Helicobacter pylori est une bactérie à Gram négatif qui colonise plus de 50% de la population humaine. Cette bactérie est l'un des pathogènes les plus présents dans la population et la colonisation se fait dans l'enfance et l'adolescence. H. pylori est responsable de l'apparition de maladies gastriques chez l'humain comme des ulcères gastriques, mais aussi des cancers gastriques. Plusieurs mécanismes contribuent aux maladies gastriques dont une infection chronique à long terme ainsi que des facteurs de virulence comme le système de sécrétion de type 4 (SST4). Le SST4 forme une seringue protéique utilisée par la bactérie pour injecter la protéine CagA dans les cellules humaines. Cette protéine a été la première protéine bactérienne classifiée comme une oncoprotéine par sa capacite à interférer et modifier de nombreuses fonctions et signaux métaboliques des cellules épithéliales gastriques. Afin d'éradiquer Helicobacter, une antibiothérapie est utilisée, cependant depuis les 10 dernières années plus de 50% des bactéries isolées de patients ont été identifiés comme étant porteuses de résistances contre aux moins un antibiotique de première ligne. L’utilisation de petites molécules organiques capables d'interférer avec les facteurs de virulence est une alternative intéressante à la thérapie aux antibiotiques. L'utilisation de ces molécules possède des avantages dont la faible pression de sélection de résistance parce qu’elles n’impactent pas des fonctions vitales des bactéries. Le SST4 de H. pylori est composé de nombreuses protéines essentielles qui pourraient être de potentielles cibles pour des molécules inhibitrices. Nous avons choisi la cible Cagα, une ATPase homologue à VirB11 de Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Cette protéine est essentielle pour l’injection de CagA. Précédemment, notre laboratoire a identifié une petite molécule nommée 1G2 qui était capable d’interagir avec Cagα et de diminuer l’induction de l’interleukine 8 produit par les cellules gastriques lors de l’infection par des souches de H. pylori possédant un SST4 fonctionnel. A partir d’une structure cristallographique de Cagα liée à 1G2 et nous avons créé des protéines Cagα avec des mutations aux site de liaison de 1G2. En utilisant la fluorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSF) nous avons pu identifier les acides aminés qui contribuent à la liaison de 1G2 (K41, R73 et F39). Basé sur cette information nous avons utilisé la chimie médicinale pour créer une librairie de molécules dérivées de 1G2 dans le but d’identifier des inhibiteurs plus puissants. Après avoir éliminé les molécules ayant un effet toxique sur les cellules gastriques et H. pylori, nous avons sélectionné cinq molécules (1313, 1338, 2886, 2889 et 2902) qui inhibent la production d’IL-8 plus que 1G2 dans notre modèle d’infection cellulaire. Nous avons montré par DSF que les molécules interagissent toujours avec Cagα et 1338, 2889 et 2902 sont des inhibiteurs plus puissants de son activité d’ATPase. Avec le modèle d’infection, nous avons déterminé que les cinq molécules n’affectent par la présence de CagA dans le lysat de l’infection. Cependant, nous avons observé par microscopie électronique à balayage que le SST4 pilus n’était pas présent en présence des inhibiteurs. En plus, nous avons testé les effets de 1G2 sur des souches de H. pylori résistantes, à un ou plusieurs antibiotiques de première ligne, isolées de biopsie gastriques de patients. Comme dans le cas de la bactérie modèle de laboratoire, nous avons observé une diminution de l’induction des IL-8 lors de l’infection ainsi qu’une inhibition de la formation du SST4 pilus. Nous avons aussi identifié que le gène de la protéine Cagα d’une des bactéries résistantes à 1G2 (souche #3822) porte un remplacement de R73 à K ce qui pourrait expliquer la résistance à 1G2. Pour conclure, nous avons dans cette étude caractérisé le site de liaison de 1G2 à Cagα et nous avons identifié des molécules qui sont plus puissantes comme inhibiteurs que 1G2. / Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes more than 50% of the human population. This bacterium is one of the most common pathogens in the population and colonization occurs in childhood and adolescence. H. pylori is implicated in the manifestation of gastric diseases in humans such as gastric ulcers and also gastric cancer. Several mechanisms are involved in the formation of gastric diseases including long-term chronic infection as well as virulence factors such as the type 4 secretion system (T4SS). The T4SS forms a protein syringe used by the bacteria to inject the protein CagA into mammalian cells. This protein is the first bacterial protein classified as an oncoprotein by its ability to interact with numerous metabolic functions of gastric epithelial cells. To eradicate Helicobacter, antibiotic therapy is used, but for the last 10 years more than 50% of the bacteria isolated from patients have been identified as carrying resistance against at least one first-line antibiotic. The use of small molecules capable of interfering with virulence factors is being studied as an alternative to antibiotic therapy. The use of these molecules has many advantages, and they may cause lower selection pressure for resistance than antibiotics. The H. pylori T4SS is composed of many essential proteins that could be potential targets for inhibitory molecules. We chose the target Cagα, an ATPase homologous to the model VirB11 from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This protein is essential for the injection of CagA. Previously, our laboratory identified a small molecule coined 1G2 that interacts with Cagα and decreases the induction of interleukin-8 produced by gastric cells upon infection with H. pylori strains with functional T4SS. Based on a crystallographic study of Cagα bound to 1G2, we created Cagα proteins with mutations at the 1G2 binding site. Using differential scanning fluorimetry, we identified amino acids that contribute to 1G2 binding (K41, R73 and F39). Based on these observations, we used medicinal chemistry to create a library of molecules derived from 1G2 to create more potent inhibitors. After eliminating the molecules with a toxic effect on gastric cells and H. pylori growth, we selected five molecules with stronger effects than 1G2 on IL8 induction in our cell infection model (1313, 1338, 2886, 2889 and 2902). We observed by DSF that the molecules interact with Cagα and 1338, 2889 and 2902 are stronger inhibitors of the ATPase 8 activity than 1G2. With our infection model, we determined that the five molecules do not affect the presence of CagA. However, by scanning electron microscopy we observed that the T4SS pilus was not present. In addition to the tests on a laboratory model bacterium, we evaluated 1G2 on resistant strains of H. pylori isolated from gastric biopsy from patients. Similar to the laboratory model bacterium, 1G2 decreased IL-8 induction and inhibited T4SS pilus formation. We have also identified that strain #3822 that is resistant to 1G2 carries a R73 to K mutation in the Cagα gene, which could explain the 1G2 resistance. To conclude, we have here characterized the 1G2 binding site on Cagα and we created inhibitors that are more potent than 1G2.

