I denna uppsats kommer jag argumentera mot den mekanistiska synen om den arbetande hunden som enbart en komplicerad maskin, och försvara den icke-mekanistiska synen som ser hunden som en medveten varelse. Uppsatsen kommer framföra argument som stödjer hunden som en medveten och en självmedveten individ och därför bör inte hunden användas som ett redskap för ett mänskligt syfte. Vidare kan inte hunden enbart vara en mottagare av bra och dåliga upplevelser och därför bör hunden tillskrivas en moralisk status, liksom människan. Vidare kommer uppsatsen argumentera för att människan är en moralisk agent medan hunden bör ses som en moralisk patient och att människan har liknande moraliska skyldigheter mot hunden som mot andra människor. Avslutningsvis kommer uppsatsen försvara preferentialismen som en individuell välfärdsteori för hunden. Om vi ser på hundens välfärd utifrån hundens valda preferenser är det ett krav att använda hunden i det arbete som hunden föredrar för att tillgodose hundens välfärd. Alltså, det är moraliskt tillåtet att använda hunden för ett mänskligt syfte förutsatt att syftet representerar hundens valda intrinsikala preferenser i och utanför hundens arbete. / In this essay, I will argue against the mechanistic view of the working dog as a mere complicated machine, and defend the non-mechanistic view that sees the dog as a conscious being. The essay will present arguments that support the dog as a conscious and a self-aware individual and therefore the dog should not be used as a tool for a human purpose. Furthermore, the dog is not only a receiver of good and bad experiences and therefore the dog should be ascribed a moral status like man. Furthermore, the essay will argue that man is a moral agent while the dog should be seen as a moral patient and that man has similar moral obligations to the dog as to other human beings. Finally, the essay will defend preferentialism as an individual welfare theory for the dog. If we look at the dog's welfare in terms of the dog's chosen preferences, it is a requirement to use the dog in the work that the dog prefers to ensure the dog's welfare. Thus, it is morally permissible to use the dog for a human purpose provided that the purpose represents the dog's chosen intrinsic preferences inside and outside of the dog's work.

Bakgrund: Personal inom hälso- och sjukvården ska “beakta ett barns behov av information, råd och stöd” när ett barns förälder eller annan vuxen i barnets närhet lider av eller drabbas av sjukdom, skada, beroende eller vid dödsfall. Barn i familjer där minst en förälder har ett missbruk eller beroende löper större risk att utsättas för fysiskt och psykiskt våld. Barn som växer upp under sådana förhållanden löper även en ökad risk att själva utveckla beroendeproblematik. Information och stöd kan vara avgörande för deras framtida hälsa. Syfte: Att undersöka vilken kunskap och vilka erfarenheter sjuksköterskor verksamma inom beroendepsykiatrin har av att uppmärksamma om det finns barn i patientens närhet som är i behov av information och stöd, samt vilka hindrande respektive främjande faktorer som finns för att kunna tillgodose detta behov. Metod: Sex sjuksköterskor deltog i individuella intervjuer. Intervjuerna analyserades med manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Samtliga respondenter uppgav att de alltid tillfrågar sina patienter om det finns barn i deras närhet. De främjande faktorer som har framkommit är att det hos sjuksköterskorna fanns en vilja till förbättring och utveckling i verksamheten samt att barnen uppmärksammas. De hindrande faktorerna beskrivs vara miljön inom beroendepsykiatrin, sjuksköterskornas utbildningsläge, olika rädslor samt viss tidsbrist. Slutsats: Om en strukturerad handlingsplan för att stödja och informera barnen fanns att tillgå skulle detta tillsammans med det engagemang som redan finns hos sjuksköterskorna kunna leda till ett förbättrat stöd till de barn som lever tillsammans med en vuxen med missbruksproblematik. / Background: Staff within the Swedish health care should “consider a child’s need of information, advice and support when the child’s parent or other adult in the child’s vicinity suffers from illness, injury, addiction or death”. Children in families where one parent suffers from substance addiction or abuse are at greater risk of being exposed to physical and psychological violence. Children who grow up under those circumstances are also at greater risk of developing addiction problems. Information and support may be vital for their future quality of life. Aim: To examine the knowledge and experiences nurses working in the field of addicition psychiatry have regarding inquiring about whether there are children close to their patient who are in need of information, support, and also what impeding and promoting factors they experience in regards to providing that information and support to the child. Methods: Six nurses participated in individual interviews. The interview results was analyzed using a manifest content analysis. Results: All of the nurses said that they always ask their patients if they have children among them. The promoting factors are their will to improve and development of the business and that they pay attention to the children. The impeding factors are described as the environment within the psychiatry, the nurses education, different fears and a lack of time. Conclusions: If a structured plan to support and inform the children were available, together with the commitment the nurses have expressed, could lead to an improved support for children living with an adult with substance abuse problems.

