This study sought to critically investigate the contribution of the ordinary people in the creation of a language policy and its subsequent implementation in Zimbabwe. The study was prompted by the realisation of the near-absence of a coherent language policy framework in Zimbabwe. The language policy situation in Zimbabwe is not clearly stated. A hotch-potch of statutes support the status, creation and implementation of languages that are spoken by the citizens of the country. The country’s supreme law, the constitution is silent about the necessity of a broad-based language policy in Zimbabwe. Only three languages Shona, Ndebele and English are considered to be major in a country with 16 known languages. This situation does not support the development of languages particularly the indigenous languages. Indigenous languages are not considered as a suitable medium of instruction from the third year of primary schooling up to tertiary level. Indigenous languages play a critical role in culture, economics and politics. The study argued that ordinary people have creative ways of contributing to the development of a language policy because these people are constantly creating new words and vocabulary that they implement in their day to day struggle with nature and other social classes. Authorities in Zimbabwe are yet to view the role of indigenous languages in development as a cornerstone of socio-economic and political progress. African languages, particularly the Shona language that was the main unit of analysis in this study revealed its capacity to handle complex ideas. It was recommended that when Shona and other indigenous languages are accorded the status of official languages of the country and then provided with the financial resources and linguistic expertise to develop them then, a coherent language policy can become a living reality in Zimbabwe. / Africam Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Denna studie har till syfte att undersöka vilka argument som har förekommit i debatten om de, dem och dom under de senaste tre åren i Sveriges sex största dagstidningar (Dagens Nyheter, Expressen, Göteborgs-Posten, Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet och Sydsvenskan, detta enligt Tidningsutgivarna [TU]). Argumenten hämtas från artiklar via artikelsökverktyget Retriever. I syfte att finna artiklar beträffande dom-debatten testades flertalet olika söksträngar i sökverktygets sökfält. Till sist resulterade söksträngarna och fraserna ”de och dem”, ”de/dem” och ”dom-debatten” i flest träffar. Utifrån ett antal urvalskriterier återstod totalt 26 artiklar. Under motsvarande tidsperiod undersöks även vilket av dessa pronomen som används mest i skrift: talspråksformen dom eller skriftspråksformerna de och dem, med hjälp av Språkbankens konkordansverktyg Korp. Detta för att kunna se ett samband mellan argumenten som förekommer i dagens debatt och det faktiska bruket. Vidare jämförs också resultaten med Språkrådets rekommendation beträffande dessa pronomen. Resultaten i den här studien redovisar alltså temperaturen på debatten i media och pronomenens statistiska användning, som sedan leder till slutsatser om det rådande de/dem/dom-klimatet. Undersökningen visar att de och dem enligt statistik används mer frekvent än dom i skrift. Det kan också konstateras att det förekommer fler argument som stöder ett fortsatt bruk av de och dem i media under de senaste tre åren jämfört med argument som stöder en dom-reform i media under motsvarande period. / The aim of this study is to examine arguments that have occurred in the debate concerning de, dem and dom during the past three years in Sweden’s six biggest newspapers (Dagens Nyheter, Expressen, Göteborgs-Posten, Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet och Sydsvenskan, this according to Tidningsutgivarna [TU]). The arguments are collected from articles via the article search tool Retriever. Different search strings were tested in Retriever’s search field in order to find articles regarding the dom-debate. Eventually the search strings and phrases ”de och dem”, ”de/dem” and ”dom-debatten” resulted in most hits. Based on specific selection criteria, 26 articles remained. During the same period of time, the study also set out the examine which of the pronouns that are most used in written language: the informal version dom or the formal version de and dem, using Språkbanken’s concordance tool Korp. In this way, the study demonstrates a connection between the arguments that occur in today’s debate and the actual user statistics. Furthermore, the results are also compared with Språkrådet’s recommendation regarding these pronouns. As such, the results in this study present the debate’s temperature and the pronouns user statistics, which eventually lead to conclusions about the current de-dem-dom-climate. Content analysis of the arguments and user statistics revealed that de and dem are used more frequently than dom in written language. It also concludes there are more arguments supporting a continuing use of de and dem in media during the last three years, compared to arguments supporting a dom-reform during the corresponding period of time.

