Orientador: Diógenes Cortijo da Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T02:22:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Corghi_FernandaNascimento_D.pdf: 10660154 bytes, checksum: 8373162d0c4c68cb5636f2a1de96435e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O loteamento abrange, além dos lotes, uma parte da gleba destinada a equipamentos urbanos e comunitários (de educação, cultura, saúde, lazer e similares) e áreas livres de uso público. Cabe ao poder público estabelecer porcentagens e impedir a ocupação de áreas de risco. Por isso, conhecer a hidrologia e a geomorfologia da bacia hidrográfica é importante para harmonizar o projeto à superfície topográfica e prevenir impactos decorrentes de rupturas no sistema natural. A terraplenagem efetuada para locação do empreendimento, associada à concentração do fluxo de água sub e superficial pelas ruas e galerias de drenagem, acelera processos de erosão. O solo carreado assoreia sistemas de drenagem e as enchentes se configuram como um dos impactos cumulativos decorrentes deste padrão de ocupação. Os impactos sociais são sentidos pela destruição de obras civis e riscos à vida humana. Neste sentido, as diretrizes exigidas pelo poder público devem ser seguidas para garantir o uso das áreas públicas e particulares ao fim a que se destinam.O objetivo desta tese é propor critérios físicos e sociais condizentes com o comportamento do substrato físico local e com os avanços sociais da Política Urbana como requisitos urbanísticos para projetos de loteamentos. Correlacionamos arranjos da forma urbana física elementar (rua, quadras, lotes, etc) em conformidade com os apontamentos da cartografia geocientífica preventiva de impactos ambientais. Estabelecemos como estudo de caso uma bacia hidrográfica do município de Bauru (SP); analisamos a possibilidade de inclusão da cartografia geotécnica de prevenção à erosão como instrumento norteador de loteamentos menos impactantes. A partir da constatação de que (i) a escala de confecção da cartografia geocientífica tende a ser realizada em pequenas e médias escalas e (ii) a escala utilizada para Planos Diretores e empreendimentos urbanísticos é necessariamente a grande escala, estabelecemos nossa proposta metodológica a partir da adoção de uma unidade física condizente aos planejamentos urbanos e geocientíficos. Partimos da setorização da vertente da bacia hidrográfica (em pelo menos três partes) para tornar possível a correlação de elementos do sistema natural (físico) e antrópico (urbano). Chamamos esta correlação de "unidade geo-urbanística". O funcionamento das unidades geo-urbanísticas em uma vertente da bacia hidrográfica estudada forneceu diferentes magnitudes de impacto para cada unidade a depender dos arranjos antrópicos nela estabelecidos. A simulação do funcionamento da vertente ofertou sete cenários de impacto, posto que diferentes arranjos de elementos urbanos estabelecem diferentes maneiras de ampliar tendências a impactos próprias do setor da vertente. Os cenários foram extrapolados para a bacia hidrográfica como um todo. Acreditamos que, com a utilização da unidade geo-urbanística como suporte à criação de cenários de impacto, seja possível definir requisitos urbanísticos para loteamentos. Desta maneira, também evita-se que a destinação de áreas públicas se dê em locais com maior suscetibilidade a impactos na bacia hidrográfica. Estes avanços foram consolidados na tese ao propormos alterações na legislação de parcelamento do solo (6.766/79) incorporando uma nova conceituação para "gleba" e uma maior participação pública direta tendo por escopo o uso da propriedade urbana "em prol do bem coletivo" (10.257/01, Art. 1º) / Abstract: The allotment covers, in addition to lots, part of the glebe aimed at urban and community facilities (education, culture, health, leisure and related) and open areas for public use. It is the public authority which establishes percentages and prevents the occupation of risk areas. Therefore, knowing the hydrology and geomorphology of the watershed is important to harmonize the project to the topographic surface and prevent impacts resulting from disruptions in the natural system. The earthwork made to lease the venture, related to the sub and superficial concentration of water flow on streets and drainage galleries, accelerates erosion processes. The adduced soil silts drainage systems and flooding is configured as one of the cumulative impacts of this pattern of occupation. The social impacts are felt by the destruction of civil works and risks to human life. In this sense, the guidelines