This study is about conception in the evaluation of financial assistance within the social services. The aim of this study is to describe and understand how social workers reason about variation, conception and local norms and its significance in the evaluation process. To reach this purpose we have conducted semi-structured interviews with eight social workers in which different themes were discussed and reasoned about. In order to understand and analyze our results we have studied/used the knowledge about tacit knowledge and street-level bureaucracy. Our results showed, as previous research states, that social workers do have conceptions about clients. Beyond that it also showed that they were well aware of the presence of the conception and that it is consistently processed with the help of colleagues. In addition to the help of colleagues the use of self-reflection was valuable to increase the awareness about conception. Furthermore the study showed that social workers believe that the conceptions are established through ones qualities and experiences. Social workers also suggest that these two variables contribute to their gut feeling, which they mean to be inevitable in the evaluation process. The study concluded that there is an ongoing reasoning about conception in the evaluation process of financial assistance among social workers and that social workers found it to be important to continuously discuss and deal with this issue.

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Among philosophers of the emotions, it is common to view emotional content as purely descriptive – that is, belief-like or perception-like. I argue that this is a mistake. The intentionality of the emotions cannot be understood in isolation from their motivational character, and emotional content is also inherently directive – that is, desire-like. This view’s strength is its ability to explain a class of emotional behaviors that I argue, the common view fails to explain adequately. I claim that it is already implicit in leading theories of emotion elicitation in cognitive psychology – “appraisal theories.” The result is a deeper understanding of emotional intentionality. Employing Peter Goldie’s “Feeling Theory” of the emotions as an example of the common view, I suggest that emotional feelings, too, should be understood on this model: emotional feelings toward items in the world cannot be disentangled from felt motivation.

In this essay I analyze the meaning of the concepts home and at home and the feeling of coming home. What is a home and what different interpretations are there regarding the concepts of home and being at home? What kinds of feelings are aroused by coming home? The world we live in offers great opportunities to travel, which in itself creates a perspective on the meanings of the concepts. The world we live in also forces people to move from their homes, families and countries due to various reasons, which creates various problems and a certain urgency concerning the concepts. I describe basic terms concerning the concepts, both regarding concrete definitions and more abstract notions, and then compare them with my own reflections.          Based on my writing project Coming home I discuss these questions in various ways. I also describe the considerations I have made regarding these issues and the impact they have made in the text collection. I present my own description of home as a result of and defined by the emotions this term creates and where the moods are decisive.          The intention with Coming home is to offer different perspectives on and reflections upon the various feelings of coming home expressed by my own voice in the literary texts under study.

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SAMMANFATTNING   Amningen kan ibland vara svår att komma igång med. En del mammor får det att fungera utmärkt medan andra behöver mera stöd. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) och ”tio steg till lyckad amning” var tänkt att uppmuntra amningen på BB genom åtgärder som utbildning av barnmorskorna i att stödja mammorna. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva mammors känslor inför amning och deras upplevelse av stöd från personal och pappa under BB-tiden samt att jämföra med en grupp mammor från 1993. Metoden var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie. En enkätstudie genomfördes bland mammor på en förlossningsklinik i Sverige. Deltagande mammor var fördelade på 91 mammor 1993 och 16 mammor 2010. För bearbetning av data användes Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). Resultatet visade att mammorna upplevde en större känsla av osäkerhet och oro 2010 jämfört med 1993. Av mammorna 2010 kände också majoriteten att amning var något de ”måste lära sig”. Mammorna upplevde papporna som mer stödjande 2010 jämfört med 1993. Initiativet till den första amningen togs 2010 i högre grad av en barnmorska än 1993. År 2010 fick en högre andel av mammorna hjälp av personalen på BB vid amningstillfällena jämfört med 1993. Konklusionen är att amningen kunde vara en känslig tid för mammorna och det behövdes stöd. BFHI har haft en positiv effekt på arbetet med att stödja mammorna vid amningen på BB, men det finns fortfarande behov av uppföljning och kontroll av verksamheten. Papporna tar ett större ansvar och är mera stödjande 2010 jämfört med 1993. / ABSTRACT   Sometimes breastfeeding initiating can be hard. Some mothers get a good start others need more support. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) and “ten steps to successful breastfeeding” were meant to encourage breastfeeding at maternity hospital through measures like education of midwifes in supporting the mothers. The aim of this study was to describe mother’s feelings for breastfeeding and their experience of support from nursing staff and fathers during the stay on BB and to compare with a group of mothers from 1993. The method was a quantitative cross-sectional study. A survey study was accomplished among mothers in a birth-Clinique in Sweden. Participating mothers was 91 in 1993 and 16 in 2010. Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) was used to processing data. The result showed that mothers experienced a greater feeling of uncertainty and anxiety in 2010 compared with 1993. The majority of mothers 2010 also felt that breastfeeding was something they “had to learn”. Mothers experienced that fathers were more supportive in 2010 than 1993. Initiative to the first breastfeeding was in most of the cases in 2010 taken by a midwife and a higher share of the mothers 2010 got help from the nursing staff at breastfeeding time. The conclusion is that breastfeeding might be a sensitive period to the mothers and that support was needed. BFHI has had a positive effect on the work in supporting mother’s breastfeed in the maternity hospital, but there are still needs of following-up and controls of the activity. The fathers took in 2010 more responsibility and are more supporting to the mothers compared with 1993.