[ES] De entre los patógenos emergentes presentes en agua, las bacterias del género Helicobacter son de las más alarmantes, ya que se encuentran directamente relacionadas con el cáncer gástrico y hepatobiliar y su epidemiología aún no está clara. Se ha planteado que H. pylori puede ser adquirida por diferentes vías de transmisión, entre las que se destaca el agua. Se ha demostrado su capacidad de supervivencia frente a los tratamientos comunes de desinfección de aguas. Por todo ello, en esta tesis se ha investigado la presencia de células viables, y por tanto infectivas, de H. pylori en aguas potables y de riego, mediante la mejora y la optimización de técnicas de cultivo y moleculares. Este trabajo se inició con la búsqueda de un medio de cultivo óptimo. Se obtuvieron resultados muy positivos con el medio de cultivo Agar Dent con sulfato de polimixina B, independientemente del origen de la muestra. Seguidamente, se desarrolló un método de pre-tratamiento con Propidium Monoazide y PEMAXTM para la detección y cuantificación de células de H. pylori viables, por PCR. Se confirmó que el PMA a una concentración de 50 µM y un periodo de incubación de 5 minutos sería la metodología óptima de tratamiento antes del análisis mediante qPCR. A continuación, se analizaron 20 muestras de agua residual. Mediante la técnica de cultivo, fue posible la detección de 4 colonias sospechosas de Helicobacter spp. y H. pylori, cuya identificación fue confirmada mediante amplificación y posterior secuenciación. La técnica DVC-FISH indico la presencia de células viables de Helicobacter spp. en 15 (75%) de las muestras. Respecto a la detección de células de H. pylori, mediante DVC-FISH y FISH, estos microorganismos se observaron en 10 (50%) y 11 (55%) de las 20 muestras analizadas, respectivamente. La técnica qPCR determino la presencia de H. pylori en las muestras, con un porcentaje de detección del 60%. Finalmente, mediante metagenómica de secuenciación dirigida, se analizó el microbioma de 16 muestras de aguas residuales. Los filos dominantes de las muestras analizadas fueron Proteobacteria, seguido de Bacteroidetes y Firmicutes. H. pylori se detectó en 6 muestras de aguas residuales. Además, se detectaron otras especies de Helicobacter spp., como H. hepaticus, H. pullorum y H. suis. Igualmente, mediante PCR se identificó el gen cagA en 5 muestras de agua residual y una de agua potable. Respecto el genotipo vacAs1, se observó en 4 muestras de agua residual; el genotipo vacAm1, se identificó en una muestra de agua potable y 2 de agua de riego. En las biopelículas analizadas, 2 fueron positivas para el tipo vacAm1, y otros dos para el gen de resistencia pbp1A. Del mismo modo se analizaron 45 muestras de heces. No se observaron colonias sospechosas en Agar Dent selectivo. Mediante qPCR se evidenció H. pylori en 41 muestras (45,56%). Fue posible cuantificar 10 muestras directas y 18 enriquecidas, con concentraciones entre 3,39*103 y 2,61*103 UG/mL, las restantes presentaban niveles superiores al umbral de fiabilidad (>35 ciclos). Por DVC-FISH se observaron células viables de H. pylori en 26 (57,78%) de las 45 muestras directas. La identificación de mutaciones en el 23S rDNA, de la resistencia a la claritromicina, mostro que el 37,79% de las muestras de heces presentaban células de H. pylori potencialmente resistentes. Mediante secuenciación dirigida y posterior análisis bioinformático se identificó H. pylori en 13 muestras directas y 13 muestras enriquecidas, y otras especies como H. hepaticus y H. pullorum. Por último, se evaluó la capacidad de H. pylori para formar biopelículas y su resistencia frente a los tratamientos comunes de desinfección. Se analizaron 27 biopelículas procedentes del sistema de distribución de agua potable para detectar la presencia de H. pylori mediante qPCR. El porcentaje de detección fue del 23%, siendo posible la cuantificación en 5 muestras, con concentraciones entre 7,32*101 y 1,16*101 unidades genómicas/mL. Los resultados obtenidos en esta Tesis confirman la existencia de células viables de H. pylori y otros Helicobacter spp. en aguas residuales tras su tratamiento, lo que significa un riesgo potencial para la Salud Pública. De igual forma se demuesta su presencia en muestras de heces, proporcionando un punto de partida para el estudio del riesgo que puede suponer para el ser humano la trasmisión fecal-oral de estas especies. Este trabajo también demuestra la capacidad de H. pylori de formar biopelículas y su resistencia frente a tratamientos comunes de desinfección y confirma su existencia en sistemas de distribución de agua potable. / [CAT] D'entre tots els patògens emergents presents en aigua, els bacteris del gènere Helicobacter són dels més alarmants, ja que es troben directament relacionats amb el càncer gàstric i hepatobiliar i la seua epidemiologia encara no és clara. S'ha plantejat que H. pylori es pot transmetre per diferents vies de transmissió, entre les quals destaca l¿aigua. S'ha demostrat la seua capacitat de supervivència enfront dels tractaments comuns de desinfecció d'aigües. Per tant, en aquesta tesi s'ha investigat la presència de cèl·lules viables, i per tant infectives, d' H. pylori en aigües potables i de reg, mitjançant la millora i l'optimització de tècniques de cultiu i moleculars. Aquest treball es va iniciar amb la cerca d'un cultiu òptim. Es van obtenir resultats molt positius amb el mitjà de cultiu Agar Dent amb sulfat de polimixina B, independentment de l'origen de la mostra. Seguidament, es va desenvolupar un