The thesis analyses forms and levels of social exclusion of Zimbabwean migrants in the South African labour market and society. The research reveals that migrants face social exclusion through unruly practices of public officials and institutional bias. At community and individual level migrants are devalued and stigmatised by the local South Africans and other Zimbabwean migrants. To some extent Zimbabwean migrants participate in their own exclusion as they are divided along regional and ethnic lines. The thesis proposes an analytical framework for understanding the social exclusion of Zimbabwean migrants emphasising on how devaluation of migrant identity narrows the existing structure of opportunity, leading to various coping mechanisms some of which are deviant. The thesis proposes a moral and pragmatic view in understanding the social exclusion of migrants from a cosmopolitan perspective where migrants are citizens of a global world. Using a qualitative methodology the research provides an in-depth analysis of the life histories of fifty eight (58) ‘documented’ and ‘undocumented’ Zimbabwean men and women in Kempton Park and Tembisa. The research was carried out in 2012. Migrants respond to social exclusion by using social capital in the form of family/kinship, ethnic and church networks. Zimbabweans mainly rely on bonding rather than bridging social capital. To a greater extent, migrant networks help them to ‘get by’ and simply survive. The few that have managed to ‘get ahead’, have made use of networks with South African residents and other individuals outside their migrant network systems. These have facilitated acquisition of fake identity documents, jobs and other necessities. Family networks are beginning to repel migrants because of the economic pressures they face leading to the weakening of ties among Zimbabwean migrant family members. / Sociology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many different categories of people move into South Africa daily. Each category has its defined purposes for coming here such as seeking opportunities, a better life and in some cases a safe haven. Many South Africans have become intolerant towards immigrants entering the country. In some cases immigrants have to endure name calling, harassment and in more extreme circumstances violent attacks. This study proposes to focus on intolerance in South Africa from 1990 to 2001 and describes whether South Africans have become more intolerant towards immigrants over this period. It therefore focuses on certain groups in the South African society based on ethnicity, level of education and category of employment. A quantitative method is used by means of utilising already existing statistics from the World Value Surveys conducted in 1990, 1995 and 200l. It also takes the form of a longitudinal study by describing xenophobic and intolerant attitudes over an elevenyear period. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Elke dag kom verskillende groepe mense na Suid-Afrika. Hulle het ook verskeie redes waarom hulle hierheen kom. Sommige mag gelok word deur die geleenthede wat die land hulle mag bied en ander vlug hierheen op soek na 'n veilige blyplek. Alhoewel hulle hierheen kom vir definitiewe redes, word hulle nie deur alle Suid-Afrikaners verwelkom nie. Hulle word dikwels die slagoffers van aanvalle en word ook gereeld geteister. Die doel van hierdie studie is om verdraagsaamheid in Suid-Afrika te analiseer deur om na vreemdelingsvrees van Suid-Afrikaners teenoor immigrante te kyk. Die studie wil die vlak van verdraagsaamheid tenoor immigrante vanaf 1990 tot 2001 beskryf. Klem word op spesifieke groepe van Suid-Afrikaners geplaas naamlik rasse groep, die vlak van geletterdheid so wel as werkskategorie. Die studie gebruik dus 'n kwantitatiwe navorsingrnetode en statistieke van die World Value Surveys wat in 1990, 1995 en 2001 gedoen is. Dit beoog om die veranderinge in verdraagsaamheid oor 'n periode van elf jaar te beskryf.

Islam and its believers who reside in the Czech Republic are the main theme of this master thesis. My research focuses, first of all, on the Muslim presence in the country over the last ten years. Secondly, I aim to present Islam through the Czech media which is rather unexplored field till today. The text is divided in two parts: a theoretical one and a practical one. The first mentioned deals with the following topics: religiosity in the Czech Republic, history of Islam in the country (especially in Prague and in Brno), Muslims residing in the Czech Republic, image of Islam in the literature and widely debated Muslim question in Europe. The second part of the text is more pragmatic and it is exactly in this part that I lead an analysis of several blogs and Facebook pages emerged from a preliminary research on the Internet. Besides the Internet that is my source number one, I place emphasis also on other Czech mass media such as book market, audiovisual productions or press.