Having ratified the UNCRC (United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child), the Swedish government and its authorities are responsible towards their young citizens to guarantee them care, protection and to be put first. In addition, children have a right to participation in processes and decisions which affect them. Especially in situations where the child is in need of protection. In research, children´s protection and children´s participation has been investigated as two separate, and often opposing rights, and the perception of children has in many regards been an ambivalent one. This study is focusing on the perception of the child and their participation in their welfare using two perspectives that splits the perception of the child: Children as subjects of rights and children as objects of care. The study investigates the perceptions of children and their participation in family therapy at Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (BUP) and family treatment at the municipal Social Services. Family therapy/treatment is a treatment aimed to gather the family to solve their common problems based on the system theory that perceive the family as a system. Through eight qualitative interviews with therapists and social workers, the study investigates the respondents own perceptions. The study finds that both the perception of the child as subjects of rights and as objects of care is found both at BUP and at the Social Service, although the perception of children as subjects of rights is more clear at the BUP and the perception of children as objects of care more clear at the Social Services. A discovery is that the Social services is more clearly using concepts linked to the system theory at the same time as being treating the parents as the main actors in the treatment with slightly less focus on the child´s participation. BUP, on the other hand is more clearly using concepts linked to the child as the patient with more individual and clear focus on the child´s participation, suggesting that where there is a perception of the family as a system, there is less focus on the child´s participation and where there is more of an individual focus, there is more focus on the child´s participation.

<p>In recent times statistical findings suggesting a deteriorating mental health among teenagers, have been published. Not only did I find the lack of an all-inclusive analysis problematic, but also the fact that the studies themselves where often insufficient. Thus my purpose has been to chart these statistical studies, and then scrutinize the results.My method has been inspired by critical theory, where an interpretive starting point, self-reflection, and the idea that man and society interacts as a whole, is of great importance. Aside from the above mentioned studies, I have also employed secondary empirical data from TV, newspapers and the Internet. My own experience as a social worker has also been an important resource for this paper. The results from the statistical studies are analysed through theories regarding cultural modernisation, in particular Thomas Ziehe's ideas about cultural release of constraints, and Aaron Antonovsky's ideas concerning the importance of SOC (sense of coherence). Rapports from the Welfare Commission pertaining to developments in the Swedish welfare during the 1990's are also central for this thesis. I have found that the results from the statistical studies could be the outcome of other factors than mental illness per se - such as the play down in society concerning some of the taboos associated with it. This means that today's youth have easier access to psychiatric care (in so far as they are more willing to talk about psychiatric problems) and therefore necessarily don't feel worse than preceding age groups. Having said that, my conclusion is that today's youth is more inclined to mental illness than teenagers 10-15 years ago. My belief is that this is due to cultural modernisation and growing shortcomings within the social welfare. Cultural modernisation can make for an arduous upbringing, and a society where traditional norms are being replaced by everlasting possibilities, do put a fair amount of strain on the young individual. In my final discussion I'll conclude that SOC, which was previously created collectively, is now an undertaking of the sole individual. Therefore, I mean, today's teenagers are in the need of sufficient tools in their identity work. Naturally these can be found within the perpetual bombardment of information and symbols that surrounds them, but this should not diminish the importance of an everyday contact with sensible grownups, who understands the need to counterbalance a manipulative market.</p>

