This study investigated the literacy experiences and attainment of 42 children aged 3 to 7, who had attended preschool education in a city in the North of England. Data were collected through parent interviews before nursery entry; literacy assessment at school entry, and at age seven; and by parent, teacher and child interviews. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were employed. Four measures of literacy development at age seven were used: children's reading book level, writing ability and standardised scores for reading and English at seven. Factors before school entry shown to be significant were: vocabulary scores, number of letters known, how well children wrote their name and a phrase, whether they listened to stories at nursery, and how often they were read to at home. This was influenced by earlier home factors; by having access to books, being read to from storybooks, and having books read in their entirety, the age parents started reading to them, how many nursery rhymes they knew, and parents pointing out environmental print. By seven, other significant factors were parents' knowledge about school literacy, and how often children read to parents at home. Several findings confirmed those of previous studies. Others were new: having a favourite book before nursery, choosing to read books in nursery, access to home computers at seven, children storing literacy resources indiscriminately, parents reading more than newspapers and magazines, and parents providing examples of day-to-day literacy. Process variables appeared to exert greater effects on children's performance than status variables, such as social class, mother's employment and qualifications, and relatives with literacy difficulties. Home literacy experiences for the majority of children were barely acknowledged in school, and home learning for children with problems was often unsupported by school. For most children, homes provided rich, complex and powerful environments for literacy learning.

Todo ato de escrita é um movimento singular de representação simbólica, é um ato de autoria de um escritor em atividade social de comunicação. A produção de textos exige do escritor uma série de decisões e de ações de linguagem que representam um trabalho intenso, resultado de operações cognitivas complexas. A aprendizagem da escrita compreende o domínio desses procedimentos e de sua gestão durante o processo de produção de textos. Por isso, ensinar a escrever textos é ensinar procedimentos de autoria. Para demonstrar essa tese, buscamos conhecer os contextos histórico e teórico que envolvem as concepções de autoria, de texto e de ensino da escrita para situar nosso objeto. A seguir estudamos as concepções de autoria de Bakhtin e Foucault, que consideramos basilares para este trabalho. Procuramos compreender ainda o processo de composição de textos escritos e interpretá-lo à luz da concepção de autoria adotada. A partir desse estudo, foi possível analisar e descrever procedimentos de autoria e compreendê-los como atos de linguagem que desempenham funções específicas na composição de um texto. Finalmente, a análise de uma amostragem da produção escrita de estudantes do Ensino Fundamental descreveu os procedimentos utilizados pelos aprendizes e a adequação desse uso para sua aprendizagem da escrita. Concluímos que a aprendizagem da escrita requer uma prática de composição de textos contínua para seu desenvolvimento e que o ensino não pode focar um ou outro procedimento, mas o conjunto deles em toda a extensão da escolaridade. / Every act of writing is a unique movement towards symbolic representation; it is an act of authorship performed by a writer engaged in an activity of social communication. Text production requires from the writer a series of decisions and language activities, which represent an intensive work stemmed from complex cognitive operations. The learning of writing implies the mastery of these procedures as well as their management during the process of text production. Therefore, to teach to write texts is to teach authorship procedures. To demonstrate this thesis, first we had to be cognizant of the historical and theoretical contexts related to notions of authorship, text and writing education in order to situate our object. Then, we studied Bakhtin and Foucaults notions of authorship, which we considered to be pivotal to this work. We also searched to understand the process of composing written texts and to interpret them in the light of the authorship notion we endorsed. This research made it possible to analyze and to describe authorship procedures so as we could understand them as acts of language that perform specific functions in the composition of a text. Finally, sample analysis of the written production of students from elementary school helped us describe the procedures used by these novices and the adequacy of this use to their learning of writing. We arrived at the conclusion that the development of writing education presupposes a continuous practice of text composition and that good teaching cannot simply focus on one procedure or another, but on their entire set for the whole duration of schooling.