required by public authorities must be followed to ensure the use of public and private areas to the purpose which they are intended. The aim of this thesis is to propose physical and social criteria consistent with the behavior of the local physical substrate and the social advances of Urban Policy as urban requirements for projects of settlements. We correlated arrangements of elementary physical urban form (street, blocks, lots, etc.) in accordance to the appointments of geoscientific cartography preventive of environmental impacts. We established as a case study a watershed in the city of Bauru (SP); we analyze the possibility of inclusion of geotechnical cartography to the erosion prevention as the guiding instrument of less impactful allotments. From the verification that (i) the scale of confection of geoscientific cartography tends to be performed in small and medium scales and (ii) the scale used for Directive Plans and urban ventures is necessarily large scale, we established our methodological proposal from the adoption of a consistent physical unit to urban and geoscientific planning. We started from the watershed slope (in at least three parts) to make it possible the correlation of elements of the natural (physical) and anthropogenic (urban) system. We call this correlation "geo-urban unit". The functioning of the geo-urban units in one watershed slope studied provided different magnitudes of impact for each unit depending on the anthropic arrangements established therein. The simulation of the functioning of the slope offered seven impact scenarios, since different arrangements of urban elements establish different manners of expanding the trends to the impacts specific of the sector of the slope. The scenarios were extrapolated to the watershed as a whole. We believe that with the use of geo-urban unit as a support to the creation of impact scenarios, it is possible to define urban requirements for settlements. Thus, it also avoids that the allocation of public areas is given in places with greater susceptibility to impacts in the watershed. These advances were consolidated in the thesis by proposing changes in legislation of land subdivision (6.766/79) incorporating a new conceptualization of "glebe" and greater direct public participation with the purpose to the use of urban property "in favor of the common good" (10.257/01, Article 1) / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutora em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Luciana Ferreira Tatagiba / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Serafim_Lizandra_D.pdf: 1425401 bytes, checksum: 7a3d582d9c6a7b66c6abbcfac8fd3880 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O trabalho visa contribuir para a análise das relações estabelecidas entre Estado e sociedade durante o governo Lula (2003-2010) a partir do caso do Ministério das Cidades. A escolha do caso leva em conta a potencialidade desse Ministério no que tange à incorporação de pautas gestadas na sociedade civil, em especial a da gestão democrática, historicamente absorvidas pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) em seus programas de governo e gestões municipais. Para tanto, analisamos a trajetória de construção institucional do Ministério e sua relação com os atores e principais pautas do Fórum Nacional da Reforma Urbana (FNRU), em especial as que se referem à participação da sociedade e construção da gestão democrática. A partir de um tratamento teórico que visa articular os debates sobre participação, instituições e políticas públicas, extraímos as contribuições deste caso específico ao debate atual sobre participação e democratização da gestão federal. O caso ilumina fatores relevantes a serem considerados na avaliação da capacidade de incorporação, pelas instituições, das demandas e pautas construídas pela sociedade civil. Dentre eles, destacam-se: a posição estratégica dos espaços participativos ou outras práticas menos formais de participação e diálogo no âmbito do órgão estudado; a posição estratégica do próprio órgão estudado na estrutura de governança tanto setorial quanto no nível de governo analisado; as distintas visões dos atores que compõem as instituições em relação a determinadas pautas e práticas participativas, além de suas capacidades de disputar internamente a condução das políticas e processos de gestão; a maturação das pautas no seio das próprias organizações da sociedade civil e, por fim, características específicas das políticas setoriais a que se referem, com dependência da trajetória, e sua posição estratégica no programa