mètode de pretractament amb Propidium Monoazide i PEMAXTM per a la detecció i quantificació exclusiva de cèl·lules d' H. pylori viables per PCR. Es va confirmar que el PMA a una concentració de 50 µM i un període d'incubació de 5 minuts seria la metodologia òptima de tractament abans de l'anàlisi mitjançant qPCR. A continuació, es van analitzar 20 mostres d'aigua residual. Mitjançant la tècnica de cultiu, va ser possible la detecció de 4 colònies sospitoses d' Helicobacter spp. i H. pylori, la identificació de la qual va ser confirmada mitjançant amplificació i posterior seqüenciació. La tècnica DVC-FISH va demostrar la presència de cèl·lules viables d' Helicobacter spp. en 15 (75%) de les mostres, sense necessitat d'un pas previ d'enriquiment. Respecte a la detecció de cèl·lules d' H. pylori, mitjançant DVC-FISH i FISH, aquests microorganismes es van observar en 10 (50%) i 11 (55%) de les 20 mostres analitzades, respectivament. La tècnica qPCR determinà la presència d' H. pylori a les mostres amb un percentatge de detecció del 60%. Finalment, mitjançant metagenòmica de seqüenciació dirigida, es va analitzar el microbioma de 16 mostres d'aigües residuals. Els talls dominants de les mostres analitzades van ser Proteobacteria, seguit de Bacteroidetes i Firmicutes. H. pylori es va detectar mitjançant aquesta tècnica en 6 mostres d'aigües residuals. A més, es van detectar altres espècies d' Helicobacter spp., com H. hepaticus, H. pullorum i H. suis. Igualment mediant PCR es va identificar el gen cagA en 5 mostres d'aigua residual i una d'aigua potable. Respecte al genotip vacAs1, es va observar en 4 mostres d'aigua residual; el genotip vacAm1, es va identificar en una mostra d'aigua potable i 2 d'aigua de reg. En les biopel·lícules analitzades, 2 van ser positives per al tipus vacAm1, i altres dos per al gen de resistència pbp1A. De la mateixa manera es van analitzar 45 mostres de femta. No es van observar colònies sospitoses en Agar Dent selectiu. Mitjançant la tècnica qPCR es va demostrar la presència d'H. pylori en 41 mostres (45,56%). Va ser possible quantificar 10 mostres directes i 18 enriquides, amb concentracions d'entre 3,39*103 i 2,61*103 UG/ml, les restants presentaven nivells per damunt del llindar de fiabilitat (>35 cicles). Mitjançant DVC-FISH es van observar cèl·lules viables d' H. pylori en 26 (57,78%) de les 45 mostres directes. La detecció de mutacions en el 23S rDNA, específiques de la resistència a la claritromicina, va indicar que el 37,79% de les mostres de femta presentaven cèl·lules d' H. pylori potencialment resistents. Mitjançant seqüenciació dirigida i posterior anàlisi bioinformàtica es va identificar H. pylori en 13 mostres directes i 13 mostres enriquides, i altres espècies com H. hepaticus i H. pullorum. Finalment, es va avaluar la capacitat d' H. pylori per a formar biopel·lícules i la seua resistència enfront dels tractaments comuns de desinfecció. Es van analitzar 27 biopel·lícules procedents del sistema de distribució d'aigua potable per a detectar la presència d' H. pylori mitjançant qPCR. El percentatge de detecció va ser del 23%, sent possible la quantificació en 5 mostres corresponents a concentracions d’entre 7,32*101 i 1,16*101 unitats genòmiques/ml. Els resultats obtinguts en aquesta Tesi confirmen la presència de cèl·lules viables d' H. pylori i altres Helicobacter spp. en aigües residuals després del seu tractament, la qual cosa suposa un risc potencial per a la Salut Pública. D'igual forma, s'evidencia la seua presència en mostres de femta, proporcionant un punt de partida per a l'estudi del risc que la transmissió fecal-oral d'aquestes espècies pugui suposar per als humans. Aquest treball també demostra la capacitat d' H. pylori de formar biopel·lícules i la seua resistència enfront als tractaments comuns de desinfecció, i confirma la seua presència en sistemes de distribució d'aigua potable. / [EN] Among all the emergent pathogens in water, bacteria of the Helicobacter genus are among the most disturbing, as they are directly related to gastric and hepatobiliary cancer and their epidemiology is still unclear. It has been suggested that H. pylori can be acquired through different transmission routes, among which water stands out. Its ability to survive against common water disinfection treatments has been demonstrated. In addition, H. pylori can form insoluble biofilms, which favors its resistance to the different disinfection and potabilization treatments. Therefore, in this thesis has investigated the presence of viable cells, and therefore potentially infective, of H. pylori in drinking and irrigation waters, through the improvement and optimization of culture and molecular techniques. This work began with the development of an optimal culture medium. Positive results were obtained with the culture medium Agar Dent with polymyxin B sulfate. Subsequently, a pretreatment method with Propidium Monoazide and PEMAXTM was developed for the exclusive detection and quantification of viable H. pylori cells by PCR. It was confirmed that PMA at a concentration of 50 µM and an incubation period of 5 minutes, would be the optimal treatment methodology before analysis by qPCR. A total of 20 wastewater samples, aseptically collected at the outlet of the biological reactor and after disinfection treatment, were then analyzed. Using the culture technique, it was possible to detect 4 suspicious colonies of Helicobacter spp. and H. pylori, whose identification was confirmed by amplification and subsequent sequencing. DVC-FISH