<p>From a view of health strategies and techniques this thesis wants to throw a light on how the individual in its"health thinking"is governed. A thinking that, according to the author, can lead to a new way of governing as in municipal activity, an activity whose focus is on health and ill-health. The study is done whit a theoretical approach of power, with qualitative interviews as method and analysed from a perspective of Governmentality. The object for the study is Socsam and Rehabrådgivarna in Finspång. Socsam is a local project, and their main task is to create cooperation between health- and medical services, social services and social insurance. The health advisor in Finspång directs its activity towards sick-listed people and their main task is to help the sick-listed back to work as soon as possible. The analysis is done from both the perspective of what the individuals’ state about Rehabrådgivarnas treatment in relation to their own health and life of quality and how Socsam and Rehabrådgivarna can be analysed as health technologies and health strategies from Governmentality as theory. The author argues for the opinion, that from a specific way of thinking about health and how the individual have to act to achieve this health, this way of thinking creates a health technique. This health technique leads to a social demand on the individuals, a demand that the individuals have to achieve to be accepted in the community. They, whom not have the capacity or the will to achieve this health demand, will be regarded as maladjusted. Because of that, the individuals as well as the community need a self regulatory health strategy to persuade them self as well as others to become a healthy citizen. From this point of view the author argues for that Socsam can be regarded as a health strategy like this and that Rehabrådgivarna is the practical tool that is used to implement the health strategy and health technology to the people.</p>

<p>The aim of this essay is trying to understand the ideological changing process over the last decades and the ideological meaning of the relatively new conception lifelong learning as well, and how it comes that the opportunities offered the individual pre-school child and the individual compulsory-school pupil to assimilate the so important learning, differs so dramatically all though the expressed ambition to offer each and every one equal opportunities. What are the ideological structures that are, and have been in function, that carries and have carried the perceptions of the use and value of fostering and education?</p><p>In a time with the welfare ideology in a hegemonic position, it was seen important that the state took major responsibility for the education of the citizens. In our time, it appears, an economist ideology has taken the hegemonic position, and education is becoming an increasingly economic issue, and equality is decreasing along with, as in general society, the increasing of segregation within the educational system.</p>

In recent times statistical findings suggesting a deteriorating mental health among teenagers, have been published. Not only did I find the lack of an all-inclusive analysis problematic, but also the fact that the studies themselves where often insufficient. Thus my purpose has been to chart these statistical studies, and then scrutinize the results.My method has been inspired by critical theory, where an interpretive starting point, self-reflection, and the idea that man and society interacts as a whole, is of great importance. Aside from the above mentioned studies, I have also employed secondary empirical data from TV, newspapers and the Internet. My own experience as a social worker has also been an important resource for this paper. The results from the statistical studies are analysed through theories regarding cultural modernisation, in particular Thomas Ziehe's ideas about cultural release of constraints, and Aaron Antonovsky's ideas concerning the importance of SOC (sense of coherence). Rapports from the Welfare Commission pertaining to developments in the Swedish welfare during the 1990's are also central for this thesis. I have found that the results from the statistical studies could be the outcome of other factors than mental illness per se - such as the play down in society concerning some of the taboos associated with it. This means that today's youth have easier access to psychiatric care (in so far as they are more willing to talk about psychiatric problems) and therefore necessarily don't feel worse than preceding age groups. Having said that, my conclusion is that today's youth is more inclined to mental illness than teenagers 10-15 years ago. My belief is that this is due to cultural modernisation and growing shortcomings within the social welfare. Cultural modernisation can make for an arduous upbringing, and a society where traditional norms are being replaced by everlasting possibilities, do put a fair amount of strain on the young individual. In my final discussion I'll conclude that SOC, which was previously created collectively, is now an undertaking of the sole individual. Therefore, I mean, today's teenagers are in the need of sufficient tools in their identity work. Naturally these can be found within the perpetual bombardment of information and symbols that surrounds them, but this should not diminish the importance of an everyday contact with sensible grownups, who understands the need to counterbalance a manipulative market.

The aim of this essay is trying to understand the ideological changing process over the last decades and the ideological meaning of the relatively new conception lifelong learning as well, and how it comes that the opportunities offered the individual pre-school child and the individual compulsory-school pupil to assimilate the so important learning, differs so dramatically all though the expressed ambition to offer each and every one equal opportunities. What are the ideological structures that are, and have been in function, that carries and have carried the perceptions of the use and value of fostering and education? In a time with the welfare ideology in a hegemonic position, it was seen important that the state took major responsibility for the education of the citizens. In our time, it appears, an economist ideology has taken the hegemonic position, and education is becoming an increasingly economic issue, and equality is decreasing along with, as in general society, the increasing of segregation within the educational system.