de governo / Abstract: This research aims to contribute to the analysis of the relations established between State and society under Lula in Brazil (2003-2010), based on a case study of the Ministry of Cities. The case was chosen due to the potentials of that particular Ministry to incorporate the platforms built by civil society, especially those relating to democratic management, which were historically absorbed by the Workers' Party (PT) in its government projects and municipal experiences since the late 80's. For this purpose, we analyse Ministry of Cities' institution-building process and the Ministry's relation to the main actors and platforms of the National Urban Reform Forum (FNRU), especially those referring to citizen participation and democratic management building. Through a theoretical frame that aims to articulate the debates about participation, institutions and public policies, we present the contributions of this specific case to the discussion about participation and democratization of the federal management model. The case shows relevant elements to be considered on the assessment of the institutional capacities of incorporating the demands and platforms built within civil society. Among these elements are: the strategic position of participatory spaces or less formal participatory practices at the institution; the strategic position of the institution itself at the governance structure, both sectoral and inside the level of government; the different visions that actors occupying places at institutions carry out relating to participation practices and platforms, as well as their capability to internally dispute the authority to conduct policies and management processes; the development of the platforms among civil society organizations into concrete proposals; and the specific characteristics of the sectoral policy under analysis, as well as its strategic position among the government priorities / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutora em Ciências Sociais

Refusant l’image trop souvent négative de certaines composantes de la ville, l’on est convaincu de trouver des solutions pour la ville nouvelle de Tamansourte. Cette recherche montre qu’il est possible de gérer la ville autrement, à l’aide d’outils appropriés en proposant de nouvelles réformes.S’appuyant sur des éléments de référence, c’est-à-dire des récits d’acteurs de l’acte d’aménager, cette recherche propose des pistes de réflexion relatives à la construction d’un nouveau projet de transformation sociale pour une nouvelle politique de la ville. La solution pour une ville comme Marrakech réside certainement dans un compromis entre plusieurs formes urbaines, compromis qui doit tenir compte des spécificités historiques, morphologiques et culturelles de la cité, servant de fondement à une éventuelle politique de la ville. Pour la ville nouvelle de Tamansourte, le constat négatif est facile à démontrer, car à travers la visite des lieux, plusieurs phénomènes montrent la faible fréquentation de la cité doublée d’une animation commerciale timide. Une étude de "requalification urbaine" est à mettre en place d’urgence pour permettre à cette ville nouvelle une dynamisation des activités commerciales et des échanges fructueux entre les différents acteurs de la cité qui fonderont demain la vitalité de cette nouvelle ville. / Refusing the image most oftenly negative of certain parts of urban agglemerations, we are convinced to have found viable solutions for the new town of Tamansourte. This research shows that it is possible to do town planing in a whole new way, by proposing new reforms.Based on references such as feedback and narratives from the actors of the urban layout, this research proposes directions for reflection concerning the construction of a new social transformation project for a new town planning policy. The solution for a city like Marrakesh most certainly resides in a compromise between several urban forms, taking into account historical, morphological and cultural specificites and serving eventually as a basis for city policies. As far the new town of Tamansourte is concerned, the balance sheet is in the negative, easily understandable by a simple visit of the premises where several obvious factors demonstrate the scarcity of the population toghether with a feeble commercial activity. An « urban re-qualification » study is to be done urgently for this new town to be commercially, economically dynamised and permitting fruitful exchanges between all the actors of the township-thus founding a new era of vitality for this new town.