technique demonstrated the presence of viable Helicobacter spp. cells in 15 (75%) of the samples. Regarding the detection of H. pylori cells, by DVC-FISH and FISH, these microorganisms were observed in 10 (50%) and 11 (55%) of the 20 samples analyzed, respectively. The qPCR technique determined the presence of H. pylori in the samples with a detection rate of 60%. Finally, using deep-amplicon sequencing, the microbiome of 16 wastewater samples was analyzed. The dominant phylum in the samples analyzed were Proteobacteria, followed by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. H. pylori was detected by this technique in 6 wastewater samples. In addition, others Helicobacter spp., such as H. hepaticus, H. pullorum and H. suis were detected. PCR technique was used to identify the cagA gene in 5 wastewater samples and one drinking water sample. Regarding the vacAs1 genotype, it was observed in 4 samples of wastewater; the vacAm1 genotype, was identified in one drinking water sample and 2 irrigation water samples. In the biofilms analyzed, 2 were positive for the vacAm1 type, and two for the resistance gene pbp1A. Likewise, 45 stool samples were analyzed. No suspicious colonies were observed on selective Dent Agar. The qPCR technique demonstrated the presence of H. pylori in 41 samples (45.56%). It was possible to quantify 10 direct samples and 18 enriched samples, with concentrations between 3.39*103 and 2.61*103 GU/mL, the remaining samples had levels above the reliability threshold (>35 cycles). DVC-FISH showed viable H. pylori cells in 26 (57.78%) of the 45 direct samples. Detection of 23S rDNA mutations specific for clarithromycin resistance indicated that 37.79% of stool samples had potentially resistant H. pylori cells. Through Deep-amplicon sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analysis, H. pylori was identified in 13 direct samples and 13 enriched samples, as well as other species such as H. hepaticus and H. pullorum. Finally, the ability of H. pylori to form biofilms and their resistance to common disinfection treatments was evaluated. Twenty-seven biofilms from the drinking water distribution system were also tested for the presence of H. pylori by qPCR. The detection rate was 23%, being possible the quantification in 5 samples corresponding to concentrations between 7.32*101 and 1.16*101 GU/mL. / Esta Tesis Doctoral ha sido posible gracias a las ayudas de carácter predoctoral: “Ayuda de conselleria para la contratación de personal investigador en formación -Irene Hortelano Martin (determinación del riesgo para el consumidor de la presencia de H. pylori y otros helicobacters patógenos en aguas de consumo mediante técnicas moleculares y metagenómica) (ACIF/2016/150) Generalitat Valenciana (2016-2019). Y a la financiación de los proyectos: “Helicobacter pylori y otros helicobacters patógenos en aguas y alimento: Desarrollo y aplicación de herramientas moleculares dirigidas a la evaluación del riesgo para el consumidor (REF. AGL2014-53875-R)”. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, España. “Determinación del riesgo para la salud pública debido a la presencia de H. pylori en agua y alimentos: Detección (AICO/2018/273)”. Generalitat Valenciana (2018-2020). / Hortelano Martín, I. (2021). Determinación del riesgo para el consumidor de la presencia de H. pylori y otros Helicobacter spp. patógenos en aguas de consumo mediante técnicas moleculares y metagenómica [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/178942

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have suggested that Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic subjects is transmitted from person to person. Its prevalence is higher in the institutionalized setting. If that is the case, persons involved in patient care should have a higher prevalence of the infection. METHODS: We estimated the prevalence of H pylori antibodies among groups of asymptomatic medical and nursing staff and compared them with volunteer blood donors of similar age and sex. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-eight nurses and aides, 59 residents, 46 senior medical students, and 22 senior nursing students were enrolled in this study. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies against H pylori by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sixty-two (39%) of 158 nurses were found to be positive for antibodies to H pylori compared with 114 (26%) of 441 specimens from the blood donor group. Within the youngest age group (20 to 34 years), 13 (25%) of 51 nurses were positive for H pylori antibodies compared with 19 (13%) of 143 age-matched serum samples from the blood donor group. Within the middle age group (35 to 49 years), 32 (39%) of 83 nurses were positive for H pylori antibodies vs 43 (26%) of 167 age-matched blood donors. In the oldest age group (> 50 years), 17 (71%) of 24 nurses were positive for H pylori antibodies compared with 52 (40%) of 131 age-matched blood donors. Twenty-three (27%) of 86 nurses with 1 to 15 years of occupational exposure were positive for H pylori antibodies compared with 40 (56%) of 72 nurses with more than 15 years of occupational exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses have an increased prevalence of H pylori antibodies that is significantly higher than the comparable prevalence of volunteer blood donors and is evident in the youngest age group. In addition, the increased prevalence is related to a longer duration of patient exposure in the nursing group.

