The supervising teacher of the Thesis chose two bulidings to be the subject of solution, which were used as warehouses of cocoons. These are the biggest buildings of the premises as for the volume, which stand out for their impressing construction and their area (1493,1 & 1486,6 m2). The distance between them is aprox. 125 m. The systém of construction is the same in both the buildings, it is a wooden timber reinforced brick masonry frame in modular size of 3,6 x 6,15 m. The constructive height of street floor of building A is 4,4 m, building B 3,85 m. The clearence of bulinding A is 3,85 m and for building B 3,27m. The clearance of second floor in both objects is 4,84m. The existing inner staircase has one arm and is of 54 cm in width. There is a cargo lift on its … covered by … for the connecting the floor areas. … … of both the building forms together with wooden pillars elements also … . The windows of 160 cm width are set rytmicaly in three consecutive rows, they ensure max lighting of the interior of the buildings. The roofing of the buildings is made from wooden frame structure and covered by tiles. The roof construction is not covered from bottom and therefor they make an impression of one of the most striking elements in the interior. The clean dispositions, the lenght of the halls of 104 m to the adequate width, the clean construction both the brick and the wooden ones, together with impressive lighting, the all form an enormous value resulting in a unique character as a whole.

This thesis is an ethnographic research of the cultural heritage conservation practices in İzmir, focusing particularly on the heritage site Historical Port City of İzmir’s conservation on individual, local, and global levels from an anthropological point of view. With its ongoing inscription process to UNESCO’s World Heritage List, the study aims, first, to understand the motivation behind this inscription, the current conservation practices in the city that are undergone by individual and local actors, and to analyze the impact and connection between the individual, local and global efforts to protect İzmir’s multicultural and multilayered heritage. Conducted during the 10-day long World Heritage Volunteers program “Heritage for the Future in the Historical Port City of İzmir” organized by the UNESCO World Heritage Education Program and Site Directorate of the Historical Port City of İzmir, the research employs the anthropological methods of participant observation, structured interviews, netnography, as well as multi-sensory ethnography. The study shows that the site’s WHL inscription is motivated by the desire to enhance the city’s further protection on different levels such as raising awareness, receiving financial help, and increasing its visibility to attract local, national, and international visitors and users. The same approach has also been observed within the current conservation practices conducted by local actors to preserve the multicultural values of the city and conserve its 8500 years of multilayered fabric that carries traces of Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Beylic, Ottoman, and Republican periods, stretching up to today. This short-term ethnographic research concludes that heritage conservation is a multi-level process where every level (individual, local, and global) and actor has an important role in the protection of the site’s integrity and the transmission of its values to future generations. Focusing on the current anthropological theories and studies on heritage and UNESCO, this case study of the Historical Port City of İzmir reflects that statement and points not only to the conservation of the city's past heritage but also to the fact that this cannot happen without addressing the city's contemporary needs such as sustainable development, cohesion, and the socio-economic prosperity of the city and its current inhabitants.