L'habitat précaire dans le Grand Agadir a un caractère original, car il s'agit d'une ville entièrement neuve reconstruite sur une stratégie moderniste et volontariste après le séisme de 1960. L'évolution particulière de l'aire urbaine durant ces dernières décennies s'est traduite par un développement rapide de l'ensemble de ses centres enregistrant les taux d'accroissement les plus élevés du Maroc. Cette croissance exceptionnelle a engendré de nombreux problèmes dont le plus préoccupant est la prolifération des bidonvilles et des quartiers d'habitat clandestin. Actuellement, près d'un ménage sur cinq du Grand Agadir vit encore dans ces deux formes d'habitat. Le RGPH (2004) recense 10 331 baraques, abritant près de 18,3% de la population urbaine et 27 quartiers clandestins d'une superficie totale de 2539 hectares sur lesquels résident 36 966 ménages, soit environ 184 000 habitants. L'évolution de ces quartiers montre que les habitants s'y sont investis à la fois financièrement et affectivement. Loin d'être des lieux provisoires en marge des villes, ces quartiers constituent au contraire des parties non intégrées de l'urbain, comme en témoigne leur organisation spatiale et sociale et leur exclusion de tous les éléments de confort et d'intégration urbains (infrastructures, équipements socio-économiques). La particularité de ce phénomène réside dans le fait qu'il reprend les mêmes matériaux et les mêmes techniques de construction, mais se caractérise par la variété des couches sociales qui y résident et des typologies architecturales et urbanistiques. Les quartiers insalubres ont au moins deux points communs qui suffisent à les définir : d'une part, ce sont des "quartiers" de ville, des morceaux d'un espace dans lequel ils s'insèrent et, d'autre part, ils sont en bas de la hiérarchie urbaine : moins équipés, moins riches, moins attractifs. Ils cumulent les risques, l'exclusion, la marginalité et la pauvreté extrême. Ils représentent aussi un lei de tension et de résistance à toute tentative d'intégration et de régularisation par les pouvoirs publics. Ils se caractérisent aussi par leur dynamique ; ils s'imposent en effet, comme une composante active de la société urbaine. La population des quartiers insalubres produit un certain nombre de biens et de services consommés par la population de la ville formelle. Ces quartiers précaires produisent leurs propres équipements et participent dans la mesure de leurs possibilités à alimenter les caisses de l'État et des collectivités. Sans logis, sans emploi, sans sociabilité, les habitants sont aussi "sans voix", sans participation à la décision ou absents des politiques sociales de relogement. La "résorption" de l'habitat insalubre a toujours constitué une préoccupation pour l'État qui met tous ses moyens pour que cette forme d'habitation disparaisse de la ville. Ces gens souhaitent également un logement digne et une stratégie de RHI qui prend en considération leur mode de vie et leur situation sociale et économique. Ce travail de recherche analyse la problématique de l'habitat insalubre, dans ses aspects social, urbain et politique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons essayé de savoir comment les bidonvilles et l'habitat clandestin se sont développés en parallèle à la reconstruction. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié la structure interne des quartiers insalubres et illégaux en terme urbanistiques, sociaux et économiques, ainsi que les relations avec le reste de la ville, pour mesurer leur urbanité et leur intégration à celle-ci. A la fin de ce travail, nous avons analysé la politique de RHI dans ses stratégies et ses défauts, mais aussi les relations des habitants avec les pouvoirs publics / This research analyzes the problems of slums in its social aspect, and Urban Policy. Initially, we tried to find out how slums and illegal housing were developed in parallel with the reconstruction of the recent urban space. In a second step, we studied the internal structure of slums and illegal in terms of urban, social and economic, as well as relations with the rest of the city to measure their urbanity and integration thereof. At the end of this work, we analyzed the policy of RHI in its strategies and its defects, but also relations between the inhabitants and public authorities. The value of squatter settlements in Grater Agadir is original because it is an entirely new city was rebuilt on a modern strategy ansd proactive after the earthquake of 1960. The particular evolution of the urban area of this town in recent decades has resulted in rapid development of all its centers registering growth rates the highest in Morocco. This exceptional growth has created many problems in urban development with more concern are the proliferation of slums and illegal housing. Currently, nearly one in five households Greater Agadir still lives in these two types of habitat. According to the GPHC, 10,331 huts have been counted, which represents approximately 18,3% of urban population and 27 illegal neighborhoods with a total area of 2539 hectares on which 36 966 residents households, or appoximately 184 000 inhabitants. The evolution of these districts shows that there are people invested both financially and emotionally. Far from being places of temporary edge of town, these neighborhoods are