Das magenbesiedelnde Bakterium Helicobacter pylori gehört zu den am weitesten verbreiteten Infektionserregern. Obwohl die Infektion meist lebenslang symptomlos verläuft, kann H. pylori bei einigen Menschen schwere Erkrankungen bis hin zum Magenkarzinom verursachen. Ziele dieser Arbeit waren Magenkarzinom-assoziierte Antigene für einen diagnostischen Test zu finden und Methoden zur Untersuchung von Spotkompositionen mittels MALDI-TOF/TOF Massenspektrometrie zu entwickeln. Im ersten Teil der Promotion wurden die Antigenerkennungsmuster von 30 Magenadenokarzinom- mit 30 Ulkus duodeni-Patienten mithilfe hochauflösender zweidimensionaler Immunoblots von H. pylori Lysat verglichen. Diese fokussierte Gegenüberstellung eignet sich gut für diese Fragestellung, da beide Erkrankungen von diesem Bakterium verursacht werden, aber nur sehr selten gemeinsam auftreten. Durch univariate statistische Analysen wurden 14 Magenkarzinom korrelierte Spots gefunden (p / The stomach-colonizing bacterium Helicobacter pylori is one of the most widespread infectious agents. Although infection mostly persists unnoticed, it may cause serious diseases like gastric carcinoma. Aims of this project were to find gastric carcinoma-associated antigens for a diagnostic test and to develop methods to analyze spot compositions using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. In the first part of this project antigen recognition patterns of 30 gastric carcinoma- and 30 duodenal ulcer- patients were compared using high-resolution two-dimensional immunoblots of H. pylori lysate. This focused comparison lent itself to this question because both diseases are caused by the bacterium but rarely occur conjointly. Utilizing univariate statistical tests 14 gastric carcinoma-associated spots were found (p

Endocytosis is a fundamental cellular process by which cells transport material from the outside to the inside of the cell through the formation of membrane invaginations that bud off from the plasma membrane. This process is important for nutrient uptake, regulating cell surface receptors and the overall plasma membrane composition. Cells have several different types of endocytic pathways where clathrin- mediated endocytosis is the most studied. Importantly, pathogens and secreted virulence factors bind to cell surface receptors and hijack the endocytic pathways in order to enter host cells. Depending on their size and molecular composition, pathogens and virulence factors are thought to make use of distinct endocytic pathways into the cell. This thesis focuses on early host cell interactions with virus, bacterial membrane vesicles and a pore-forming toxin, with a particular emphasis on endocytic mechanisms and plasma membrane repair. During entry of pathogens, it is thought that interactions with specific cell surface molecules drive the recruitment of endocytic proteins to the plasma membrane. Viruses possess a very defined molecular composition and architecture, which facilitate specificity to these interactions. We found that Adenovirus 37, a human ocular pathogen, binds to αVβ1 and α3β1 integrins on human corneal epithelial cells and that this interaction is important for infection. In contrast to viruses, membrane vesicles shed from Helicobacter pylori are heterogeneous in size and molecular composition. These vesicles harbour various adhesins and toxins that may facilitate binding to the cell surface and recruitment of different endocytic pathways. We developed a quantitative internalization assay and showed that the H. pylori vesicles were internalized mainly via clathrin-mediated endocytosis but were also capable of exploiting other endocytic pathways. Damage to the plasma membrane disrupts cellular homeostasis and can lead to cell death if not repaired immediately. Although endocytic mechanisms have been shown to be important for plasma membrane repair, little is known about their specific role. Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a bacterial toxin that can form pores in the plasma membrane and disrupt cellular homeostasis. We developed a reporter system for real-time imaging of the endocytic response to LLO pore formation. We found that two clathrin-independent endocytic pathways were important for plasma membrane repair. However, they were not directly involved in removing LLO pores from the plasma membrane. Our data suggests that these endocytic systems might rather influence membrane repair by their ability to regulate the plasma membrane composition, shape and tension. In conclusion, this thesis describes how pathogens and their virulence factors make use of specific mechanisms to enter host cells as well as revealing new insights on the role of the endocytic pathways in plasma membrane repair.

Des études d'associations pangénomiques ont démontré une relation entre le taux plasmatique de la vitamine B12 et le polymorphisme du gène FUT2 (fucosyltransferase 2). Dans des modèles expérimentaux, le statut sécréteur pour FUT2 a été impliqué dans la susceptibilité à l'infection par Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Nous avons évalué l'influence du polymorphisme FUT2 461 G>A sur les marqueurs du métabolisme des monocarbones dans deux populations ambulatoires en Europe et en Afrique de l'Ouest ainsi que la possible association entre l'infection par H. pylori et le polymorphisme de FUT2. Nous avons mis en évidence une influence de FUT2 461 G>A sur le taux plasmatique de la vitamine B12 mais n'avons pas retrouvé d'influence du statut sérologique pour H. pylori sur cette association, du moins chez les sujets ambulatoires en Europe et en Afrique de l'Ouest. L'hyperhomocystéinémie est un marqueur de carence en donneurs de méthyle. Plusieurs travaux ont évalué le taux plasmatique de l'homocystéine au cours des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l'intestin (MICI) et ont abouti à des résultats mitigés. Par ailleurs, l'ampleur de l'association entre le métabolisme de l'homocystéine et les MICI reste méconnue. Nous avons réalisé une méta-analyse afin : (i) d'évaluer l'association entre le métabolisme de l'homocystéine et les MICI et (ii) d'étudier le risque de thrombose lié à l'hyperhomocystéinémie au cours des MICI. Le risque d'hyperhomocystéinémie était significativement plus élevé chez les patients avec une MICI en comparaison aux sujets contrôles. L'évaluation du risque de thrombose associé à l'hyperhomocystéinémie au cours des MICI requiert des études complémentaires. Un statut carencé en folates était associé à un impact plus fort du polymorphisme MTHFR C677T sur le risque primaire de MICI. L'hyperhomocystéinémie et plusieurs polymorphismes sur les gènes du métabolisme des monocarbones sont associés au risque primaire et à la sévérité de la maladie de Crohn (MC). L'hyperhomocystéinémie augmente l'activité de la superoxyde dismutase (SOD), un marqueur fiable et validé du stress oxydatif. A l'aide d'un SNP array Illumina exhaustif du métabolisme des monocarbones, nous avons (i) étudié les déterminants génétiques (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) associés au taux plasmatique de l'homocystéine et de la SOD chez des patients suivis pour une MC et (ii) recherché les SNPs associés à l'âge du diagnostic de la MC. Deux SNPs étaient indépendamment associés au taux plasmatique de l'homocystéine (MTHFR, AHCY). Cinq SNPs étaient indépendamment associés au taux plasmatique de la SOD. Parmi ces cinq SNPs, trois sont liés à la vitamine B12 (FUT2, CUBN, et TCN2), un aux folates (GGH), et un dernier à la synthèse cellulaire de l'homocystéine (AHCY). Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence deux SNPs associés à un âge précoce du diagnostic de la MC (CHDH, ABCB1). / Genome wide association studies demonstrated an association between plasma vitamin B12 and FUT2 (fucosyltransferase 2). It has been suggested that the association between FUT2 and low plasma vitamin B12 level may be the consequence of an increased susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. We evaluated the association between FUT2 461G>A polymorphism and vitamin B12 and investigated whether the influence of FUT2 on H. pylori serology is part of the mechanisms that underlie this association, in two populations from Europe and West Africa. In this study we confirmed the influence of FUT2 461 G>A polymorphism on plasma vitamin B12 level and found no influence of H. pylori serological status on this association, at least in ambulatory subjects from Europe and West Africa. The magnitude of the association between homocysteine metabolism and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is unknown while the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and thrombosis remains controversial in IBD. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and performed a meta-analysis to examine these issues. The risk of hyperhomocysteinemia is significantly higher in IBD patients when compared to controls. The risk assessment of hyperhomocysteinemia-related thrombosis in IBD requires further investigation. Deficient folate status is associated with a higher impact of MTHFR C677T polymorphism on IBD risk. Hyperhomocysteinemia and several gene variants of one-carbon metabolism are associated with the occurrence and severity of Crohn's disease (CD). Hyperhomocysteinemia results in part from methyl donors deficiency - which is frequent in patients with CD - and increases the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), a validated and reliable marker of oxidative stress. We designed a 384-plex GoldenGate oligo pool assay for the comprehensive one-carbon metabolism genotyping using Illumina platform. The aims of this study were (i) to assess genetic determinants of plasma homocysteine and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in patients with IBD and (ii) to look for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with age at CD onset. Two SNPs were associated with plasma homocysteine level (MTHFR, AHCY). Five SNPs were independently associated with plasma SOD level. Of these five SNPs, three are related to vitamin B12 (FUT2, CUBN, and TCN2), one is related to folate (GGH), and the last one to homocysteine (AHCY). In addition, we identified two SNPs associated with early CD onset (CHDH, ABCB1)

Helicobacter pylori est associée à des pathologies gastro-duodénales sévères mais est également un marqueur bactérien de migrations humaines. Nous avons montré que des populations génétiques distinctes de H. pylori ont accompagné au moins quatre migrations en Asie du sud-est et en Océanie : i) une expansion des ancêtres des austronésiens il y a 5000 ans à partir de Taiwan en Océanie, ii) une migration d’Inde en Asie du sud-est depuis 2000 ans,iii) une migration des ancêtres des locuteurs des langues austro-asiatiques au Vietnam et auCambodge il y a 4000 ans, i) une migration des ancêtres des Thaïs du sud de la Chine vers l’actuelle Thaïlande au début du second millénaire. Ces données confirment la résolution plus élevée de la diversité génétique de H. pylori pour retracer les anciennes migrations humaines par comparaison aux marqueurs génétiques humains traditionnels. Nous avons ensuite investigué les facteurs de virulence de souches isolées de patients présentant des symptômes gastriques au Sénégal et au Cambodge. Au Sénégal, une association significative a été observée entre le cancer gastrique et le gène cagA, deux motifs EPIYA-C et l’allèle vacA s1. De multiples segments EPIYA-C étaient observés moins fréquemment que dans les autres régions du monde, contribuant probablement à la faible incidence du cancer gastrique. Au Cambodge, une introgression fréquente d’allèles cagA et vacA européens dans des souches d’Asie de l’est a été observée. CagA et VacA ayant des effets antagonistes, cette expansion pourrait entraîner la rupture de l’équilibre entre les effets biologiques de ces deux protéines et être responsable de conséquences graves sur l’évolution de la maladie. / Helicobacter pylori is associated with severe gastroduodenal disorders but is also a bacterial genetic marker of human migrations. First, we provide evidence that distinct H. pylori genetic populations accompanied at least four ancient human migrations into Oceania and Southeast Asia: i) an expansion of Austronesian speaking people about 5000 years ago from Taiwan into Oceania, ii) a migration from India into Southeast Asia within the last 2000 years, iii) a migration of Austro-Asiatic speaking people into Vietnam and Cambodia about 4000 years ago, and iv) a migration of the ancestors of the Thai people from Southern China into Thailand during the early second millennium AD. These findings demonstrate that H. pylori genetic diversity has more discriminatory power than traditional human genetic markers for tracing old human migrations. Second, we investigated virulence factors of H. pylori strains isolated from patients with gastric symptoms in Senegal and Cambodia. In Senegal, a significant association was observed between gastric cancer and the cagA gene, two EPIYA-C segments, and the s1 vacA allele in Senegal. Multiple EPIYA-C segments were less frequent than reported in other countries, possibly contributing to the low incidence of gastric cancer. In Cambodia, the frequent introgression of European vacA and cagA alleles into East Asian H. pylori strains was observed. As VacA and CagA have opposing effects, this expansion may disrupt the balancing activities on epithelial cells which might result in severe consequences for individual disease outcome.