The purpose of our study was to explore multi-faceted connections between corporate welfare strategies (CWs) and local development. Although there are a large number of studies on the topic of CSR and CW, to this day, the plausible connection between CWs and local development has been largely overlooked from an academic viewpoint. Our original hypotheses assumed that there is a plausible relationship between CWs implementation and socio-economic development. In particular, CWs are likely to foster local economic diversification in related and unrelated sectors through knowledge and entrepreneurship spill-overs, as well as to strengthen local communitarian ties. Before investigating those plausible relations, we tried to put forth an acceptable, although non- conclusive, definition of corporate welfare, mainly relying on the CSR academic literature and the local development corpus of studies. Moreover, we referred to a multifaceted group of academic contributions and relied on social capital literature, Evolutionary Economic Geography’s concept of “related” and “unrelated” variety, as well as on local development studies. The mix of these three academic literatures allowed us to develop an interpretative schema that frames CWs within local development processes. In chapter 2, our analysis focused on Olivetti’s history and Adriano Olivetti’s political thought. We were inspired to dwell on this specific case for many reasons: 1) the Olivetti company is widely considered, by Italian academic literature, the ante litteram socially responsible enterprise. Therefore, for the sake of our study on CW and CSR, we could not avoid analyzing this paradigmatic case; 2) a more obvious hint came from Becattini’s comment on Porter and Kramer’s shared value (2011). Becattini’s reference to Olivetti led us to detect, what were so far, unexplored connections between Olivettian thought and Italian local development literature. Becattini’s reference to Olivetti’s case suggested an intellectual line of thought that, sometimes outwardly and often implicitly, connects AO’s social and political ideas to the local development literature. Hence, we went down this path of an ideal intellectual line of thought and reviewed Giorgio Fuà’s work (one of the few masters that Giacomo Becattini acknowledged), the theoretical cornerstones of Giacomo Becattini up to Porter and Kramer's shared value. We then proposed, relying on Olivetti’s, Becattini’s, Porter’s and Kramer’s works, a reassessment of the original concept of shared value, and called it "communitarian" shared value. We then analysed the implementation of CWs in a specific territorial context. We focused on the effects of CWs implemented by Ferrero and Miroglio, two Albese multinationals in the province of Cuneo. As aforementioned, by investigating the possible “external” effects that stem from larger enterprises’ CW policies - such as rising levels of local entrepreneurship, a growth in the number of firms operating in related and unrelated sectors, an increase in the levels of local trust relationships - our goal was to better understand this connection (that had never been fully explored academically) and add an original contribution to the subject of “internal” CSR with external effects. Lacking general research and quantitative data on the subject, we relied mostly on a qualitative/ethnographic approach based on a deep analysis of literary and historical works, on the results of a web-survey that we administered to 28,759 enterprises in the province of Cuneo and on approximately 80 in-depth interviews. The original hypotheses of research have not been confirmed directly. It is instead the “entrepreneurial style” of local multinationals to condition, in a sort of spurious relation, both the independent CW variable and the dependent variable “local socio-economic development”. Additionally, empirical research led us to better describe the “Cuneo system”, a macro productive system that encompasses a variety of LPSs and that present hybrid socio-economic features which we have defined as a “polycentric system of local productive systems”.

This is a brief research investigating issues such as world heritage and sustainable development in their existing links with youth and local communities, tourism and identity. Some heritage related narratives created by youngsters worldwide are considered.Connections among education, participation and heritage preservation, in the framework of a communication for development perspective, are investigated. Specifically, winning storyboards of a UNESCO Patrimonito competition are analyzed. The analysis on the collected media texts was conducted using a qualitative approach, including semiotics and visual methods.The findings emerged from the study made clearer the researched topic and allowed to formulate some final recommendations for further studies on the subject.

The present study focuses on the Vindelälven-Juhttátahkka Biosphere Reserve (BR) in Northern Sweden, which serves as an implementation site of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme. In response to a series of environmental and social problems identified in the specific locale, the area inhabited by both “Swedish” and “Sami” people, is designed to serve henceforth as a learning site for sustainable development. Taking Michel Foucault’s work on discourse and power as a reference point, in this study we analyze the discourse that permeates life in the specific milieu, to understand how power operates in the BR and look for resistance. Following Foucault’s theorization of discourse, the study has employed Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (F.D.A.) on the empirical material, gathered from official documents and interviews with people in the BR. Our research has concluded that by employing its scientific programme, UNESCO’s discourse has managed to a large extent to construct in this place a reality that does not allow a future to be imagined outside of the context of sustainable development. This study has found its participants to be influenced by UNESCO’s discourse and has constrained them from perceiving present or imagining future realities that do not sustain the power of the Swedish state under the global neoliberal rule. Lastly, our research has illustrated that the participants who have been found to respond to their experiences have also been found to resist the discourse permeating the BR.

