The purpose of our study was to explore multi-faceted connections between corporate welfare strategies (CWs) and local development. Although there are a large number of studies on the topic of CSR and CW, to this day, the plausible connection between CWs and local development has been largely overlooked from an academic viewpoint. Our original hypotheses assumed that there is a plausible relationship between CWs implementation and socio-economic development. In particular, CWs are likely to foster local economic diversification in related and unrelated sectors through knowledge and entrepreneurship spill-overs, as well as to strengthen local communitarian ties. Before investigating those plausible relations, we tried to put forth an acceptable, although non- conclusive, definition of corporate welfare, mainly relying on the CSR academic literature and the local development corpus of studies. Moreover, we referred to a multifaceted group of academic contributions and relied on social capital literature, Evolutionary Economic Geography’s concept of “related” and “unrelated” variety, as well as on local development studies. The mix of these three academic literatures allowed us to develop an interpretative schema that frames CWs within local development processes. In chapter 2, our analysis focused on Olivetti’s history and Adriano Olivetti’s political thought. We were inspired to dwell on this specific case for many reasons: 1) the Olivetti company is widely considered, by Italian academic literature, the ante litteram socially responsible enterprise. Therefore, for the sake of our study on CW and CSR, we could not avoid analyzing this paradigmatic case; 2) a more obvious hint came from Becattini’s comment on Porter and Kramer’s shared value (2011). Becattini’s reference to Olivetti led us to detect, what were so far, unexplored connections between Olivettian thought and Italian local development literature. Becattini’s reference to Olivetti’s case suggested an intellectual line of thought that, sometimes outwardly and often implicitly, connects AO’s social and political ideas to the local development literature. Hence, we went down this path of an ideal intellectual line of thought and reviewed Giorgio Fuà’s work (one of the few masters that Giacomo Becattini acknowledged), the theoretical cornerstones of Giacomo Becattini up to Porter and Kramer's shared value. We then proposed, relying on Olivetti’s, Becattini’s, Porter’s and Kramer’s works, a reassessment of the original concept of shared value, and called it "communitarian" shared value. We then analysed the implementation of CWs in a specific territorial context. We focused on the effects of CWs implemented by Ferrero and Miroglio, two Albese multinationals in the province of Cuneo. As aforementioned, by investigating the possible “external” effects that stem from larger enterprises’ CW policies - such as rising levels of local entrepreneurship, a growth in the number of firms operating in related and unrelated sectors, an increase in the levels of local trust relationships - our goal was to better understand this connection (that had never been fully explored academically) and add an original contribution to the subject of “internal” CSR with external effects. Lacking general research and quantitative data on the subject, we relied mostly on a qualitative/ethnographic approach based on a deep analysis of literary and historical works, on the results of a web-survey that we administered to 28,759 enterprises in the province of Cuneo and on approximately 80 in-depth interviews. The original hypotheses of research have not been confirmed directly. It is instead the “entrepreneurial style” of local multinationals to condition, in a sort of spurious relation, both the independent CW variable and the dependent variable “local socio-economic development”. Additionally, empirical research led us to better describe the “Cuneo system”, a macro productive system that encompasses a variety of LPSs and that present hybrid socio-economic features which we have defined as a “polycentric system of local productive systems”.

This is a brief research investigating issues such as world heritage and sustainable development in their existing links with youth and local communities, tourism and identity. Some heritage related narratives created by youngsters worldwide are considered.Connections among education, participation and heritage preservation, in the framework of a communication for development perspective, are investigated. Specifically, winning storyboards of a UNESCO Patrimonito competition are analyzed. The analysis on the collected media texts was conducted using a qualitative approach, including semiotics and visual methods.The findings emerged from the study made clearer the researched topic and allowed to formulate some final recommendations for further studies on the subject.