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-04-09T21:22:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_SoroepidemiologiaHelicobacterPylori.pdf: 69013278 bytes, checksum: cdcfbf135a954552f7b5b13c8867623a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-04-12T17:30:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_SoroepidemiologiaHelicobacterPylori.pdf: 69013278 bytes, checksum: cdcfbf135a954552f7b5b13c8867623a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-12T17:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_SoroepidemiologiaHelicobacterPylori.pdf: 69013278 bytes, checksum: cdcfbf135a954552f7b5b13c8867623a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Uma investigação com o objetivo de estudar a soroprevalência da infecção pela bactéria Helicobacter pylori foi realizada em 100 crianças, entre 1 e 12 anos, no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, em Belém, Brasil, e em suas respectivas 100 mães. Analisaram-se possíveis fatores de risco relacionados à infecção e possíveis associações da infecção entre as mães e seus filhos, inclusive por cepas CagA. Colheram-se amostras de sangue e saliva de todos os participantes e fezes das crianças. A sorologia anti-H. pylori foi realizada pela hemaglutinação indireta e a anti-CagA por Elisa. Os fenótipos ABH e Lewis no sangue foram determinados por hemaglutinação direta e na saliva por dot-blot Elisa. Pesquisou-se antígenos da bactéria em 79 amostras de fezes das crianças por um Elisa de captura. Informações pessoais e familiares foram obtidas através de um questionário padrão. A soroprevalência nas crianças foi de 50,0% e nas mães de 86,0%. A soroprevalência nas crianças aumentou com a idade (p<0,05) e com o hábito de freqüentarem creche ou escola (p<0,05). Os métodos Elisa de captura e hemaglutinação indireta apresentaram desempenhos semelhantes nas crianças, sendo que nas de 1 a 4 anos observaram-se maiores discordâncias (p<0,05). Mães infectadas representaram fator de risco para infecção em seus filhos (p<0,05), sobretudo mães com cepas CagA (p<0,005). Procedência de municípios com 100 mil habitantes ou mais (p<0,05), água encanada (p<0,05), ausência de instalações sanitárias (p<0,005) e de saneamento na residência (p<0,05) representaram risco para infecção familiar. A transmissão da H. pylori foi facilitada pelas precárias condições de higiene e saneamento, conglomerados urbanos e por contatos íntimos entre as crianças e mães, mediante as rotas de transmissão fecal-oral, oral-oral e/ou gastro-oral. / An investigation with the objective of studying seroprevalence of infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori was carried out with 100 children, between 1 and 12 years of age at the João de Barros Barreto University Hospital in Belém, Brazil, and with their respective mothers. Possible risk factors related to infection were analysed and possible associations of infection between mothers and their children, including the CagA strains. Blood and saliva samples were collected from the participants and stool samples from the children. Anti-H. pylori serology was done using the indirect haemoagglutination method and anti-CagA was done by Elisa. The ABH and Lewis phenotypes in blood were determined with the direct haemoagglutination test and in saliva by Elisa dot-blot. Antigens of the bacteria were studied in 79 stool samples from the children by Elisa capture. Personal and family information was obtained using a standard questionnaire. Seroprevalence among children was 50.0% and 86.0% among mothers. Seroprevalence among children increased with age (p < 0.05) and the habit of attending schools or creches (p < 0.05). The diagnostic methods Elisa capture and indirect haemoagglutination showed similar performance in children, with greater discordance observed in the 1 to 4 year age group (p < 0.05). Infected mothers represented a risk factor for infection in their children (p < 0.05), above all mothers with CagA strains (p < 0.05). The fact of coming from municipalities with 100 thousand or more inhabitants (p < 0.05), piped water (p < 0.05), absence of sanitary installations (p < 0.05) and sanitation in homes (p < 0.05) represented a risk for family infection. Transmission of H. pylori was facilitated by precarious hygiene and sanitation conditions, urban conglomerations and by human contact between children and their mothers, through faecal-oral, oral-oral and/or gastro-oral routes.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-04-18T19:51:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DeteccaoHelicobacterPylori.pdf: 7320035 bytes, checksum: 4b8765acf104b324b57e96378a50b11e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-04-19T12:14:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DeteccaoHelicobacterPylori.pdf: 7320035 bytes, checksum: 4b8765acf104b324b57e96378a50b11e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-19T12:14:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DeteccaoHelicobacterPylori.pdf: 7320035 bytes, checksum: 4b8765acf104b324b57e96378a50b11e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A infecção pela Helicobacter pylori é uma das mais comuns em humanos, admite-se que é adquirida na infância e que é uma das principais causas de gastrite e úlcera gástrica na vida adulta. Entre os vários métodos de diagnósticos da infecção pela H. pylori, a reação e cadeia da polimerase (PCR) tem mostrado alta sensibilidade para a detecção desta bactéria em amostras gástricas, orais fecais. Com o objetivo de padronizar a técnica de PCR para detectar a presença da H. pylori nas fezes e comparar com o método de diagnóstico sorológico, utilizou-se uma amostra de 79 crianças provenientes de um estudo soroepidemiológico realizado em Belém-Pará, no ano de 2003. O DNA total foi extraído das fezes através de um protocolo padronizado neste estudo baseado na associação dos métodos de fervura em resina quelante e digestão por proteinase, seguido por fenol-clorofórmio. Para a amplificação do DNA utilizou-se iniciadores para o gene 16S rRNA para o gênero Helicobacter e para detecção específica da H. pylori utilizou-se iniciadores para trecho do gene ureA. O fragmento foi visualizado em gel de agarose 2% corado com brometo de etídio. A presença da H. pylori foi verificada em 69,62% (55/79) dos pacientes. A análise comparativa entre o ensaio sorológico e a PCR ureA, revelou que a técnica molecular apresenta um melhor desempenho no diagnóstico de H. pylori em fezes (p = 0,0246). A aplicação da técnica da PCR em amostras fecais de crianças, por ser um procedimento não invasivo e altamente eficiente pode ser utilizada para detecção da infecção pela H. pylori tanto na rotina laboratorial como em pesquisas de interesse epidemiológico. / The infection for the Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common in humans, it is admitted that is acquired in the childhood and that it is one of the main gastritis causes and peptic ulcer in the adult life. Among the several diagnosis methods for the H. pylori infection, the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been