rather non-integral parts of the city, as evidenced by their spatial organization and social exclusion of all basic amenities and urban integration (infrastructure, socio-economic facilities). The particularity of this phenomenom lies in the fact that it uses the same mateirals and same construction techniques, but it is characterized by the variety of social strata that live there and architectural typologies and urban planning. These slums have at least two common points which suffice to define them : first, they are "neighborhoods" of town, pieces of an area in which they operate and, secondly, they are down the urban hierarchy: less equipped, less affluent, less attractive. They combine the risks, exclusion, marginalization and extreme poverty. They also represnt a place of tension and resistance to any attempt at integration and regulation by government. They are also characterized by their dynamics, they are necessary because, as an active component of urban society. The slum population produces a number of goods and services consumed by the population of the formal city. These shantytowns are producing their own equipment and participate in the best of their ability to feed the coffers of the state and communities. Homeless, jobless, sociability, people are "speechless" without participation in the decision or absent social policies of resettlement. The "absorption" of slums has always been a political public claimed by the state that puts all its ressources to this form of housing disappears from the city. These people also want a decent home and a strategy for RHI, which takes into account their lifestyle, their social and economic

Notre investigation est une étude du processus de la création spatiale non maîtrisée et du développement de la ville de Kinshasa dans les collines de l’Ouest et du Sud-ouest. Cette recherche a essayé d’analyser les défis et opportunités pour l’aménagement et le développement urbain. Notre attention était focalisée sur la question de l’envahissement des espaces libres et les interstices aux encablures des cités planifiées et ses conséquences environnementales et socio-économiques. A l’issue de cette analyse il s’est avéré d’abord que les politiques urbaines souffrent d’une cohérence en matière d’organisation de l’espace. La maîtrise de l’urbanisation passe par le contrôle du foncier qui pourrait contraindre une expansion spatiale marquée par le paradigme de marginalisation écologique. C’est l’un des principaux moyens de dompter la croissance urbaine et de donner aux quartiers et par le fait même à la ville de Kinshasa la physionomie qu’on lui souhaiterait. / Our investigation is a study of the process of spatial creation and uncontrolled development of the city of Kinshasa, in the hills of the West and of the Southwest. This research has attempted to analyze the challenges and opportunities for planning and urban development. We focused on the issue of the invasion of open spaces and interstices to cables in planned cities and its environmental and socio-economic consequences. Based on our analysis, we concluded that urban policies suffer from a lack of coherent organizing space. Management of urbanization includes controlling land which could constrain spatial expansion, characterized by the paradigm of ecological marginalization. This is one of the main ways to tame urban growth and give neighborhoods as well as the city of Kinshasa the desired physiognomy.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-107).

This study aims to understand a swedish BID (business improvement district) partnership as a local form of urban governance in neighborhood improvement. The study explores challenges with the collaborative governance of various actors with a majority of private property owners. It highlights the need of public meta-governance and the challenges the network's public leader face in its governing of the network. As a framework for this, the study uses governance theory, which discusses the effective and democratic implications for network governance and how it can be improved by a meta-governor. It also uses various perspectives of BIDs as governance networks and its influence as urban actors. The empirical data is collected through qualitative interviews with involved network actors as well as the network leader, and focus is on their perceptions of the partnership's role and challenges with the collaborative governance. The findings of the study demonstrate the complexity of a multi-organisation partnership as well as the challenges to manage it. The results suggest that the partnership's practice of meta-governance do not live up to the definition presented by the theorists, due to a weak political accountability, and the network actors' governing are therefore left to be determined by their intentions. However, if their intentions are good, the network has the potential to create a well-functioning and committed local democracy with an effective decision-making process with less bureaucracy. Of importance for the discipline of urban studies, the identified aspects of diverging interests and the partnership's weak bond with public deliberation, BIDs as a way of managing space should be questioned in ways of who's interest is taken into consideration in the planning and development of our public spaces.