The present study focuses on the Vindelälven-Juhttátahkka Biosphere Reserve (BR) in Northern Sweden, which serves as an implementation site of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme. In response to a series of environmental and social problems identified in the specific locale, the area inhabited by both “Swedish” and “Sami” people, is designed to serve henceforth as a learning site for sustainable development. Taking Michel Foucault’s work on discourse and power as a reference point, in this study we analyze the discourse that permeates life in the specific milieu, to understand how power operates in the BR and look for resistance. Following Foucault’s theorization of discourse, the study has employed Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (F.D.A.) on the empirical material, gathered from official documents and interviews with people in the BR. Our research has concluded that by employing its scientific programme, UNESCO’s discourse has managed to a large extent to construct in this place a reality that does not allow a future to be imagined outside of the context of sustainable development. This study has found its participants to be influenced by UNESCO’s discourse and has constrained them from perceiving present or imagining future realities that do not sustain the power of the Swedish state under the global neoliberal rule. Lastly, our research has illustrated that the participants who have been found to respond to their experiences have also been found to resist the discourse permeating the BR.

Los objetivos propuestos para la investigación y realización de esta Tesis han sido alcanzados analizando sus antecedentes históricos, ubicación actual, estudio técnico de su estructura y policromías, estado de conservación y propuesta de intervención de las policromías. En general este trabajo llena un vacío en la historia de Valencia, volviendo a recuperar el alfarje como una de las obras maestras que conserva la ciudad, aportando un gran número de imágenes inéditas de detalle, además de todos los datos técnicos que comprenden la obra. Datos que son fundamentalmente para emprender con garantidas su conservación y restauración, haciendo de esta Tesis un trabajo que tiene una finalidad clara, intervenir en la obra. / Martínez Valenzuela, MM. (2008). La Lonja de Valencia patrimonio de la humanidad: estudio histórico-técnico y conservativo del alfarje de la sala Dorada [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2285

[EN] The investigation is important in the development of countries and his societies; the economies are not based only in the accumulation of capital, it's necessary a solid foundation of information, learning and adaptation. The development of the capacity inventiveness, obtained by means of the investment in investigation and development. The cataloging of the architectural heritage involves new challenges of conservation. The problem of the conservation is not new, but in the 20th century there are big advances in the methods of investigation no destructive. The Letter of Athens of 1931 defined the first bases of the conservation of the monuments. Between any of his recommendations stand out one of them that invites to keep the utility of the monuments so that it ensure the continuity of his life, with destinations that respect his historical character and/or artistic as it occurs in "la Lonja de Valencia". The origin of this thesis and his development is oriented in one of the lines of investigation that in the Memory of the IX Congress APEGA proposes in the section of professional Investigations (connections of the drawing with other fields) in his first appendix: GRAPHIC EXPRESSION AND HERITAGE: NEW METHODS OF ARCHITECTURAL LIFTING. This Thesis is centered around the utilize the SCANNER LASER 3D, the ELECTRONIC TOTAL STATION and other traditional methods, as new methods of Graphic Lifting and of precision in the field of the Architecture, to scale real and in the three-dimensional space. Choose the Lonja of Valencia has his sense by his Universal interest, when being the only existent building in Valencia considered Heritage of the Humanity by the UNESCO. Apply it to the Architectural Graphic Expression and Heritage supposes all an effort that has concretize in the following title: "THE ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC LIFTING OF