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans la lignée de celles qui étudient l’utilisation des données probantes de recherches dans le processus d’élaboration des politiques éducatives nationales. Elle a ceci d’original qu’elle déplace cette problématique à un niveau encore inexploré, le niveau global. À ce niveau, les organisations internationales jouent le rôle d’intermédiaire entre les lieux de production du savoir et les lieux de décision. De ce fait, la nature et les fondements de leurs recommandations méritent d’être examinés avec attention. Plus spécifiquement, et en raison du fait que l'amélioration de la qualité des enseignants est devenue « une priorité absolue » des programmes politiques nationaux et internationaux (UNESCO, 2014), cette étude décrit et analyse la nature et les fondements des orientations pédagogiques privilégiées par trois des organisations internationales les plus influentes dans le domaine de l'éducation : l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO), l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) et la Banque mondiale. Pour ce faire, elle fait appel à deux types de données. D'abord, et pour l'essentiel, le premier repose sur une analyse documentaire de rapports publiés par ces trois organismes à propos de l’amélioration de la qualité des enseignants et de leur formation (N = 117). Le second type de données est constitué d'entretiens individuels directifs (N = 15) auprès d’acteurs impliqués dans des travaux également consacrés aux enseignants et à leur formation. Les résultats montrent que l’UNESCO, l’OCDE et la Banque mondiale exploitent de manière peu fréquente les données probantes de recherches sur l’efficacité de l’enseignement. Elles produisent un discours pédagogique sommaire en faveur des approches « (socio)-constructivistes » dites centrées sur l’apprenant. Ainsi, prises entre le désir d'améliorer la qualité des enseignants et les principes d'une posture pédagogique qui récuse l’existence des pratiques exemplaires, les trois organisations se trouvent présentement dans une impasse. / This dissertation follows from a body of work that examines the use of scientific research evidence in national education policy making. Its originality lies in the fact that it tackles this issue at a level yet to be explored, i.e., the global level. At that level, international organizations play the role of intermediaries between knowledge production and decision-making arenas. The nature and foundations of their recommendations therefore need to be examined carefully. More specifically, and given that improving the quality of teachers has become an “absolute priority” in national and international policies (UNESCO, 2014), this doctoral research describes and analyzes the nature and foundations of the pedagogical orientations put forward by three of the most influential international organizations in the education sector: UNESCO, the Organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD), and the World Bank. Two types of data were exploited to this end. The first and main type consists of reports published by these organizations on improving teacher quality and teacher education (N = 117). The second type of data was generated through structured interviews with individuals (N = 15) working for the three organizations and involved in programs or projects targeting teachers and their training. The results of the analyses show that UNESCO, OECD and the World Bank seldom us scientific research evidence on teaching effectiveness. Instead, they produce a basic pedagogic discourse in favor of “(socio)-constructivist”, also called learner-centered, approaches. They are thus caught between the desire to improve teacher quality and the principles of a pedagogic stance that rejects the existence of exemplary practices; and, as a result, find themselves in an impasse.