Quelle est la structure décisionnelle de la compétence à s’orienter ? Après avoir analysé les modèles existants et parcouru plusieurs recherches étudiant l’impact de différentes variables, nous avons proposé un modèle général qui pourrait se baser à la fois sur des modèles structuraux différenciant des axes d’internalité et d’externalité, sur des modèles hiérarchiques et sur des modèles dynamiques. La validation de ce modèle repose sur deux études empiriques distinctes. Une première expérimentation avec groupe témoin a été réalisée auprès de 665 étudiants issus de trois filières universitaires (psychologie, sciences et lettres) et a permis d’observer la mobilité de la maturité de carrière au cours d’une action d’orientation. La seconde, menée auprès de 322 étudiants en psychologie et en sciences, a montré l’interaction de nombreuses variables internes, comme le locus de contrôle, le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle, l’autonomie, l’anxiété décisionnelle et la maturité de carrière, cette dernière pouvant s’inscrire comme une composante d’un modèle général, hiérarchique, dynamique et multivarié de la compétence à s’orienter. Une recherche complémentaire auprès de 186 étudiants a montré l’aspect à la fois modérateur et conflictuel des valeurs d’ouverture au changement (autonomie et stimulation) et de continuité (tradition et conformité) à l’œuvre lors du processus décisionnel. / What is the decision-making structure that underpins career self-determination? Having examined existing models and various studies of the impact of their respective variables, we propose a general model which is inspired by three others: a structural model differentiating between internal and external axes, a hierarchical model and a dynamic model. In order to confirm this hypothesis, we have conducted two distinct experiments. The first of these, with a sample group of 665 students from three university backgrounds (psychology, general science and humanities), enabled us to observe the changing dynamics of career maturity during a career guidance activity. The second experiment, carried out with 322 psychology and science students, showed the interaction of numerous internal personal characteristics, such as the locus of control, the feeling of self-efficacy, autonomy, decision stress and career maturity. As opposed to earlier general preconceptions, we suggest that this last characteristic (career maturity) is just one of the components of a general self-determination model based on hierarchy, dynamics and multiple variables. Subsequent research, carried out with 186 students, has shown the moderating and conflictual aspects of the values (autonomy and stimulation) adopted by persons open to change and the values (tradition and conformity) of persons preferring to continue without change within the decision process.