PRECISION. THE JAMB OF THE PORTAL OF MAIN ACCESS TO LA LONJA DE LA SEDA DE VALENCIA". Has been vertebrated the present investigation with the following succession of contents: Visit the urban and social surroundings more immediate of the monument from his construction until the actuality, to find out what conditions the city in his social position inside the country. Descend until the building to know the purpose of his construction and analyze the forms of work of his author. Use from the simplest tools like combs archaeologist, until the most modern instruments in instrumental technology and study his evolution to be able to appreciate his working capacity. Analyze the degree of accuracy of the measures that provide us the new instruments used in the architectural graphic lifting: the Scanner Laser 3D and the Total Station, from the most elementary instruments: the metallic metric strip, the foot of king and archaeologist comb millimeters. Compare the geometry obtained with the theorist to study his metric, his composition, his symmetry, his proportion and his section original. Compare the results and the protocol of the lifting made, with others of international importance. The lifting proposed in this thesis pretends to reflect the morphology of the group and the one of his parts. We have evaded the defects of some pieces opting for regularization of the elements that take part in the monument. The measurements have been made using the metric system decimal, the millimeter like generic unit of work and precision. It has had present his relation with the metric system valid in Valencia as we will see and will justify in the subject of the metric used. / [ES] El conocimiento juega un papel cada vez más importante en el desarrollo de los países y sus sociedades; las economías no están basadas únicamente en la acumulación de capital, hace falta un sólido cimiento de información, aprendizaje y adaptación. Por medio del conocimiento se logra el desarrollo de la capacidad inventiva, obtenida mediante la inversión en investigación y desarrollo. La catalogación del patrimonio arquitectónico implica nuevos retos de conservación. El problema de la conservación no es nuevo, pero en el siglo XX se producen grandes avances en los métodos de investigación no destructivos. La Carta de Atenas de 1931 definió las primeras bases de la conservación de los monumentos. Entre alguna de sus recomendaciones, destaca una que invita a mantener la utilidad de los monumentos para que se asegure la continuidad de su vida, con destinos que respeten su carácter histórico y/o artístico como ocurre en la Lonja de Valencia. El origen de esta tesis y su desarrollo está orientado en una de las líneas de investigación propuesto en la Memoria del IX Congreso APEGA, en el apartado de Investigaciones profesionales (conexiones del dibujo con otros campos) en su primer apéndice: EXPRESIÓN GRÁFICA Y PATRIMONIO: NUEVOS MÉTODOS DE LEVANTAMIENTO ARQUITECTÓNICO. Esta Tesis se centra en torno a la utilización del ESCÁNER LÁSER 3D, la ESTACIÓN TOTAL ELECTRÓNICA y otros métodos tradicionales, como nuevos métodos de Levantamiento Gráfico y de precisión en el ámbito de la Arquitectura, a escala real y en el espacio tridimensional. Elegir la Lonja de Valencia tiene su sentido por su interés Universal, al ser el único edificio existente en Valencia considerado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO. Aplicarlo a la Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica y Patrimonio supone todo un esfuerzo que se ha concretado en el siguiente título: EL LEVANTAMIENTO GRÁFICO ARQUITECTÓNICO DE PRECISIÓN. LA JAMBA DE LA PORTADA DE ACCESO PRINCIPAL A LA LONJA DE LA SEDA DE VALENCIA. Se ha vertebrado la presente investigación con la siguiente sucesión de contenidos: Recorrer el entorno urbano y social más inmediato del monumento, desde su construcción hasta la actualidad, para conocer las condiciones se encontraba la ciudad en su posición social dentro del País. Descender hasta el edificio para conocer la finalidad de su construcción y para analizar las formas de trabajo de su autor. Utilizar desde las herramientas más simples como los peines de arqueólogo, hasta los instrumentos más modernos en tecnología instrumental y estudiar su evolución para poder apreciar su capacidad de trabajo. Analizar el grado de exactitud de las medidas que nos proporcionan