Orientador: Kanavillil Rajagopalan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T01:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zaidan_JuniaClaudiaSantanadeMattos_D.pdf: 1280397 bytes, checksum: b31cb87dd36efd7f2cfe5be493a149b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nesta tese, discute-se a difusão mundial do inglês, apresenta-se uma crítica da base conceitual sobre a qual se constitui o discurso a respeito deste fenômeno, bem como uma proposta de conceituação articulada entre a Nova Pragmática (RAJAGOPALAN, 2010) e a filosofia da linguagem. O objeto deste estudo é o World English (WE, RAJAGOPALAN, 2004), utilizado por falantes de línguas nativas diversas. Com o objetivo de apontar a insuficiência da base epistemológica para o WE, volta-se primeiramente para a sociolinguística (JENKINS, 2003, SCHNEIDER, 2007) que, embora reconheça a inerente variabilidade da língua, produz discursos comprometidos com o universalismo ao insistir na busca de padrões constantes no uso e ao furtar-se a tratar a língua como categoria política e não ontológica. Na Linguística, o falante nativo idealizado e a língua como estrutura (BLOOMFIELD, 1933; CHOMSKY, 1965) também produzem um WE que fortalece o fundacionismo, mantendo as práticas linguageiras (uso, descrição e ensino) atreladas aos padrões anglo-americanos. Na Linguística Aplicada, apesar das contribuições de Kachru (1985), com a proposição dos Círculos Concêntricos; de Phillipson (1992), com a crítica ao 'imperialismo linguístico', e de Jenkins (2003), com o estudo da variação do WE, mantém-se o centramento, privilegiando supostas essências. Valorações de desempenho linguístico, segregação de profissionais, políticas de publicação restritivas - todas referendadas pelo eurocentrismo - são discutidas como efeitos materiais das invenções naturalizadas por este regime metadiscursivo (MAKONI & PENNYCOOK, 2007) criticado nesta investigação em face da demografia do inglês, que hoje inclui apenas um falante nativo entre quatro não nativos. Ilustra-se este estudo com dados do International Corpus of English, e com as regularidades detectadas por Seidlhofer (2004) no Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English e aquelas propostas por Jenkins (op.cit.) através do Common Core. A partir do conceito de literatura menor (DELEUZE & GUATTARI, 1977), ancoramos a tese de um inglês menor no postulado da Nova Pragmática, segundo o qual a linguagem e a ação humana pressupõem-se reciprocamente (AUSTIN, 1962), o que expõe i- a indissociabilidade entre a linguagem e a metalinguagem e, portanto, a intervenção da teorização na ontologia que a tradição platônica fez crer como existente a priori; e ii- a natureza ético-política da teorização, uma vez que este exame do WE assume sua inscrição no social. Tem-se, pois, que o inglês menor, ao invés de apontar para um quantitativo reduzido de usuários, indica um uso não amparado pelo poder das instituições, um uso que se detecta como potência de variação e não como poder das constantes; um uso que não opera como raiz de árvore, mas por rizoma, a desterritorializar-se em seu devir, escapando à palavra de ordem ratificadora de fundacionismos e universais. Como micropolítica linguística, propõem-se os seguintes princípios para uma pedagogia menor do WE: privilegiar o híbrido, o repertório de línguas - incluída a língua mãe - e de estratégias; rejeitar toda sorte de prescrição metodológica; fomentar a consciência metalinguística, a noção de opacidade do texto e de gramática como epifenômeno, o pertencimento provisório a comunidades de prática, o uso da língua como ação política e a negociação interacional / Abstract: This thesis discusses the spread of English worldwide and presents both, a critique of the conceptual framework on which the discourse about this phenomenon rests, and an alternative theoretical proposal grounded on New Pragmatics (RAJAGOPALAN, 2010) and on the philosophy of language. Our object of study is, thus, the English used by speakers of distinct native languages, i.e., World English (WE, RAJAGOPALAN, 2004). Sociolinguistic accounts of WE are revised (JENKINS, 200, SCHNEIDER, 2007) and presented as evidence of a resilient universalist orientation reflected on the insistent quest for and reification of patterns of use. Both, the idealized native speaker and the construct 'language', as defined by Linguistics (BLOOMFIELD, 1933; CHOMSKY, 1965) are examined as part and parcel of the foundationism which keeps language practices (use, description and pedagogy) still attached to angloamerican standards. As for Applied Linguistics, even though contributions from several studies (KACHRU, 1985; PHILLIPSON, 1992; and JENKINS, 2003) have shed light on the phenomenon, thus providing a more pluralistic view of the spread and an increasing political awareness in its study, centralization and the pervasive essentialism in the field are still strong, as the analysis shows. Value judgments of linguistic performance, restrictive publishing policies and the segregation of professionals are, it is argued, the material effects of the naturalized inventions perpetrated by the metadiscursive regimes (MAKONI & PENNYCOOK, 2007) criticized in this research. This enterprise is undertaken mainly in view of the demography of English in the contemporary scenario, which displays native speakers and nonnative speakers in a ratio of 1 to 