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:The historical Apartheid policy caused a lack ofinterest in metropolitan management in South Africa. Metropolitan management mainly focussed on limiting the accessibility ofthe non-white population to economic activities in urban areas. White institutions directed the intra-urban structure of urban areas to maintain their dominant economic, social and political position in the South African community. Increasing urbanization and constitutional changes in South Africa since 1991, together with international theoretical developments, necessitated a reconsideration of the nature of metropolitan management. For this purpose the objectives of metropolitan management were reformulated and industrial location was identified as an instrument in metropolitan management to increase the accessibility to economic activities. Itwas also determined that the non-establishment of industries intraditional non -white urban areas and the long distances between workplace and residential areas in North Gauteng limited the accessibility to non-whites. The New Institutional Approach, which serves as the theoretical starting point in this study, emphasises the role of rival individuals and interest groups in determining the intra-urban structure. An analysis of the role of primarily white individuals and interest groups, namely the community, the local and central governments, and the industrial entrepreneur, showed that the local and central governments played a determining role in establishing the intra-urban structure of the study area. The approach of the community and industrial entrepreneurs was mostly directed towards their own private interests and the inaccessibility of the study area for non-white population groups did not concern them. The institutions of the town councillors and officials of the local governments originated from exogenous institutions which were enforced on local governments from the central government and endogenic institutions which derived from a long tradition of urban planning. These institutions do not relate to the realities of the South African community and therefore a new institutional framework for decisionmaking on intra-urban structure was needed. Although this study only concerns one metropolitan area, the study area manifests all the characteristics of a typical Apartheid city in South Africa and the conclusions can be used in the reformulation of metropolitan management for most areas in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die historiese Apartheidsbeleid het veroorsaak dat metropolitaanse bestuur in Suid- Afrika nie veel aandag gekry het nie. Metropolitaanse bestuur was grootliks gerig op die beperking van die toeganklikheid van nie-blanke bevolkingsgroepe tot ekonomiese aktiwiteite in stedelike gebiede. Blanke instellings het die intra-stedelike struktuurvan stedelike gebiede gerig om huloorheersende ekonomiese, sosiale en politieke posisie in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing te handhaaf. Toenemende verstedeliking en konstitusionele verandering in Suid-Afrika sedert 1991, tesame met internasionale teoretiese ontwikkelinge, het 'n herbesinning oor die aard van metropolitaanse bestuur genoodsaak. Vir doeleindes hiervan is die doelstellings van metropolitaanse bestuur herformuleer en is fabrieksvestiging as 'n instrument in metropolitaanse bestuur geïdentifiseer om die toeganklikheid tot ekonomiese aktiwiteite te verhoog. Daar is bepaal dat die gebrek aan fabrieksvestiging in die tradisionele nie-blanke stedelike gebiede en die groot afstande tussen werks- en woonplek in Noord-Gauteng toeganklikheid vir nie-blankes beperk het. Die Nuwe Institusionele Benadering, wat as 'n teoretiese vertrekpunt vir die studie dien, beklemtoon die rol van mededingende indiwidue en belangegroepe in die bepaling van die intra-stedelike struktuur. In Ontleding van die rol van hoofsaaklik blanke indiwidue en belangegroepe, nl. die gemeenskap, die plaaslike en sentrale owerhede, en die fabrieksondernemer, het getoon dat die plaaslike en sentrale owerhede 'n bepalende rol gespeel het in die vasstelling van die intra-stedelike struktuur van die studiegebied. Die gemeenskap en fabrieksondernemers se benadering was grootliks gerig op hul eie partikuliere belang en die ontoeganklikheid van die studiegebied vir nie-blanke bevolkingsgroepe was nie vir hulle ter sake nie. Die instellings van die stadsraadslede en amptenare van plaaslike owerhede het lVontstaan uit eksogene instellings wat op plaaslike owerhede vanaf die sentrale owerheid afgedwing was en endogene instellings wat uit In lang stedelike beplanningstradisie ontstaan het. Dié instellings hou nie verband met die realiteite van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap nie en daarom word Innuwe institusionele raamwerk vereis waarbinne besluitneming oor die intra-stedelike struktuur kan plaasvind. Hoewel hierdie studie slegs In gevallestudie van een metropolitaanse gebied is, openbaar die studiegebied al die eienskappe van die tipiese Apartheidstad in Suid- Afrika en die gevolgtrekkings kan gebruik word in die herformulering van die aard van metropolitaanse bestuur vir die meeste gebiede in Suid-Afrika.