los nuevos instrumentos utilizados en el levantamiento gráfico arquitectónico: el Escáner Láser 3D y la Estación Total, a partir de los instrumentos más elementales: la cinta métrica metálica, el pie de rey y el milimétrico peine de arqueólogo. Comparar la geometría obtenida con la teórica para estudiar su métrica, su composición, su simetría, su proporción y su envolvente original. Comparar los resultados y el protocolo del levantamiento realizado, con otros de relevancia internacional. El levantamiento propuesto en esta tesis pretende reflejar la morfología del conjunto y la de sus partes. Se han eludido los defectos de algunas piezas optando por la regularización de los elementos que intervienen en el monumento. Las mediciones han sido realizadas utilizando el sistema métrico decimal con el milímetro como unidad genérica de trabajo y precisión, si bien se ha tenido presente su relación con el sistema métrico de la época vigente en Valencia, como veremos y justificaremos en el tema de la métrica utilizada. / [CA] El coneixement té un rol cada vegada més important en el desenvolupament dels països i les seues societats; les economies no estan basades únicament en l'acumulació de capital, fa falta un sòlid fonament d'informació, aprenentatge i adaptació. Per mitjà del coneixement s'aconsegueix el desenvolupament de la capacitat inventiva, obtinguda mitjançant la inversió en investigació i desenvolupament. La catalogació del patrimoni arquitectònic implica nous reptes de conservació. El problema de la conservació no és nou, però al segle XX es produeixen grans avanços en els mètodes d'investigació no destructius. La Carta d'Atenes de 1931 va definir les primeres bases de la conservació dels monuments. Entre alguna de les seves recomanacions destacar la que convida a mantindre la utilitat dels monuments perquè s'assegure la continuïtat de la seua vida, amb destinacions que respecten el seu caràcter històric i/o artístic com ocorre en la Llotja de València. L'origen d'aquesta tesi i el seu desenvolupament està orientat en una de les línies d'investigació proposada en la Memòria de l'IX Congrés APEGA, en l'apartat de recerques professionals (connexions del dibuix amb altres camps) en el seu primer apèndix: EXPRESSIÓ GRÀFICA I PATRIMONI: NOUS MÈTODES D'AIXECAMENT ARQUITECTÒNIC. Aquesta Tesi se centra entorn de la utilització de l'ESCÀNER LÀSER 3D, l'ESTACIÓ TOTAL ELECTRÒNICA i altres mètodes tradicionals, com a nous mètodes d'Aixecament Gràfic i de precisió en l'àmbit de l'Arquitectura, a escala real i en l'espai tridimensional. Triar la Llotja de València té el seu sentit pel seu interès Universal, en ser l'únic edifici existent a València considerat Patrimoni de la Humanitat per la UNESCO. Aplicar-ho a l'Expressió Gràfica Arquitectònica i Patrimoni suposa tot un esforç que s'ha concretat en el següent títol: L'AIXECAMENT GRÀFIC ARQUITECTÒNIC DE PRECISIÓ. EL BRANCAL DE LA PORTADA D'ACCÉS PRINCIPAL A LA LLOTJA DE LA SEDA DE VALÈNCIA. S'ha vertebrat la present recerca amb la següent successió de continguts: Recórrer l'entorn urbà i social més immediat del monument, des de la seua construcció fins a l'actualitat, per conèixer en quines condicions es trobava la ciutat en la seua posició social dins del País. Descendir fins a l'edifici per a conèixer la finalitat de la seua construcció i analitzar les formes de treball del seu autor. Utilitzar des de les eines més simples com les pintes d'arqueòleg, fins als instruments més moderns en tecnologia instrumental i estudiar la seua evolució per a poder apreciar la seua capacitat. Analitzar el grau d'exactitud de les mesures que ens proporcionen els nous instruments utilitzats en l'aixecament gràfic arquitectònic: l'Escàner Làser 3D i l'Estació Total, a partir dels instruments més elementals: la cinta mètrica metàl¿lica, el peu de rei i la mil¿limètrica pinta d'arqueòleg. Comparar la geometria obtinguda amb la teòrica per a estudiar la seua mètrica, la seua composició, la seua simetria, la seua proporció i la seua secció original. Comparar els resultats i el protocol de l'aixecament realitzat, amb uns altres de rellevància internacional. L'aixecament proposat en aquesta tesi pretén reflectir la morfologia del conjunt i la de les seues parts. S'han eludit els defectes d'algunes peces optant per la regularització dels elements que intervenen en el monument. Els mesuraments han sigut realitzats utilitzant el sistema mètric decimal,¿amb el milímetre com a unitat genèrica de treball i precisió., si bé s'ha tingut present la seua relació amb el sistema mètric de l'època vigent en València com veurem i justificarem en el tema de la mètrica utilitzada. / Hernández Muñoz, EJ. (2015). El levantamiento gráfico arquitectónico de precisión. La jamba de la portada de acceso principal a la Lonja de La Seda de Valencia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59426