Le patrimoine culturel ne s’arrête pas aux monuments et aux collections d’objets. Il comprend également les traditions ou les expressions vivantes héritées de nos ancêtres et transmises à nos descendants ; ce qu’on appelle le patrimoine culturel immatériel. L’importance de ce patrimoine ne réside pas tant dans la manifestation culturelle elle-même que dans la richesse des connaissances et du savoir-faire qu’il transmet d’une génération à une autre. Cette transmission du savoir a une valeur sociale, économique, culturelle et juridique pertinente pour les groupes minoritaires et majoritaires et pour le monde entier. Le choix des techniques de protection internationale est directement lié aux objectifs poursuivis par l’UNESCO. Au-delà du texte de la Convention de 2003 et d’autres instruments internationaux adoptés par l’UNESCO, il peut être utile d’aborder plus largement les solutions juridiques de sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel. L'objet de notre étude consiste à analyser l’action normative en matière de patrimoine culturel immatériel en mettant la lumière sur sa définition, les normes internationales relatives à sa protection, ainsi que sur la question de l’effectivité et de l’efficacité internationale de la sauvegarde de ce patrimoine. Pour conclure, les résultats de l’action normative et d’effectivité n’échappent pas à notre analyse. Il s’agit d’évoquer enfin la possibilité de mettre en place une feuille de route pour une meilleure protection à l’avenir. / Cultural heritage doesn't only include monuments and the collection of objects. /cultural heritage is about more than monuments or the collection of objects. It, also, includes the traditions or the modern inherited expressions from our ancestors and transmitted to our descendants, what we call the intangible cultural heritage. The importance of this heritage doesn't reside so much in the cultural demonstration itself, but in the richness of knowledge, and the know-hows that are transmitted from one generation to another. This transmission of knowledge has social value, economical, cultural and legal relevance for minority groups, as well as for the main social groups, and is also, important for the world. The choice of the techniques used for international protection is linked directly to the objectives pursued by the UNESCO. Beyond the text of the 2003 convention and other international agreements adopted by the UNESCO, it can perhaps be useful to tackle more widely the legal solutions of the intangible cultural heritage. The aim of our study consists of analysing the normative action concerning the intangible cultural heritage in placing the light on the definition of the intangible cultural heritage as well as the international standards important to its protection and also in tackling the question of effectivity and efficiency of the international protection of this heritage. In conclusion, the results for the normative action and effectivity do not escape our analysis. It is, in the end about the possibility of putting in place a plan for the protection of a better future.

Comblant un fossé dans les études relatives à la diplomatie culturelle des pays émergents, cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une analyse quantitative et qualitative de la diplomatie culturelle vietnamienne. Celle-ci est une partie intégrante de la politique étrangère en vue d’assurer une intégration internationale du pays et ce, au service du développement socio-économique. L’objectif primordial de cette stratégie, reconnue comme l’un des trois piliers de la diplomatie vietnamienne avec l’économie et le politique, est de présenter le Vietnam dans le monde entier afin d’attirer les investissements. Dans ce sens, elle constitue un outil de « marketing » pour le pays. L’histoire séculaire contre les invasions étrangères, une détermination de préservation de l’identité culturelle ainsi que la nature du régime politique sont à l’origine des particularités de cette stratégie qui articule diplomatie du parti communiste, du gouvernement et du peuple. L’élément étatique est indispensable dans la formulation de cette politique. L’observation des pratiques ainsi que le résultat de notre évaluation montre que cette diplomatie se concentre sur les activités évènementielles au détriment des projets structurels (éducation et information). Sa mise en œuvre constitue un défi pour le gouvernement, en raison d’une absence de véritable mécanisme de coordination d’une part, mais aussi d’une conception de la « culture » attachée à l’idéologie d’autre part. L’UNESCO est le partenaire principal du Vietnam car l’inscription au patrimoine mondial de sites ou de pratiques nationaux demeure l’un des sujets phare de cette diplomatie, contribuant à l’essor du tourisme. La Francophonie, elle, a des compétences spécifiques en particulier dans la diversité culturelle mais le Vietnam n’en a pas encore bénéficié. Si l’UNESCO est un forum où le Vietnam pourrait se présenter dans la communauté internationale, l’OIF, avec le dossier économique et la promotion du français, servirait de lieu pour promouvoir une recherche d’influence dans la région d’Asie du Sud-Est. / Filling a gap in studies on cultural diplomacy of the emerging countries, this thesis constitutes of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Vietnamese cultural diplomacy. This is an integral part of foreign policy in order to ensure international integration of the country and also for socio-economic development. The primary objective of this strategy, recognized as one of the three pillars of Vietnamese diplomacy with economy and politics, is to present Vietnam to the worldwide in order to attract investment. Thus, it is a “marketing” tool for the country. The secular history against foreign invasions, a determination to preserve the cultural identity and the nature of the political regime are the specific features of this strategy, articulating diplomacies of the Communist party, the government and the Vietnamese people. The element “state” is essential in the formulation of this policy. The observation of practices and the results of our evaluation show that this diplomacy focuses on event activities while seconding structural project (education and information). Its implementation is a challenge for the government, due to a lack of effective coordination on the one hand, but also a concept of “culture” attached to the ideology on the other. UNESCO is the main partner of Vietnam because inclusion in the World Heritage sites remains one of the major subjects of the Vietnamese cultural diplomacy, contributing to the development of tourism. La Francophonie has its specific expertise especially in cultural diversity but Vietnam has not benefited from that yet. If UNESCO is a forum where Vietnam could arise in the international community, OIF, with the economic issue and the promotion of French, would serve as a place to promote influence of Vietnam in the South-East Asia.