4, respectively. Data from The International Corpus of English, as well as from the patterns identified by Seidlhofer (2004) in the Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English, and by Jenkins (op.cit.) in the Common Core are used as a resource for the investigation we set out to pursue. The precept of New Pragmatics (Cf. AUSTIN, 1962), namely that language and human action are mutually inclusive, is understood as implying that i- since language and metalanguage cannot be set apart, theory-building is but neutral in affecting ontology, which contradicts the platonic tradition; ii- theory-building is ethical-political by nature, thus compelling us to acknowledge the study of WE as inscribed in social reality. Our proposal of minor English is based on the concept of minor literature, as put forward by Deleuze and Guattari (1977). Minor does not refer to the quantity of users, but to the use they make of language. In other words, by distancing itself from the rigid standards of institutionalized power, a minor English escapes from the constraints of supposedly permanent regularities and induces an imbalance in its components, taking advantage of its rhizomatic design to deterritorialize the major uses of language through its ongoing process of becoming. Not subject to an arborescent structure, a minor English is rid of the order word that ractifies universalism and purism, thus calling for a minor pedagogy for WE, which involves: privileging hybridity and the repertoire of strategies/languages - including the mother tongue; rejecting methodological prescriptivism; raising metalinguistic awareness; fostering interactional negotiation, an understanding of texts as opaque, of grammar as epiphenomenal, of language use as political action, and of communities as practice / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

L’objectif recherché par cette étude est de définir l'état des lieux de l'aménagement (normativisation) de la langue amazighe et de son enseignement au Maroc, de manière à montrer si les méthodes adoptées et les réalisations concrétisées contribuent à la revitalisation de cette langue, très longtemps minorée et cantonnée dans l’oralité, mais qui connaît depuis peu un "important" regain d'intérêt tant de la société que de l'Etat. Ce qui lui confère un nouveau statut, renforcé par la toute récente officialisation que lui a accordée la nouvelle constitution du pays (juillet 2011).Notre problématique a été formulée ainsi : "Normativisation et enseignement de la langue amazighe au Maroc : état des lieux, méthodes et réalisations". Le corpus que nous avons soumis à l'analyse est constitué de documents divers conçus jusqu’à présent par différentes instances éducatives en faveur de l’enseignement/apprentissage de l'amazighe récemment intégré au système éducatif marocain. Nous avons analysé des références institutionnelles, des outils pédagogiques et didactiques (orientations pédagogiques officielles, curricula, ouvrages de références en linguistique et en didactique, manuels scolaires, modules de formation, rapports d'inspection, fiches pédagogiques, …).Nous avons, par ailleurs, mené une enquête de terrain visant à (i) consulter les principaux acteurs éducatifs, (ii) effectuer des observations de classes amazighes dans les différents niveaux où la langue est enseignée pour étudier l’impact des méthodes adoptées.En somme, l'étude a révélé des acquis non négligeables, mais encore perfectibles, pour ce qui concerne l'aménagement et l'enseignement de la langue amazighe au Maroc. Toutefois, son implantation dans les différents domaines de la vie publique demeure problématique pour des raisons notamment sociopolitiques. / The present study aims at defining the inventory of the amazighe language planning (standardization) and its teaching in Morocco, with a view to showing if the adopted methods and the attained achievements contribute to the revitalization of this language which has long been undervalued and confined to orality, but which has recently enjoyed “significant" renewed interest both from the society and the State. This newly conferred status has been reinforced by its very recent officialization granted by the new constitution of the country (July 2011).The research issue has been framed as follows: " Standardization and teaching of the Amazighe language in Morocco: methods, inventory and achievements".The corpus we have submitted for analysis consists of various documents designed so far by various educational authorities in favour of teaching/training of the amazighe language which has recently been integrated into the Moroccan education system. We analyzed institutional references, educational and didactic tools (official teaching guidelines, teaching methodologies, curricula, reference books in linguistics, school handbooks, training modules, surveys, pedagogical material, teaching cards …).In addition, we carried out a field survey aiming at consulting the main educational actors, and conducting classroom observations at the various levels where amazighe is taught to study the impact of the adopted methods.All in all, the study has revealed significant, yet still perfectible achievements, concerning the standardization and the teaching of amazighe in Morocco. However, its establishment in the various fields of the public life still remains problematic notably for socio-political reasons.