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans la lignée de celles qui étudient l’utilisation des données probantes de recherches dans le processus d’élaboration des politiques éducatives nationales. Elle a ceci d’original qu’elle déplace cette problématique à un niveau encore inexploré, le niveau global. À ce niveau, les organisations internationales jouent le rôle d’intermédiaire entre les lieux de production du savoir et les lieux de décision. De ce fait, la nature et les fondements de leurs recommandations méritent d’être examinés avec attention. Plus spécifiquement, et en raison du fait que l'amélioration de la qualité des enseignants est devenue « une priorité absolue » des programmes politiques nationaux et internationaux (UNESCO, 2014), cette étude décrit et analyse la nature et les fondements des orientations pédagogiques privilégiées par trois des organisations internationales les plus influentes dans le domaine de l'éducation : l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO), l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) et la Banque mondiale. Pour ce faire, elle fait appel à deux types de données. D'abord, et pour l'essentiel, le premier repose sur une analyse documentaire de rapports publiés par ces trois organismes à propos de l’amélioration de la qualité des enseignants et de leur formation (N = 117). Le second type de données est constitué d'entretiens individuels directifs (N = 15) auprès d’acteurs impliqués dans des travaux également consacrés aux enseignants et à leur formation. Les résultats montrent que l’UNESCO, l’OCDE et la Banque mondiale exploitent de manière peu fréquente les données probantes de recherches sur l’efficacité de l’enseignement. Elles produisent un discours pédagogique sommaire en faveur des approches « (socio)-constructivistes » dites centrées sur l’apprenant. Ainsi, prises entre le désir d'améliorer la qualité des enseignants et les principes d'une posture pédagogique qui récuse l’existence des pratiques exemplaires, les trois organisations se trouvent présentement dans une impasse. / This dissertation follows from a body of work that examines the use of scientific research evidence in national education policy making. Its originality lies in the fact that it tackles this issue at a level yet to be explored, i.e., the global level. At that level, international organizations play the role of intermediaries between knowledge production and decision-making arenas. The nature and foundations of their recommendations therefore need to be examined carefully. More specifically, and given that improving the quality of teachers has become an “absolute priority” in national and international policies (UNESCO, 2014), this doctoral research describes and analyzes the nature and foundations of the pedagogical orientations put forward by three of the most influential international organizations in the education sector: UNESCO, the Organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD), and the World Bank. Two types of data were exploited to this end. The first and main type consists of reports published by these organizations on improving teacher quality and teacher education (N = 117). The second type of data was generated through structured interviews with individuals (N = 15) working for the three organizations and involved in programs or projects targeting teachers and their training. The results of the analyses show that UNESCO, OECD and the World Bank seldom us scientific research evidence on teaching effectiveness. Instead, they produce a basic pedagogic discourse in favor of “(socio)-constructivist”, also called learner-centered, approaches. They are thus caught between the desire to improve teacher quality and the principles of a pedagogic stance that rejects the existence of exemplary practices; and, as a result, find themselves in an impasse.