The aim of the thesis is to compare the educational systems of two European states with different state institutions, history and current political-historical situation. The work will be of comparative character and will be based mainly on the work with the studied literature. The work will use both Czech and Spanish literature. The main benchmarking tool will be the International Standard Classification of Education at ISCED 2011. In the practical part, this classification will be applied to both education systems, and at the end of each level of education there will be comparisons. The result will be a simultaneous evaluation and comparison of the education system of the Kingdom of Spain and the Czech Republic. KEYWORDS: ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education by UNESCO), education system, early childhood education, primary, lower secondary, upper secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary education, short cycle of tertiary education, bachelor or other equivalent, master or other equivalent).

Cette thèse cherche à explorer les régimes de patrimonialisation des patrimoines, ou encore de patrimonialité des patrimoines, à partir des dynamiques sociales d’identification, de reconnaissance et de mise en valeur des objets dits « patrimoines ». Pour autant, s’opère une interprétation communicationnelle envisageant la compréhension d’une productivité discursive de la valeur patrimoniale. En d’autres termes, nous nous intéressons à la construction du sens patrimonial à partir du discours social. Ce travail s’efforce alors à décrire la patrimonialisation comme un mouvement qui se transforme et s’actualise à partir du discours des différents acteurs impliqués : détenteurs, amateurs, praticiens, associatifs, chercheurs, institutionnels, entre autres. C’est pourquoi nous considérons le discours depuis sa force illocutoire, ce qui nous permet de l’identifier comme une action qui vise « faire-faire » (Austin, [1962] 1970) ou encore « faire agir ». À cet égard, nous avons élaboré un dispositif méthodologique d’écriture webdocumentaire dans la finalité d’analyser sémio-pragmatiquement les différents discours collectés et provoqués lors des nos observations. Pour lors, notre dispositif méthodologique d’écriture webdocumentaire nous autorise la manipulation d’un ensemble de documents hétérogènes, c’est-à-dire l’organisation et la mise en forme, dans l’objectif d’exposer les possibles agencements d’acteurs et l’engendrement d’actions et de sens patrimoniaux. De cette manipulation, considérée comme l’« écriture intermédiaire » (Achard, 1994) de notre recherche, se manifeste peu à peu une conception « rhizomatique » (Deleuze et Guattari, 1980) de la patrimonialisation, où les acteurs sont tout à la fois agis et agissants de ce mouvement en perpétuelle transformation. L’idée d’un « Rhizome » des rhizomes patrimoniaux évolue durant les chapitres de ce mémoire de thèse nous révélant un mouvement patrimonial qui agence les acteurs et engendre les sens. Tel mouvement rhizomatique est notamment producteur de réflexions sur le passé « qui emprunte des signifiés au présent et ouvre les chemins pour le futur » (Mattos et Abreu, 2005). / This thesis seeks to explore the regimes of patrimonialization of patrimonies, or patrimonial heritage, based on social dynamics of identification, recognition and enhancement of objects called "patrimonies". However, there is a communicational interpretation envisaging the understanding of a discursive productivity of the patrimonial value. In other words, we are interested in the construction of the patrimonial sense from the social discourse. Through the realization of two field surveys, in the city of Valença, in the region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and in the "Territoire des Garrigues", in the Occitanie region, in France, we question how an object material or immaterial, is likely to become heritage through symbolic productions. A third observation, of distinct characteristics, was important for the development of this research: it is the "Ninth session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage", an