Thesis (M.A.)--Missouri State University, 2008. / "May 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-75). Also available online.

Todo ato de escrita é um movimento singular de representação simbólica, é um ato de autoria de um escritor em atividade social de comunicação. A produção de textos exige do escritor uma série de decisões e de ações de linguagem que representam um trabalho intenso, resultado de operações cognitivas complexas. A aprendizagem da escrita compreende o domínio desses procedimentos e de sua gestão durante o processo de produção de textos. Por isso, ensinar a escrever textos é ensinar procedimentos de autoria. Para demonstrar essa tese, buscamos conhecer os contextos histórico e teórico que envolvem as concepções de autoria, de texto e de ensino da escrita para situar nosso objeto. A seguir estudamos as concepções de autoria de Bakhtin e Foucault, que consideramos basilares para este trabalho. Procuramos compreender ainda o processo de composição de textos escritos e interpretá-lo à luz da concepção de autoria adotada. A partir desse estudo, foi possível analisar e descrever procedimentos de autoria e compreendê-los como atos de linguagem que desempenham funções específicas na composição de um texto. Finalmente, a análise de uma amostragem da produção escrita de estudantes do Ensino Fundamental descreveu os procedimentos utilizados pelos aprendizes e a adequação desse uso para sua aprendizagem da escrita. Concluímos que a aprendizagem da escrita requer uma prática de composição de textos contínua para seu desenvolvimento e que o ensino não pode focar um ou outro procedimento, mas o conjunto deles em toda a extensão da escolaridade. / Every act of writing is a unique movement towards symbolic representation; it is an act of authorship performed by a writer engaged in an activity of social communication. Text production requires from the writer a series of decisions and language activities, which represent an intensive work stemmed from complex cognitive operations. The learning of writing implies the mastery of these procedures as well as their management during the process of text production. Therefore, to teach to write texts is to teach authorship procedures. To demonstrate this thesis, first we had to be cognizant of the historical and theoretical contexts related to notions of authorship, text and writing education in order to situate our object. Then, we studied Bakhtin and Foucaults notions of authorship, which we considered to be pivotal to this work. We also searched to understand the process of composing written texts and to interpret them in the light of the authorship notion we endorsed. This research made it possible to analyze and to describe authorship procedures so as we could understand them as acts of language that perform specific functions in the composition of a text. Finally, sample analysis of the written production of students from elementary school helped us describe the procedures used by these novices and the adequacy of this use to their learning of writing. We arrived at the conclusion that the development of writing education presupposes a continuous practice of text composition and that good teaching cannot simply focus on one procedure or another, but on their entire set for the whole duration of schooling.

Thesis (M. Occ. Ther.(Faculty of Health Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references.

Sammandrag Syftet med den här rapporten är att visa hur lärare vid en skola i Sverige och en i Kenya tänker och arbetar med läs-och skrivinlärning samt beskriva hur de upplever att utomliggande faktorer kan påverka undervisningen. För att genomföra studien har en kombination av kvalitativa intervjuer och ostrukturerade observationer använts. Intervjuerna har utförts på fyra pedagoger, två svenska och två kenyanska som undervisar mot förskolan till årskurs tre. Observationerna har utförts på samma skolor och vid sex tillfällen, tre på vardera skola. I resultatet kan man ta del av kontraster och likheter mellan den svenska och kenyanska skolan. Olika förutsättningar och metoder speglar undervisningen. Trots dessa olikheter anser samtliga lärare att eleverna når målen med avseende på läsande och skrivande. / Abstract The purpose of this report was to compare how two schools, one Swedish and one Kenyan, are training for reading and writing and try to find environmental factors that might have an impact on the learning. The choice of method in the report is a combination of qualitative interviews and unstructured observations. The interviews have been conducted on four teachers, two Swedish and two Kenyan who teach children in the ages of 5-9 years. Observations were performed in the same schools on six occasions, three at each school. The report compares similarities and differences between the Swedish and Kenyan school. The different condition in the countries reflects the way they teach and even if there are different ways of teaching they end up with the same results, knowledge of reading and writing.