Le patrimoine culturel ne s’arrête pas aux monuments et aux collections d’objets. Il comprend également les traditions ou les expressions vivantes héritées de nos ancêtres et transmises à nos descendants ; ce qu’on appelle le patrimoine culturel immatériel. L’importance de ce patrimoine ne réside pas tant dans la manifestation culturelle elle-même que dans la richesse des connaissances et du savoir-faire qu’il transmet d’une génération à une autre. Cette transmission du savoir a une valeur sociale, économique, culturelle et juridique pertinente pour les groupes minoritaires et majoritaires et pour le monde entier. Le choix des techniques de protection internationale est directement lié aux objectifs poursuivis par l’UNESCO. Au-delà du texte de la Convention de 2003 et d’autres instruments internationaux adoptés par l’UNESCO, il peut être utile d’aborder plus largement les solutions juridiques de sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel. L'objet de notre étude consiste à analyser l’action normative en matière de patrimoine culturel immatériel en mettant la lumière sur sa définition, les normes internationales relatives à sa protection, ainsi que sur la question de l’effectivité et de l’efficacité internationale de la sauvegarde de ce patrimoine. Pour conclure, les résultats de l’action normative et d’effectivité n’échappent pas à notre analyse. Il s’agit d’évoquer enfin la possibilité de mettre en place une feuille de route pour une meilleure protection à l’avenir. / Cultural heritage doesn't only include monuments and the collection of objects. /cultural heritage is about more than monuments or the collection of objects. It, also, includes the traditions or the modern inherited expressions from our ancestors and transmitted to our descendants, what we call the intangible cultural heritage. The importance of this heritage doesn't reside so much in the cultural demonstration itself, but in the richness of knowledge, and the know-hows that are transmitted from one generation to another. This transmission of knowledge has social value, economical, cultural and legal relevance for minority groups, as well as for the main social groups, and is also, important for the world. The choice of the techniques used for international protection is linked directly to the objectives pursued by the UNESCO. Beyond the text of the 2003 convention and other international agreements adopted by the UNESCO, it can perhaps be useful to tackle more widely the legal solutions of the intangible cultural heritage. The aim of our study consists of analysing the normative action concerning the intangible cultural heritage in placing the light on the definition of the intangible cultural heritage as well as the international standards important to its protection and also in tackling the question of effectivity and efficiency of the international protection of this heritage. In conclusion, the results for the normative action and effectivity do not escape our analysis. It is, in the end about the possibility of putting in place a plan for the protection of a better future.

Comblant un fossé dans les études relatives à la diplomatie culturelle des pays émergents, cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une analyse quantitative et qualitative de la diplomatie culturelle vietnamienne. Celle-ci est une partie intégrante de la politique étrangère en vue d’assurer une intégration internationale du pays et ce, au service du développement socio-économique. L’objectif primordial de cette stratégie, reconnue comme l’un des trois piliers de la diplomatie vietnamienne avec l’économie et le politique, est de présenter le Vietnam dans le monde entier afin d’attirer les investissements. Dans ce sens, elle constitue un outil de « marketing » pour le pays. L’histoire séculaire contre les invasions étrangères, une détermination de préservation de l’identité culturelle ainsi que la nature du régime politique sont à l’origine des particularités de cette stratégie qui articule diplomatie du parti communiste, du gouvernement et du peuple. L’élément étatique est indispensable dans la formulation de cette politique. L’observation des pratiques ainsi que le résultat de notre évaluation montre que cette diplomatie se concentre sur les activités évènementielles au détriment des projets structurels (éducation et information). Sa mise en œuvre constitue un défi pour le gouvernement, en raison d’une absence de véritable mécanisme de coordination d’une part, mais aussi d’une conception de la « culture » attachée à l’idéologie d’autre part. L’UNESCO est le partenaire principal du Vietnam car l’inscription au patrimoine mondial de sites ou de pratiques nationaux demeure l’un des sujets phare de cette diplomatie, contribuant à l’essor du tourisme. La Francophonie, elle, a des compétences spécifiques en particulier dans la diversité culturelle mais le Vietnam n’en a pas encore bénéficié. Si l’UNESCO est un forum où le Vietnam pourrait se présenter dans la communauté internationale, l’OIF, avec le dossier économique et la promotion du français, servirait de lieu pour promouvoir une recherche d’influence dans la région d’Asie du Sud-Est. / Filling a gap in studies on cultural diplomacy of the emerging countries, this thesis constitutes of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Vietnamese cultural diplomacy. This is an integral part of foreign policy in order to ensure international integration of the country and also for socio-economic development. The primary objective of this strategy, recognized as one of the three pillars of Vietnamese diplomacy with economy and politics, is to present Vietnam to the worldwide in order to attract investment. Thus, it is a “marketing” tool for the country. The secular history against foreign invasions, a determination to preserve the cultural identity and the nature of the political regime are the specific features of this strategy, articulating diplomacies of the Communist party, the government and the Vietnamese people. The element “state” is essential in the formulation of this policy. The observation of practices and the results of our evaluation show that this diplomacy focuses on event activities while seconding structural project (education and information). Its implementation is a challenge for the government, due to a lack of effective coordination on the one hand, but also a concept of “culture” attached to the ideology on the other. UNESCO is the main partner of Vietnam because inclusion in the World Heritage sites remains one of the major subjects of the Vietnamese cultural diplomacy, contributing to the development of tourism. La Francophonie has its specific expertise especially in cultural diversity but Vietnam has not benefited from that yet. If UNESCO is a forum where Vietnam could arise in the international community, OIF, with the economic issue and the promotion of French, would serve as a place to promote influence of Vietnam in the South-East Asia.

