peace and Reconciliation Commission
(hereafter NPRC) of Zimbabwe into operation. The NPRC is a truth commission set to promote
post-conflict justice, national peace and reconciliation in Zimbabwe. The study discusses the
prospects of establishing an effective NPRC in Zimbabwe by examining the provisions of the
NPRC Bill. The view of the paper is that, without proper guidance from a comprehensive law,
the NPRC is bound to be a victim of its own failure.
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Repenser la justice transitionnelle en Afrique subsaharienne : concilier l'un et le multiple dans la reconstruction des sociétés post-guerre civile / Rethinking transitional justice in sub-saharan AfricaStirn, Nora 29 June 2018 (has links)
Par l'étude comparative de différents conflits africains, cette recherche a pour but de démontrer l'importance des pratiques traditionnelles africaines de justice au sein des processus de résolution de conflit. De nombreux exemples tels que la Sierra Leone, la République Centrafricaine, le Rwanda, l'Ouganda, le Darfour, ou encore le Mozambique, démontrent que chaque État possède sa propre expérience de justice transitionnelle. Lorsque les victimes deviennent les bourreaux, et que les bourreaux sont eux-mêmes des victimes, il devient alors impossible de se reposer sur des modèles de justice préconçus. Sur le continent africain, comme ailleurs, la justice transitionnelle nécessite d'être adaptées aux spécificités des contextes politiques, historiques et structurels de chaque conflit. Par ailleurs, les mécanismes qui composent aujourd'hui la justice transitionnelle, que ce soit à l'échelon international, national, ou local, se doivent de travailler de concert au service de la reconstruction d'un pacte social entre les populations. Il faudra donc réussir à créer des liens entre ces mécanismes, afin que la justice post-conflit représente un atout efficace pour la paix et la réconciliation. L'ambition de ce projet est d'adopter une vision plurielle et renouvelée de la Justice au service de la réconciliation en Afrique et répondant davantage aux attentes des populations impliquées, et de formuler des propositions en vue d'une complémentarité plus efficace entre les différents instrument de la justice transitionnelle. / Through a comparative study of different African conflicts, this research aims at underlying the need for complementarity between the different judicial and extra-judicial mechanisms of the transitional justice process. Sierra Leone, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Uganda, Darfur, Mozambique, every post-conflict situation has its own experience of Transitional Justice. There is no pre-conceived solution to solve a conflict, where the frontier between victims and perpetrators is constantly shaken, and with mass atrocities committed by both sides. Be it International Justice, National Justice, Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, or Local and Traditional Justice, none of these mechanisms of Transitional Justice can be efficient if they aren't any linkage between them and if they are not adapted to each specific contexts. For post-conflict justice to be a catalyst toward Reconciliation and a Sustainable Peace, peacemakers have to look deep into the political, the historical, and structural reasons that led to the commission of international crimes. The purpose of this PhD project is to encourage the adoption of a renewed plural vision of Justice in Africa, which would meet more specifically the needs of the war-torn population for a long-term peaceful society.
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Um regime internacional para atrocidades: o tribunal penal internacional e o conflito de valores entre a justiça e a paz / An international atrocities regime: the international criminal court and the conflict of values between justice and peaceCláudia Alvarenga Marconi 01 August 2013 (has links)
A presente tese se propõe a avaliar os avanços e recuos do denominado Regime Internacional para Atrocidades (RIA), focando-se sobremaneira no seu principal desdobramento normativo e institucional: o Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Tais avanços e recuos não podem ser analisados somente a partir de qualificações políticas pragmáticas ou de princípios morais cosmopolitas reconhecidos pelo Tribunal, mas sim a partir da existência de um conflito de valores exposto na construção e consolidação do regime em questão: justiça versus paz, bem como da necessidade de superá-lo. É esse conflito entre a justiça internacional, interpretada de modo cosmopolita, e também pelo viés restrito do paradigma jurídico de enforcement dos direitos humanos, e a paz, interpretada como a ausência de conflito direto, bem como a consequente necessidade de arbitrá-lo, que nos permitirá fazer recomendações sobre o que se deve fazer para implementar um RIA realmente efetivo no sentido de livrar a humanidade das violações de direitos humanos que se qualificam como atrocidades, considerando as particularidades de contextos transicionais e ampliando a prestação de contas. A estratégia recomendada pela tese é a da combinação de uma justiça judicializada, que se traduz no TPI, com outros mecanismos de justiça transicional. Ademais, uma atuação do TPI sensível às vítimas e às atividades de peacebuilding é parte fundamental dessa estratégia. Os casos sob a investigação do TPI serão trazidos à tona na presente tese no sentido de ilustrar alguns aspectos do argumento principal nela estruturado. / This thesis aims to evaluate advances and shortcomings concerning the so-called International Atrocities Regime (IAR), focusing on its main normative and institutional achievement: the International Criminal Court (ICC). Such advances and shortcomings cannot be analised either exclusively through pragmatic political qualifications or through cosmopolitan moral principles embraced by the Court. Instead, we initially sustain the existence of a conflict of values apparent in the building up and consolidation of the above mentioned regime: the justice versus peace dilemma and the necessity of overcoming it. It is this dilemma between international justice, interpreted according to both a cosmopolitan perspective and a judicial paradigm of human rights enforcement, and peace, interpreted as the absence of direct conflict, and simultaneously the urgent need of managing this conflitct of value that will allow us to make some normative recommendations about what is to be done in order to implemente an effective IAR. By effectiveness, we mean both the prevention of humanity from suffering gross human rights violations qualified as atrocities, considering the particularities involved in transitional contexts, and the promotion of accountability. The strategy recommended by the thesis is the combination of a judicialized justice, translated into ICC practices, with other transitional justice mechanisms. In addition, an ICC performance sensible to victims and peacebuilding activities is a fundamental aspect of such a strategy. In this sense, the cases under ICC investigation will be mobilized in order to illustrate some aspects of the main argument structured in the thesis.
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Comissão Nacional da Verdade : limites e desafiosPereira, Bruna Ferrari 18 April 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-04-18 / Não recebi financiamento / In this research we conducted a rigorous study of the final report of the National Truth Commission, seeking to understand how the current political and social situation in the country was limited and overshadowed the gains brought by this Commission. This research had as material beyond the final report, the military's statements given to the Commission, the newspaper reports on the subject and a vast literature on the subject. From this material, the main objective of this research was to analyze how civil-military relations during the work of CNV are directly related to the permanence of the dictatorial legacy in our current democracy. / Nesta pesquisa realizamos um estudo rigoroso do relatório final da Comissão Nacional da Verdade e buscou compreender como a atual conjuntura política e social do país limitou e obscureceu os ganhos trazidos por esta Comissão. Esta pesquisa teve como material além do relatório final, que foi resultado dos trinta e um meses de trabalho da Comissão, os depoimentos de militares prestados à CNV, as notícias de jornais sobre o assunto e uma vasta pesquisa bibliográfica acerca do tema. A partir deste material, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a forma como as relações civismilitares durante os trabalhos da CNV estão diretamente relacionadas à permanência do legado ditatorial em nossa democracia atual.
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