Detta examensarbete är skrivet med syftet att få inblick i hur svenskläraren implementerar värdegrundsarbete relaterat till främlingsfientlighet och rasism i svenskämnet, genom skönlitteratur, andra texter eller media. Ett delsyfte är att undersöka huruvida läraren tillämpar någon av de teoretiska utgångspunkterna kritisk teori eller critical literacy vid litteraturläsning eller studier av andra texter eller medier (Tyson 2003 och Janks 2013).Studien genomförs genom semistrukturerade intervjuer av fyra svensklärare verksamma vid en medelstor gymnasieskola i en mindre stad i Mellansverige.Resultatet visar bland annat att lärarna har belyst värdegrundsfrågor i direkt relation till främlingsfientlighet och rasism, genom skönlitteratur, film, aktuell nyhetsmedia samt diskussion, i varierande utsträckning: två lärare har inbegripit en större volym skönlitteratur och texter kopplat till värdegrundsfrågorna i svenskundervisningen än de andra.De kritiska teorierna har tillämpats av svensklärarna i undervisningen, men inte i någon större omfattning. / This thesis is written with the purpose to investigate and gain an insight into how teachers of Swedish Language Arts implement work with fundamental values related to xenophobia and racism, through fiction or other texts or media in Swedish high school education. One secondary aim is to investigate whether the teacher makes use of the theoretical approaches critical theory or critical literacy in reading fiction or studies of other texts or media (Tyson 2003 and Janks 2013).The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews of four High School teachers of Swedish Language Arts working at a medium-sized high school in a small town in central Sweden.The study shows that teachers have highlighted the value issues directly related to xenophobia and racism, through literature, films, current news media and discussion in varying degrees: two teachers have included a greater volume of literature and texts linked to values issues in education than others. The critical theories have been applied by the teachers in their teaching, but not to any great extent.

The main purpose of the study described in this report was to better understand the lived experiences of refugees from Burundi and Rwanda living in the inner city of Durban and facing xenophobia. This study was motivated by available research evidence that xenophobia is a widespread phenomenon, together with the researcher’s own experience of living as a refugee in South Africa. The investigation was guided by ‘structural social work theory’ and used a qualitative descriptive approach. The sample of the study, purposively selected using snowball sampling technique, consisted of ten adult refugees from Burundi and Rwanda who had been granted refugee status in South Africa. As a data collection tool, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants. To ensure trustworthiness, criteria of credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability were taken in account. The study revealed that all the participants have fled their respective countries due to ethnic conflicts and on-going civil wars. Traumatised by the experience that had led to their flight, all ten participants were found to have been re-traumatised further along the flight, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome were common. It was possible to demonstrate that this background experience undermined participants’ ability to cope with xenophobia. Xenophobia was found to feature in the form of both interpersonal and structural violence, the latter consisting of both social and economic marginalisation and exclusion. According to the research participants, the prevailing xenophobia in South Africa can be attributed to a number of interconnected factors including: the impact of South Africa’s apartheid history on attitudes of South Africans towards black foreigners, coupled with a general lack of knowledge about who are refugees; high levels of violence coupled with an apparent social acceptability of crime; as well as the negative statements of the media about foreigners in general and refugees in particular. Against this background, participants indicated a range of coping strategies, including the following: escape from identity; psychological and social withdrawal; living in overcrowded inner city areas to cut costs of living and minimise risks of exposure to xenophobic violence; embracing self and informal employment. Based on the study findings, this research report concludes with the proposition of a number of recommendations towards curbing xenophobia in South Africa and enabling refugees to overcome past traumatic experiences, integrate and become active contributors to South Africa’s economy, in line with the qualifications that they may have attained prior to flight. To this end, contributions are required of everyone concerned with the refugees’ integration including the South African government, the media, the social work profession, the refugees themselves, as well as the communities amongst which they live. Much more research needs to be done to increase social workers’ understanding of the needs of refugees and of xenophobia, and to guide appropriate professional responses. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

In this thesis statement I explore Sikh-Punjabi masculinity in the diaspora. I am concerned with questioning the construction of my identity and the possible impact of new forms of masculinity on the next generation of diasporic Sikh-Punjabi youth. I use found text and video to examine these new identity constructions. As a foundation for these explorations into masculinity, I am concerned with unveiling concealed and erased memories and realities as related to Sikh-Punjabi diasporic communities. This thesis looks at my work along with the work of other artists.

Die Arbeit setzt sich mit Abwertungsmechanismen und Ressentiments auseinander. Es wird ausgeführt, was unter Vorurteilen zu verstehen ist und welche sozialpsychologischen Prozesse damit einhergehen. Weiterhin wurden exemplarisch zehn verschiedene Vorurteilsformen vorgestellt sowie das Konzept Gruppenbezogene Menschenfeindlichkeit erläutert, wonach der Kern einer ‘Ideologie der Ungleichwertigkeit‘ als allgemeine Charakteristika ursächlich hinter allen Ressentiments steht. Ein starker Fokus wurde in dieser Arbeit auf eine Erforschung möglicher Ursachen von Vorurteilen gelegt. Neben einer Reihe von Theorien über den Einfluss soziodemographischer Charakteristika, wurden die Konzepte der Relativen Deprivation, des Autoritarismus und der Anomia ausführlich behandelt. Die empirischen Auswertungen belegen, dass Autoritarismus als zentrale erklärende Variable für das Vertreten von Vorurteilen zu verstehen ist. Zusammenfassend kann ausgeführt werden, dass Menschen mit geringem Bildungsgrad und Personen, die in Ostdeutschland leben, besonders stark dazu neigen autoritäre Einstellungen zu vertreten, was nahezu deterministisch mit der Abwertung von schwachen Gruppen einhergeht.