showing high sensibility for the detection of this pathogen in gastric, oral and faecal samples. With the objective of standardizing the PCR technique to detect the presence of H. pylori of in stool samples and to compare this method with sorologic diagnosis, we studied a samples of 79 children coming of a seroprevalence study realized in the city Belém-Pará in 2003. The genomic DNA was extracted of the feces through a protocol standardized in this research based on the association of quelator agents and proteinase digestion, followed by a phenol-chloroform procedure. For the DNA amplification it was used primers for the gene 16SrRNA specific for Helicobacter genus and for specific detection of the H. pylori it was used primers for desigend for ureA gene. The visualization of the fragments was performed agarose 2% gels stained with ethidium bromide. The presence of the H. pylori was verified in 69,62% (55/79) of the patients. The comparative analysis between the serologic research and the ureA PCR revealed that the molecular technique presents a better acting in the diagnosis of H. pylori in feces (p = 0,0246). The application of the technique of PCR in children's fecal samples, for being a non invasive highly efficient procedure, can be used for detection of the infection by H. pylori in the laboratorial routine as well as in researches of epidemiologic interest.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-09-29T15:40:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ComparacapCepasHelicobacter.pdf: 553158 bytes, checksum: aaa0b8cac9880eb73c7991f3ccb45cfb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-10-02T15:07:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ComparacapCepasHelicobacter.pdf: 553158 bytes, checksum: aaa0b8cac9880eb73c7991f3ccb45cfb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T15:07:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ComparacapCepasHelicobacter.pdf: 553158 bytes, checksum: aaa0b8cac9880eb73c7991f3ccb45cfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / A infecção pela Helicobacter pylori, é extremamente frequente em todo o mundo, com prevalência maior em países em desenvolvimento. Está associada à gastrite crônica, úlcera gástrica e duodenal e é considerada um fator de risco para câncer gástrico e linfoma MALT do estômago. As rotas de transmissão desta bactéria ainda não estão completamente esclarecidas, sendo as mais prováveis a oral-oral e fecal-oral. A importância da presença da bactéria da placa dental permanece obscura, podendo constituir-se em fonte de infecção gástrica. Objetivando identificar e correlacionar as cepas da H. pylori presentes em biopsias gástricas e em amostras de placa dental, foram avaliados 99 pacientes adultos dispépticos, submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, da Universidade Federal do Pará, no ano de 2005. Amostras da placa dental foram obtidas utilizando coletores esterilizados, e analisadas pelo teste da urease e pela Reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Durante a endoscopia, seis biopsias foram retiradas do antro gástrico e analisadas pelo teste da urease, exame histopatológico e PCR, após consentimento informado e aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados utilizando-se o programa BioEstat 3.0. A bactéria foi identificada em 96% das biopsias gástricas e em 72% das amostras de placas dentais, diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Em relação à idade e sexo, não houve diferença estatística. Todos os pacientes apresentaram alterações gástricas, sendo que 18% apresentaram grau maior de severidade, com lesões ulceradas à endoscopia e/ou lesão pré-maligna do tipo metaplasia intestinal à histopatologia, nestes houve concomitância de infecção na placa dental e mucosa gástrica em 82,4%. Dentre os testes utilizados o de maior sensibilidade foi a PCR, tanto em amostras gástricas como na placa dental. Nos casos de positividade para a bactéria na placa dental (71 casos), houve coincidência entre as cepas da mucosa gástrica e placa dental em 89%. O genótipo mais frequentemente identificado foi s1bm1 cagA positivo, tanto na mucosa gástrica, quando na placa dental. As cepas tipo 1, consideradas as mais patogênicas foram encontradas em 63 pacientes na mucosa gástrica e em 58 pacientes na placa dental. A frequência elevada da H. pylori na placa dental, pode ser um indicador de que a cavidade oral seria um sítio de colonização deste micro-organismo, a partir do qual poderia ser diretamente disseminada, constituindo-se em um fator de risco para infecção gástrica. / Helicobacter pylori infection is extremely frequent over the world, mainly in development countries, including Brazil. It’s associated to chronic gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcer, and is considered as an important risk factor for gastric cancer and gastric MALT lymphoma. The transmission routes remain unclear, but oral-oral and fecal-oral routs seem to be the most probable ones. The value of the presence of the bacteria on the dental plaque also remains unclear, and it maybe a source for gastric infection. Aiming in identifying and correlating the H. pylori stains found in gastric mucosa and dental plaque of 99 adult dyspeptic patients submitted to upper digestive endoscopies at Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, in 2005 were evaluated. Samples from dental plaque were collected by sterile sticks and urease test and polymerase (PCR) chain reaction were undertaken. During the endoscopic procedure 6 pieces were collected from antrun and investigated by urease test, histopathology and PCR, after obtaining informed consent. The results were analyzed using BioEstat 3.0 package. The bacteria was found in 96% of gastric samples and in 72% of dental plaque samples, and this difference was statistically significant (p<0,001). There weren’t statistically significant differences related to age or gender. Every patient presented gastric diseases. In 18% of the cases lessons considered as of higher severity such as ulcers or pre-malignant lesions, as intestinal metaplasia, were found, and, among these, there were 82.4% of cases with both gastric and dental plaque infection. PCR was the most efficient test either on dental plaque and gastric mucosa samples. Among the 71 cases where the dental plaque samples were positive for the presence of the bacteria, the stains were identical to the gastric mucosa H pylori stains in 89%. The most common genotype was s1bm1cagA positive, either at dental plaque and gastric mucosa. The type 1 strains, considered the most pathogenic ones, were found in 63 patients on gastric mucosa and in 58 patients on dental plaque. The high frequency of H. pylori found on dental plaque might indicate the oral cavity as a colonizing locus for this bacteria and a risk factor for gastric infection.