La problématique de notre recherche a été définie à partir d’un constat : le travail d’écriture, en particulier celui des apprenants non francophones natifs de niveau avancé, ne peut être réduit à l’application des règles de construction des différents types de textes. A partir des exigences du CECR, nous avons mis en place des exercices d’écriture sous contraintes oulipiennes [écrits d’imagination] et des exercices d’écriture scientifique afin de comprendre les améliorations possibles de l’apprentissage de l’écriture, dans le cadre de la didactique des langues,de la sociologie et des sciences de l’éducation.Le recueil de données s’est effectué à l’Université de Technologie de Compiègne [UTC]. Nous avons choisi une classe de 18 étudiants et nous avons travaillé à partir de deux types d’enquête : une enquête sur les représentations que les étudiants-ingénieurs se font de l’écrit pour montrer comment, par le lien symbolique qu’elles instaurent entre l’environnement social et le monde mental, elles facilitent une écriture autonome en favorisant l’accès à l’imagination. La mobilisation des opérations cognitives en jeu dans la pratique des écrits d’imagination et des écrits scientifiques a fait l’objet d’une seconde enquête.Puis, à partir des résultats de ces enquêtes, et dans le prolongement des travaux fondamentaux réalisés en didactique du F.L.E à partir des années 1970, nous avons cherché d’une part à observer et à analyser le rôle actif de l’imagination, de l’imaginaire et de la créativité dans l’apprentissage de l’écriture et d’autre part à argumenter en faveur d’une réévaluation de l’imaginaire et de l’imagination dans la pédagogie. Enfin,pour réconcilier l’ensemble des apprenants avec l’écriture, pour modifier leur demande dans le sens d’une spécialisation dans l’écriture d’un type de texte fonctionnel, nous avons appréhendé l’écriture comme une activité circonscrite qui peut s’apprendre et s’exercer. Une activité dont les phases et les opérations peuvent être démontées et nommées comme la résolution d’un problème, en ayant recours à l’imagination pour construire l’apprentissage. / The topic of our research was defined by one assessment: writtenwork, in particular of non-native French speakers of advanced level, maynot be reduced to the mere application of the rules for different types oftext constructions. Based on the requirements of the CECR, weimplemented writing exercises under Oulipian constraints [fictionalwritings] and exercises of scientific writing in order to understand theextent of possible improvements when learning how to write, in the frameof didactics of languages, sociology and education research.The data has been collected in the Université de Technologie deCompiègne [UTC]. We have chosen a class group of 18 students andhave been using two types of investigations: one of the representations that the student-engineers have of writing, to show how, through the symbolic link they establish between the social environment and themental world, these representations facilitate autonomous writing andencourage imagination. The mobilisation of cognitive processes involvedin the practice of imaginative and scientific writings is the subject of thesecond investigation.Then, from these results – in the continuation of the fundamentalwork accomplished in the field of French as a Foreign Language didactics that started in the 1970s – we aim: i. to observe and analyse the activerole of imagination, the imaginary and creativity when learning how towrite, and ii. to point out the necessity of reassessing imagination and theimaginary in pedagogy. Finally, in order to reconcile all learners with thewriting process, to modify their demand towards a specialisation infunctional text writing, we have dealt with writing like a defined activity,which can be learned and carried out. Its phases and processes can bedemonstrated and appointed as in resolving a problem by means of imagination to build up the learning process.