In this thesis statement I explore Sikh-Punjabi masculinity in the diaspora. I am concerned with questioning the construction of my identity and the possible impact of new forms of masculinity on the next generation of diasporic Sikh-Punjabi youth. I use found text and video to examine these new identity constructions. As a foundation for these explorations into masculinity, I am concerned with unveiling concealed and erased memories and realities as related to Sikh-Punjabi diasporic communities. This thesis looks at my work along with the work of other artists.

South Africa has long been associated with racial and ethnic issues surrounding prejudice and discrimination and despite a move post-1994 to a democratic ‘rainbow nation’ society, the country has remained plagued by unequal power relations. One such instance of inequality relates to the marginalisation of migrants which has been realised through xenophobic attitudes and actions, most notably the violence that swept across the country in 2008. Several reasons have been suggested in an attempt to explain the cause of the violence, including claims that migrants are taking ‘our jobs and our women’, migrants are ‘illegal and criminal’ and bringing ‘disease and contamination’ with them from their countries of origin. Although widely accepted that many, if not all, of these beliefs are based on ignorance and hearsay, these extensive generalisations shape and reinforce prejudiced ideologies about migrant communities. It is thus only when confronted with evidence that challenges this dominant discourse, that South Africans are able to reconsider their views. Williams (2008) suggests that for many South Africans, Africa continues to be the ‘dark continent’ that is seen as an ominous, threatening force of which they have very little knowledge. For this reason, anti-immigrant sentiment in a South African context has traditionally been directed at African foreigners. In this study I examine the ways in which African migrants and migrant communities, as well as the overall processes of migration, are depicted by selected South African print media: City Press, Mail & Guardian and Sunday Times. Using a combined Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I investigate the following questions: How are migrants and the process of migration into South Africa represented by these established newspapers between 2006 and 2010? Are there any differences or similarities between these representations? In particular, what ideologies regarding migrants and migrant communities underlie these representations? My analysis focuses on the landscape of public discourse about migration with an exploration of the rise and fall of the terminologies used to categorise migrants and the social implications of these classifications. Additionally, I analyse the expansive occurrences of negative representations of migrants, particularly through the use of ‘othering’ pronouns ‘us’ versus ‘them’ and through the use of metaphorical language which largely depicts these individuals as en masse natural disasters. I conclude that these discursive elements play a crucial role in contributing to an overall xenophobic rhetoric. Despite subtle differences between the three newspapers which can be accounted for based on their political persuasions and agendas, it is surprising to note how aligned these publications are with regard to their portrayal of migrants. With a few exceptions, this representation positions these individuals as powerless and disenfranchised and maintains the status quo view of migrants as burdens on the South African economy and resources. Overall, the newspaper articles contribute to mainstream dominant discourse on migrants and migration with the underlying ideology that migrants are responsible for the hardships suffered by South African citizens. Thus, this study contributes significantly to existing bodies of research detailing discourse on migrants and emphasises the intrinsic links between language, ideology and society.

This study was conducted to identify and analyse Mail and Guardian Online moderation outputs which contradicted the platform‟s own stated policy on hate speech and other forms of problematic speech. The moderation outputs considered were a battery of readers‟ comments that were posted in response to Thought Leader blogs on xenophobia published between May and June, 2008. This was the same period a series of xenophobic attacks was taking place in some parts of South Africa, leaving an estimated 62 people dead, more than 30,000 displaced, and countless victims injured and robbed of their property. The attacks were a catalytic moment that enabled a whole range of discursive positions to be articulated, defended, contested and given form in the media. They also made visible the potential tensions between free speech on the one hand, and hate and other problematic speech on the other. Using qualitative methods of thematic content analysis, document review, individual interviews, and an eclectic approach of framing analysis and rhetorical argumentation, this study found instances of divergence between the M&G policy and practice on User Generated Content. It found that some moderator-approved content advocated hate, hatred, hostility, incitement to violence and/or harm, and unfair discrimination against foreign residents, contrary to the M&G policy which is informed by the constitutional provisions in both section 16 of the Bill of Rights and section 10 of the Equality Act. Based on examples in the readers‟ comments of how „the foreigner‟ was made to signify unemployment, poverty, disease, unfair competition, and all manner of deprivation, and bearing in mind how such individuals have also become a site for the violent convergence of different unresolved tensions in the country, the study‟s findings argue that the M&G – a progressive paper dealing with a potentially xenophobic readership (at least a portion of it) – should have implemented its policy on acceptable speech more effectively. The study also argues that the unjustifiable reference to foreigners as makwerekwere, illegals, illegal aliens, parasites, invaders and border jumpers, among other terms, assigned them a diminished place – that of unwanted foreigner – thereby reproducing the order of discourse that utilises nationality as a space for the expurgation of the „other‟. The study argues that the use of bogus (inflated) immigration statistics and repeated reference to the foreigners‟ supposedly parasitic relationship to the country‟s resources also unfairly constructed them as the „threatening other‟ and potentially justified action against them.