I denna studie analyseras funktionen av ordet hen i syfte att undersöka hur ordet används i dag. Hen fungerar som könsneutralt pronomen i svenskan men fyller även andra syntaktiska och könsöverskridande funktioner. Materialet har analyserats med en kvantitativ ansats och består av texter från dagspress där de olika förekomsterna av hen har kategoriserats efter funktion och texttyp. Uppsatsens avsnitt om teori behandlar språkplanering, feministisk språkplanering och hens uppkomst. Resultatet visar att hen främst fyller syntaktiska funktioner i dagspress, där 143 av 167 förekomster av ordet användes i funktioner som i den här studien kategoriserats som syntaktiska. Den vanligaste funktionen i materialet var hen i generisk referens. Ordet användes inom 15 olika texttyper inom dagspress, främst artiklar och krönikor, där hen i generisk referens var vanligast i artiklar och hen i maskerande funktion var vanligast i krönikor. / This study analyzes the function of the Swedish gender-neutral pronoun hen with the purpose of examining how the word is used today. Aside from being used as a gender-neutral pronoun, hen is also used in other syntactical functions as well as gender-transcending functions. The study material consists of texts from daily press that have been analyzed through a quantitative method. The various uses of hen have been categorized by function and text type. The theoretical part of the study introduces language planning, feminist language planning, and the origins of hen. The results of the study indicate that hen mainly fills a syntactical function in daily press, as 143 out of 167 uses of the word were in functions that can be categorized as syntactical. The most common function of hen found in the material was hen in generic reference. Hen was used in 15 different text types within daily press, most commonly in articles and columns. In articles, hen in generic reference was most common, while in columns most of the found hen were used in a concealing function.

This study is about An Investigation into Implementation of Language Policy in the Eastern Cape with specific reference to isiXhosa. The objectives of this study are to investigate the current state of language policy implementation plan in local government sectors and schools and to propose a strategy for a sustainable language implementation plan for indigenous languages of South Africa. Chapter 1 provides the background, definitions of terms, the statement of the problem, the research methods used and the literature reviewed. Chapter 2 deals with the critical analysis of language policy, looking at the types of language policies and various relevant language policies. Chapter 3 addresses challenges facing the indigenous languages of South Africa (with specific reference to isiXhosa) especially at provincial level. Chapter 4 discusses the implementation strategies which will help in the development of the indigenous languages. Chapter 5 concludes the study by presenting findings and recommendations for future research.

This research project seeks to gain insight into the sociolinguistic realities of Mamelodi and Atteridgeville, two residential areas that resort under the Tshwane Metropolitan Council's jurisdiction (formerly known as the Greater Pretoria Metropolitan Area) - including reference to language use, knowledge, behaviour, status and attitudes. A questionnaire reflecting the principles of inter-methodological cross-validation was developed as research instrument in order to attain a sociolinguistic profile of the areas under investigation. The gathering, analysis, and verification of the research results took place against the background of extensive literature study, as well as the implementation of both quantitative (interpretation and analysis of numerical data) and qualitative (questionnaire format resembling a structured interview) methods. Other general aims of this research project are to provide local decision-makers with information that might aid the language planning process, and to provide a future basis for comparison to identify the occurrence of potential sociolinguistic change. The planning and implementation of a local language policy cannot occur in isolation, and it is therefore necessary to set the background against which language-related decisions are made - on local and international level. The challenges faced by the South African government are inseparably linked to matters evolving around the role of language in governance, education, economy and development. It will be argued that South Africa formally committed itself to multilingualism by entrenching it in the Constitution and in the proposed Languages Bill. It will furthermore be argued that languages have a market value and are thus to be regarded as economic resources. If the national ideals are to be met in terms of democratically developing the nation, all citizens must have equal access to all the rights and privileges of the country. In order to realise the strategic goals listed in the proposed South African Languages Bill, namely to facilitate individual empowerment and national development, and to facilitate economic development via the promotion of multilingualism, it is thus imperative that the Tshwane Municipal Council implements and enforces language policies that reflect these goals. Since municipalities must take into account the language usage and preferences of their residents and at least use two official languages - the logical conclusion is that a plan of language policy implementation should be supported and institutionalised by means of legislation and other measures. The Tshwane Metropolitan Council, and all other municipal structures - by implementing reality-based language policies that meet the developmental needs of its citizens by promoting and investing in multilingualism - will ascertain equal access to knowledge and skills. The ultimate purpose of this whole debate surrounding language planning and policy implementation in a multilingual African state is not merely to arrive at a theoretical linguistic solution, but rather to meet the socio-economic developmental needs of its people. / Thesis (DPhil (Linguistics))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

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no abstract available / Linguistics / M.A. (Sociolinguistics)