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T14:25:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2472000 bytes, checksum: 1da40c449f0799bfa5b98bc5ce04cafe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T14:25:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2472000 bytes, checksum: 1da40c449f0799bfa5b98bc5ce04cafe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / For several decades, Portuguese Language teaching in schools was founded on a normative perspective, turning almost exclusively to the assimilation of grammar rules or standard language. In this context, the activities of reading and writing took place in a decontextualized way, unrelated to students experience, which made difficult the development of these skills. Against this teaching model, the work proposal from discourse genres, in which fits the current study, seeks to explore text in real conditions of use, highlighting the communicative function beyond the formal aspects of each genre. Based on theorists as Bakhtin (2011) and Marcuschi (2010) with regard to the conception of discoursive/ textual genre, and Dolz, Schneuwly and Noverraz (2011) in relation to Didactic Sequences, among others. The present study aims to prepare 9th grade students of public Elementary School located in the countryside of Pedro Régis (PB) to recognize and produce the genre letter of request from its linguistic and discursive functioning and its social use, investigating the development of skills and argumentative strategies, from the proposed contextualized textual genre production and subsidized by a didactic sequence. The genre was chosen for enabling writing with a concrete social function: request rights and persuade a specific interlocutor, through argument, to take action on any situation. Counting with ten (10) volunteer students, the corpus of our analysis was made for the first and last version of the texts produced by them during the Sequence's implementation. Based on the first productions, we mapped the main difficulties presented by students about genre, from that mapping, modules / workshops were developed aiming to overcome these difficulties. After the comparative analysis between the two versions of the letters, we identified that advances were more significant in the following ways: informativeness, cohesion mechanisms and development of argument. Therefore, the results indicate that the use of DS in the teaching-learning process of investigated genre contributed to enlarge the linguistic-discursive competence of students. / Durante muitas décadas, o ensino da língua portuguesa nas escolas esteve alicerçado sobre uma perspectiva normativa, voltando-se quase exclusivamente para a assimilação das regras gramaticais ou da norma culta. Nesse contexto, as atividades de leitura e de escrita ocorriam de maneira descontextualizada, sem relação com a vivência dos alunos, o que dificultava o desenvolvimento dessas habilidades. De encontro a esse modelo de ensino, a proposta de trabalho a partir de gêneros discursivos, na qual se enquadra a presente pesquisa, procura explorar o texto em condições reais de uso, com destaque para a função comunicativa além dos aspectos formais de cada gênero. Aportando-se em teóricos como Bakhtin (2011) e Marcuschi (2010), no que diz respeito à concepção de gênero discursivo/textual, e Dolz, Schneuwly e Noverraz (2011), no que se refere às Sequências Didáticas, entre outros. O trabalho que ora se apresenta tem como objetivo instrumentalizar os alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola municipal localizada na zona rural de Pedro Régis, PB, para reconhecerem e produzirem o gênero carta de solicitação a partir de seu funcionamento linguístico-discursivo e de seu uso social, investigando o desenvolvimento de habilidades e estratégias argumentativas, a partir da proposta de produção textual contextualizada do gênero e subsidiada por uma sequência didática. O gênero foi escolhido por possibilitar a escrita com uma função social concreta: solicitar direitos e persuadir um interlocutor específico, por meio de argumentos, a tomar providências sobre alguma situação. Contando com 10 (dez) alunos voluntários, o corpus da nossa análise foi composto pela primeira e pela última versão dos textos por eles produzidos durante a aplicação da Sequência. Com base nas primeiras produções, mapeamos as principais dificuldades apresentadas pelos alunos no tocante ao gênero e, a partir desse mapeamento, foram elaborados os módulos/oficinas com vistas à superação dessas dificuldades. Após a análise comparativa entre as duas versões das cartas, identificamos que os avanços foram mais significativos nos seguintes aspectos: informatividade, mecanismos de coesão e desenvolvimento da argumentação. Os resultados apontam, portanto, para a conclusão segundo a qual a utilização da SD no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do gênero investigado contribuiu para ampliar a competência linguístico-discursiva dos estudantes.