本文探討寫者如何將日常經驗轉化為文字作品，尤其如何將難以言喻的飲食經驗透過文字生動地表現。透過此問，試圖揭櫫經驗訴諸文字的過程，以及其間複雜交錯的課題。本文採用體現的取徑(embodied approach)，以當代飲食書寫為考察對象，擇取其中代表作家，蔡珠兒與謝忠道的文字作品與兩位作家的訪談資料，來詮釋經驗轉化為文字的脈絡，梳理經驗、身體感以及書寫之間的關係。本文的研究結果為，第一，書寫並非只是由「心」而完成的活動，也涉及「身體」的角色。第二，書寫並非是文字單純對應經驗的表徵過程，而是重新創造的過程，經驗、身體感與文字三者彼此相互作用，在書寫之下連動與共生。第三，本文以飲食書寫來關照書寫活動，重新揭示「書寫」的本質。最後，本文認為體現取徑可作為文學評論的全新視角，並以此對飲食書寫的寫作策略提出相關建議。 / The article explores how does a writer transform ordinary experiences into written languages, and how does he vividly express diet experiences that are beyond expressions. Based on these, this article tries to answer a sophisticated question about the relationship between experiences and languages. Taking the embodied approach to study contemporary food writing, this article discovers the context of experiences transforming into written languages, with representative written works and interviews by two writers, Jewel, Tsai and Chung-Tao, Hsieh. Also, with these materials, I explain the dynamic relationship among experience, bodily feeling and written language. The findings of this research include three points. First, writing activity is affected not only by human mind, but also by human body. Second, writing is not the simple process that languages represent experiences, however, it is the creative process that experiences, bodily feeling and languages interplay each other. Third, this article redefines the essence of writing. Especially, I think that the embodied approach is likely to be a method of literary criticism. On the basis of this approach, I suggest some writing strategies about the contemporary food writing.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDA COSTA LUZ ROSSI.pdf: 632211 bytes, checksum: 90426f33dbed1649f5721b896fd7a52d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-01 / This present work had as a main objective to investigate the feeling of loneliness and mental health of married women by comparing both ways of understanding and experiencing this feeling between single and married women as well as to verify how this emotion can be mitigated thorough the presence of a partner in a marriage (cohabitation) and also the conditions in which it would happen. We started from the hypothesis that this sentiment is shared by everybody, once human being is unique and individual. Thus, the eternal separation from the other, which starts when the baby realizes that he is different from the mother, consequently, a unique individual, is associated to a sensation of which accompanies the human being throughout his life. Therefore, it is very common to observe people getting involved in relationships in order to minimize this feeling, which in turn, gets stronger and each passing day to the superficiality of emotional bondings. The presence of another person can be an advantage in an interpersonal relationship when the intensity of the hostility decreases added by the feeling of solitude. The antidote against this sentiment comes from strengthening self knowledge, autonomy and from the friendship of a companion who shows unconditional acceptance by the true self. For this reason, a quantitative and qualitative study using undergraduate single women was carried out in order to analyze this sentiment in married women. The sample was randomized and grouped in three phases. 184 women, 38% married, 7,6% divorced and 52,7% single took part in the study. From the quantitative research data, it was possible to analyze that women's perception about loneliness, in many aspects, matched the psychoanalytic theory. By analyzing the answers fond in this work, it has been perceived that most of the participants had a low sentiment of solitude (58,7%) and 41,3% classified themselves into a category ranging from high and medium one. In these groups, most women were either married or single, leading to the conclusion that, the younger the woman, the higher the tendency to search for relationship in order to scape from solitude. Also, is has been verified that this was true specially among married women. From these scores, 18 women were invited to take part into a diagnostic interview which consisted of six women in each group: two married, two single and two divorced from different ages, one of them being up to 29 and the other over 30 years old. The results found in these interviews were that all the women who presented a high feeling of loneliness have shown an inefficient adaptation to life, while those who presented a medium or low sentiment of solitude hardly presented this kind of behavior. Within the group of medium sentiment of solitude, three women presented inefficient adaptation to life and from the low sentiment of solitude group, only one participant presentd a slight one. Finally, we can conclude that loneliness if exaggerated, is not only painful but also indicates a great difficult of the individual to deal with his emotional and productive aspects leading him to need psychological help. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar o sentimento de solidão e a saúde mental de mulheres casadas, procurando comparar a maneira de compreender e vivenciar este sentimento em mulheres solteiras e casadas, bem como verificar em que medida este sentimento pode ser mitigado pela presença do outro no casamento (coabitação) e em que condições isto ocorria. Partiu-se da hipótese de que esse sentimento é compartilhado por todas as pessoas, já que o ser humano é uno e individual. Logo, a separação eterna do outro, que se inicia quando o bebê percebe que é diferente da mãe e, assim, um indivíduo único, está associado a uma sensação de solidão que acompanha o ser humano por toda a vida. Desta forma, é muito comum ver pessoas se envolver em relacionamentos para diminuir este sentimento, que se vê intensificado a cada dia em função da superficialidade dos vínculos emocionais. A presença de outrem pode ser aproveitada numa relação interpessoal quando se diminui a intensidade da hostilidade, associada ao sentimento de solidão. O antídoto contra tal sentimento vem do fortalecimento do auto-conhecimento, da autonomia, e da amizade por um companheiro que mostra aceitação incondicional pelo verdadeiro self. Para análise deste sentimento em mulheres casadas, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa com mulheres solteiras e universitárias. A escolha da amostra foi aleatória e por conglomerado, em três estágios. Participaram do estudo 184 mulheres, 38% casadas, 7,6% separadas e 52,7% solteiras. Da pesquisa quantitativa foi possível analisar que a percepção das mulheres sobre a solidão vem, em muitos aspectos, de encontro com a teoria psicanalítica. Pelas respostas encontradas percebeu-se que a grande maioria das participantes tem um baixo sentimento de solidão (58,7%) e 41,3% se classificaram com um escore de alto a médio sentimento de solidão, nestes dois grupos a maioria são de mulheres casadas e separadas, sendo que quanto mais nova a mulher maior a tendência a buscar um relacionamento para fugir da solidão, sendo entre as casadas também que isto ocorre com mais freqüência. A partir destes escores, 18 mulheres foram convidadas a participar de uma entrevista diagnóstica. Destas dezoito, seis mulheres apresentavam alto sentimento de solidão, sendo duas casadas, duas solteiras e duas separadas. Da mesma forma as mulheres com média e baixa solidão. Os resultados encontrados nestas entrevistas foram que todas as mulheres que apresentaram um alto sentimento de solidão demonstram uma adaptação ineficaz perante a vida, enquanto que aquelas que apresentaram médio ou baixo sentimento de solidão dificilmente apresentam adaptação ineficaz. Do grupo de médio sentimento de solidão, três mulheres apresentaram adaptação eficaz, e do grupo de baixo sentimento de solidão apenas uma participante apresentou adaptação ineficaz leve. Com isso concluímos que a solidão, quando em alta medida, além de dolorosa indica uma grande dificuldade do indivíduo em lidar com seus aspectos emocionais e produtivos, necessitando de ajuda psíquica.