event which took place in November 2014 in the UNESCO Headquarters, Paris. This work attempts to describe the heritage as a movement that is transformed and actualized from the discourse of the different actors involved: owners, amateurs, practitioners, associations, researchers, institutional, among others. This is why we consider the discourse from its illocutionary force, which allows us to identify it as an action that aims to "make-do" (Austin, [1962] 1970) or "to make action". In this respect, we have developed a methodological method of webdocumentary writing with the aim of analyzing semio-pragmatically the different discourses collected and provoked during our observations. This device gives us the initiative to produce and manipulate different formats of documents, such as audio-visual, sound, photographic and cartographic. Added to this production is the collection of a heterogeneity of documents produced by the actors themselves or by third parties. Therefore, our methodological method of webdocumentary writing allows us to manipulate this set of heterogeneous documents, that is to say the organization and formatting, with the aim of exposing the possible layouts of actors. and the begetting of actions and patrimonial meanings. From this manipulation, considered as the "intermediate writing" (Achard, 1994) of our research, is gradually emerging a "rhizomatic" conception (Deleuze and Guattari, 1980) of the patrimonialisation, where the actors are at the same time act and act of this movement in perpetual transformation. The idea of ​​a "rhizome" of heritage rhizomes evolves during the chapters of this thesis revealing a patrimonial movement that organizes the actors and generates the senses. This rhizomatic movement is notably the producer of reflections on the past "which borrows from the signified in the present and opens the way for the future" (Mattos and Abreu, 2005). Patrimonialization described as a "Heritage Rhizome" becomes an integrated exercise in the public space, also allowing us to open up to other conceptions of public space. / Esta tese tem por objetivo explorar os regimes de patrimonialização dos patrimônios, ou ainda de patrimonialidade dos patrimônios, através das dinâmicas sociais de identificação, de reconhecimento e de valorização dos objetos ditos “patrimônios”. No entanto, opera-se uma interpretação comunicacional com o propósito de compreender a produtividade discursiva do valor patrimonial. Em outras palavras, nós nos interessamos pela construção do sentido patrimonial à partir do discurso social. Este trabalho esforça-se em descrever a patrimonialização como um movimento que se transforma e se atualiza à partir do discurso dos diferentes atores envolvidos : detentores, amadores, praticantes, associativos, pesquisadores, institucionais, entre outros. Portanto, consideramos o discurso desde sua força ilocutória, o que nos permite identificá-lo como uma ação que busca “fazer-fazer” (Austin, [1962] 1970) ou ainda “fazer agir”. Para tanto, elaboramos um dispositivo metodológico de escrita webdocumentária afim de analisar semio-pragmaticamente os diferentes discursos coletados e provocados durante nossas observações. Logo, nosso dispositivo metodológico de escrita webdocumental nos autoriza a manipulação de um conjunto de documentos heterogêneos, ou seja a sua organização e edição, no intuito de expor possíveis associações entre os atores e o engendramento de ações e de sentidos patrimoniais. Desta manipulação, considerada como a “escrita intermediária” (Achard, 1994) da nossa pesquisa, se descobre pouco a pouco uma concepção “rizomática” (Deleuze e Guattari, 1980) de patrimonialização, onde os atores são ao mesmo tempo agidos e ativos de um movimento em constante transformação. A ideia de um “Rizoma” dos rizomas patrimoniais evolui durante os capítulos desta dissertação de tese nos revelando um movimento patrimonial que associa os atores e engendra os sentidos. Tal movimento rizomático é particularmente produtor de reflexões sobre o passado “que empresta significados para o presente e abre novos caminhos para o futuro” (Mattos e Abreu, 2005).