The aim of the thesis is to compare the educational systems of two European states with different state institutions, history and current political-historical situation. The work will be of comparative character and will be based mainly on the work with the studied literature. The work will use both Czech and Spanish literature. The main benchmarking tool will be the International Standard Classification of Education at ISCED 2011. In the practical part, this classification will be applied to both education systems, and at the end of each level of education there will be comparisons. The result will be a simultaneous evaluation and comparison of the education system of the Kingdom of Spain and the Czech Republic. KEYWORDS: ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education by UNESCO), education system, early childhood education, primary, lower secondary, upper secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary education, short cycle of tertiary education, bachelor or other equivalent, master or other equivalent).

Cette thèse cherche à explorer les régimes de patrimonialisation des patrimoines, ou encore de patrimonialité des patrimoines, à partir des dynamiques sociales d’identification, de reconnaissance et de mise en valeur des objets dits « patrimoines ». Pour autant, s’opère une interprétation communicationnelle envisageant la compréhension d’une productivité discursive de la valeur patrimoniale. En d’autres termes, nous nous intéressons à la construction du sens patrimonial à partir du discours social. Ce travail s’efforce alors à décrire la patrimonialisation comme un mouvement qui se transforme et s’actualise à partir du discours des différents acteurs impliqués : détenteurs, amateurs, praticiens, associatifs, chercheurs, institutionnels, entre autres. C’est pourquoi nous considérons le discours depuis sa force illocutoire, ce qui nous permet de l’identifier comme une action qui vise « faire-faire » (Austin, [1962] 1970) ou encore « faire agir ». À cet égard, nous avons élaboré un dispositif méthodologique d’écriture webdocumentaire dans la finalité d’analyser sémio-pragmatiquement les différents discours collectés et provoqués lors des nos observations. Pour lors, notre dispositif méthodologique d’écriture webdocumentaire nous autorise la manipulation d’un ensemble de documents hétérogènes, c’est-à-dire l’organisation et la mise en forme, dans l’objectif d’exposer les possibles agencements d’acteurs et l’engendrement d’actions et de sens patrimoniaux. De cette manipulation, considérée comme l’« écriture intermédiaire » (Achard, 1994) de notre recherche, se manifeste peu à peu une conception « rhizomatique » (Deleuze et Guattari, 1980) de la patrimonialisation, où les acteurs sont tout à la fois agis et agissants de ce mouvement en perpétuelle transformation. L’idée d’un « Rhizome » des rhizomes patrimoniaux évolue durant les chapitres de ce mémoire de thèse nous révélant un mouvement patrimonial qui agence les acteurs et engendre les sens. Tel mouvement rhizomatique est notamment producteur de réflexions sur le passé « qui emprunte des signifiés au présent et ouvre les chemins pour le futur » (Mattos et Abreu, 2005). / This thesis seeks to explore the regimes of patrimonialization of patrimonies, or patrimonial heritage, based on social dynamics of identification, recognition and enhancement of objects called "patrimonies". However, there is a communicational interpretation envisaging the understanding of a discursive productivity of the patrimonial value. In other words, we are interested in the construction of the patrimonial sense from the social discourse. Through the realization of two field surveys, in the city of Valença, in the region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and in the "Territoire des Garrigues", in the Occitanie region, in France, we question how an object material or immaterial, is likely to become heritage through symbolic productions. A third observation, of distinct characteristics, was important for the development of this research: it is the "Ninth session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage", an