Sammanfattning Syftet med studien är att genom en kvalitativ metod undersöka hur lärare relativt deras utbildningsbakgrund och erfarenhet av skolpraktik beskriver balansen mellan handskrift respektive datorskrift i tidig skrivundervisning, och med detta bidra till befintlig forskning inom området. Tre forskningsfrågor har formulerats och för att besvara dem har jag i datainsamlingen använt mig av semistrukturerade individuella intervjuer med utbildade yrkesverksamma lärare. Vid databearbetningen har jag använt en fenomenografisk analysmodell inom ett handlingsteoretiskt ramverk. Resultatet visar att lärare med stöd av sin utbildning men än mer genom beprövad erfarenhet balanserar användandet av handskrift respektive datorskrift i sina klassrum mycket olika men att de motiverar sina val av metoder på samma grunder. Lärare tar stöd i forskning när de designar sin undervisning och uppger att eleverna har god måluppfyllelse för skrivning i slutet av årskurs tre, både gällande handskrift och datorskrift. Lärares egna beskrivningar av deras skrivundervisning är att eleverna genom valda metoder uppmuntras att känna skrivglädje och även om lärandet sker på olika sätt leder processen till att varje enskild elev får lyckas och känna tilltro till sin språkförmåga. Resultatet visar också att lärare anser att samtliga metoder egentligen är bra, att förutsättningen för elever att lyckas nå kursplanens uttalade mål är att läraren är engagerad, tror på sin metod samt lyckas entusiasmera eleverna. / Abstract The purpose of the study is through a qualitative method to investigate how teachers, relative to their educational background and experience of school practice, describe the balance between handwriting and computer writing in early writing instruction, and thereby contribute to existing research in the field. Three research questions have been formulated and to answer them, I have used semi-structured individual interviews with trained professional teachers in the data collection. In the data processing, I have used a phenomenographic analysis model within an action theoretical framework. The results show that teachers, with the support of their education but even more through proven experience, balance the use of handwriting and computer writing in their classrooms very differently, but that they justify their choice of methods on the same grounds. Teachers plan their teaching with support in research and state that the pupils have good goal fulfillment for writing at the end of year three, both in terms of handwriting and computer writing. The teachers' own descriptions of their writing instruction are that the pupils are encouraged to feel the joy of writing through chosen methods, and even if the learning takes place in different ways, the process leads to each individual pupil succeeding and feeling confident in their language ability. The results also show that teachers believe that all methods are really good, that the prerequisite for pupils to succeed in achieving the stated curriculum goals is that the teacher is committed, believes in his method and succeeds in enthusing the pupils.

Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om hur lärare upplever att elevers skrivinlärning samt finmotorik påverkas av den digitaliserade undervisningen som breder ut sig allt mer. Studien utgår från den teoretiska utgångspunkten, TPACK, för att ge en djupare förståelse om ämnet. Undersökningen bygger på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio lärare som integrerar digitala verktyg i läs- och skrivundervisningen. Analysen av resultatet genomfördes med hjälp av tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet visar att digitala verktyg kan vara ett bra tillvägagångssätt när det gäller skrivinlärning. De flesta av lärarna hävdar att elevernas motivation och skrivglädje för att skriva texter förstärks genom en ökad tillgänglighet för redigering och justering av textinnehåll, vilket i sin tur bidrar till ökad omfattning av textproduktion. Det finns dock en del negativa aspekter med digitala verktyg, vilket bland annat är att eleverna kan distraheras av hemsidor och diverse program som påverkar undervisningen negativt. Resultatet visar också att analoga skrivverktyg, såsom penna och papper, bör användas när eleverna tränar på att forma bokstäver då det bland annat gynnar arbetsminnets kapacitet och är väsentligt att kunna för deras framtida motoriska färdigheter. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att de intervjuade lärarna anser att det mest gynnsamma för elevernas lärande är en integrering av både analoga och digitala verktyg inom ramen för läs- och skrivundervisningen.