Dagens arbetsliv och samhälle står under ständig förändring. Att arbeta och samtidigt bidra till vår välfärd är för de flesta en naturlig del av vardagen. Men för personer med funktionsnedsättning är förutsättningarna inte nödvändigtvis detsamma. Strax över en kvarts miljon människor med funktionshinder står idag utan sysselsättning och det i en tid då det politiska budskapet tydligt talar för att all potentiell arbetskraft behövs för att upprätthålla nivån på vår välfärd. Samtidigt visar oroväckande statistik att personer med funktionsnedsättning utsätts för diskriminering när de söker arbete. Arbetet belyser dels vilka skyldigheter arbetsgivare har vid en rekryteringsprocess för att inte en arbetssökande med funktionsnedsättning ska utsättas för diskriminering och dels vilka incitament som finns att tillgå för att underlätta för personer med funktionshinder att beredas plats i arbete. Viktiga delar vid rekryteringsprocessen är DiskrL krav på arbetsgivaren att överväga skäliga stöd- och anpassningsåtgärder. Incitamenten består främst av diverse statliga stödinsatser och lagkrav. Arbetet behandlar rättsläget inom området för funktionshinder på både internationell och nationell grund men redovisar därtill även den politiska diskussionen kring alla människors rätt till försörjning och delaktighet i samhället. Slutsatser som dras är att DiskrL ännu är relativt ung och förhållandevis oprövad på området för funktionshinder. Det är därför utifrån praxis svårt att klart definiera var gränsen går för vad som begärs av en arbetsgivare vid rekrytering av personer med funktionsnedsättning samt vad som är att anse som skäliga stöd- och anpassningsåtgärder. Trots ett fåtal fällande domar på området för diskriminering på grund av funktionshinder, ifrågasätts DiskrL tillämpning vid funktionsnedsättning som medför nedsatt arbetsförmåga och lagen anses i detta fall snarare visa på lagstiftarens ställningstagande mot diskriminering. Arbetet visar även på skillnader i förutsättningar och möjligheter beroende på om en funktionsnedsättning medför nedsatt arbetsförmåga eller inte. För personer där funktionsnedsättningen inte medför nedsatt arbetsförmåga är förutsättningarna i arbetslivet och till högre utbildning i stort detsamma som för personer utan funktionsnedsättning. För personer med funktionsnedsättning som medför nedsatt arbetsförmåga är förutsättningarna och möjligheten till delaktighet dock i många fall helt annorlunda. / Taking part in work and therefore also contribute to our welfare is for most of us a part of everyday life. For people with disabilities the work conditions are not necessarily the same. The political message clearly indicates that all potential labour is needed to maintain the welfare level. Still, nearly a quarter of a million people with disabilities are without a work. In the same time statistics show that people with disabilities are being discriminated in recruitment situations The purpose of this essay illustrates what obligations employers have in a recruiting process so that a job applicant with a disability shall not be subjected to discrimination. It also presents the incentives available to assist people with disabilities in work preparations. Important elements in the recruitment process are DiskrL which requires the employer to consider reasonable support and adaptation measures. The essay illustrates the legal situation in the area of disability on international and national basis. It also presents the current political discussion about everyone's right to livelihood and participation in society. The essay shows that DiskrL is still young and untested in the fields of disability. It is therefore difficult to clearly define the boundaries in what an employer seeks in the recruitment of people with disabilities and what is considered to be reasonable support and adaptation measures. Despite a small number of convictions, DiskrL is questioned for its application on disability that impairs work capacity, and is considered rather to show the legislature`s position against discrimination. The essay also demonstrates the differences in conditions and opportunities, depending on whether a disability impairs work capacity. The conditions in the workplace and the opportunities to get higher education are in general the same for people with a disability that not impairs work capacity as for people without disabilities. The conditions and possibilities for participation in work and higher education are in many cases different for people with disabilities that impair work capacity.

No description available.