Ce travail vise à comprendre comment, dans un espace de guerre, la Palestine, construit un processus de patrimonialisation. Il dévoile les nombreux acteurs de la patrimonialisation ainsi que les stratégies mises en œuvre dans un contexte identitaire compliqué et souvent dramatique. Dans le cadre du travail, le projet de rénovation de la ville d’Al-Khalil illustre, chez les Palestiniens, cette volonté d’affirmation identitaire dans un espace menacé brisé par les guerres, le déplacement et la dépossession par l’occupant israélien. Le patrimoine est lié à la convergence de trois affirmations : identité, territoire et souveraineté. Ici, géographie historique et élaboration d’une conscience patrimoniale sont intimement liées et contribuent à exprimer fortement le fait national palestinien. / This work aims to understand how Palestine affected by a space war, has launched a processcreating heritage value. It reveals the many actors involved and the strategies implemented in creating acomplex and often dramatic identity. In this framework the renovation project of the city of Al-Khalilillustrates among the Palestinians, the desire to assert identity in an a turbulent landscape shattered bywars, displacement, and dispossession by the Israeli occupation. Heritage relates to the convergence ofthree statements: identity, territory and sovereignty. Here, historical geography and development ofheritage consciousness are intimately linked and contribute to highly express the Palestinian nation.

This thesis contributes to the growing EU-US literature by comparing and explaining the evolution of urban policy in these two federal systems. The thesis begins with a puzzle: after introducing two similar and equally short-lived regeneration schemes—Model Cities (MC) (1967) and URBAN (1994)—the US and the EU followed different paths: the former replaced MC with the durable Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) in 1974, while the latter ended urban policy by ‘mainstreaming’ URBAN in its regional policy in 2006. To solve the puzzle I formulate a two-part argument: first, I explain the similarities between MC and URBAN as resulting from three factors: a favourable political context, holistic urban policy ideas, and centre-periphery mistrust. I then explain subsequent trajectories by looking at the interplay of policy and politico-constitutional institutions. While both MC and URBAN were unable to ‘stick’ because of their inherent weaknesses, the result of their demise depended on the existence of a federal ‘city welfare’ state. In the US, the Housing and Urban Development Department (HUD) embodied this state, and channelled Nixon’s attacks on MC into the creation of the structurally stronger CDBG. In the EU, conversely, DG Regio could not provide a comparable anchor for urban policy: when URBAN was attacked by regions and cities, the DG just reverted to its ‘business as usual’ by mainstreaming the programme. I test my argument with a macro-historical comparison of the two cases and four in-depth city studies—Arlington, VA and Baltimore, MD on the US side, and Bristol, UK and Pescara, Italy on the EU side—aimed at analysing micro-level institutional dynamics. In both parts of the study I use a wide range of sources: secondary and grey literature, statistical sources and, especially, archival material and elite interviews. At both levels of analysis the test confirms my argument.