event which took place in November 2014 in the UNESCO Headquarters, Paris. This work attempts to describe the heritage as a movement that is transformed and actualized from the discourse of the different actors involved: owners, amateurs, practitioners, associations, researchers, institutional, among others. This is why we consider the discourse from its illocutionary force, which allows us to identify it as an action that aims to "make-do" (Austin, [1962] 1970) or "to make action". In this respect, we have developed a methodological method of webdocumentary writing with the aim of analyzing semio-pragmatically the different discourses collected and provoked during our observations. This device gives us the initiative to produce and manipulate different formats of documents, such as audio-visual, sound, photographic and cartographic. Added to this production is the collection of a heterogeneity of documents produced by the actors themselves or by third parties. Therefore, our methodological method of webdocumentary writing allows us to manipulate this set of heterogeneous documents, that is to say the organization and formatting, with the aim of exposing the possible layouts of actors. and the begetting of actions and patrimonial meanings. From this manipulation, considered as the "intermediate writing" (Achard, 1994) of our research, is gradually emerging a "rhizomatic" conception (Deleuze and Guattari, 1980) of the patrimonialisation, where the actors are at the same time act and act of this movement in perpetual transformation. The idea of ​​a "rhizome" of heritage rhizomes evolves during the chapters of this thesis revealing a patrimonial movement that organizes the actors and generates the senses. This rhizomatic movement is notably the producer of reflections on the past "which borrows from the signified in the present and opens the way for the future" (Mattos and Abreu, 2005). Patrimonialization described as a "Heritage Rhizome" becomes an integrated exercise in the public space, also allowing us to open up to other conceptions of public space. / Esta tese tem por objetivo explorar os regimes de patrimonialização dos patrimônios, ou ainda de patrimonialidade dos patrimônios, através das dinâmicas sociais de identificação, de reconhecimento e de valorização dos objetos ditos “patrimônios”. No entanto, opera-se uma interpretação comunicacional com o propósito de compreender a produtividade discursiva do valor patrimonial. Em outras palavras, nós nos interessamos pela construção do sentido patrimonial à partir do discurso social. Este trabalho esforça-se em descrever a patrimonialização como um movimento que se transforma e se atualiza à partir do discurso dos diferentes atores envolvidos : detentores, amadores, praticantes, associativos, pesquisadores, institucionais, entre outros. Portanto, consideramos o discurso desde sua força ilocutória, o que nos permite identificá-lo como uma ação que busca “fazer-fazer” (Austin, [1962] 1970) ou ainda “fazer agir”. Para tanto, elaboramos um dispositivo metodológico de escrita webdocumentária afim de analisar semio-pragmaticamente os diferentes discursos coletados e provocados durante nossas observações. Logo, nosso dispositivo metodológico de escrita webdocumental nos autoriza a manipulação de um conjunto de documentos heterogêneos, ou seja a sua organização e edição, no intuito de expor possíveis associações entre os atores e o engendramento de ações e de sentidos patrimoniais. Desta manipulação, considerada como a “escrita intermediária” (Achard, 1994) da nossa pesquisa, se descobre pouco a pouco uma concepção “rizomática” (Deleuze e Guattari, 1980) de patrimonialização, onde os atores são ao mesmo tempo agidos e ativos de um movimento em constante transformação. A ideia de um “Rizoma” dos rizomas patrimoniais evolui durante os capítulos desta dissertação de tese nos revelando um movimento patrimonial que associa os atores e engendra os sentidos. Tal movimento rizomático é particularmente produtor de reflexões sobre o passado “que empresta significados para o presente e abre novos caminhos para o futuro” (Mattos e Abreu, 2005).