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Cette étude traductologique a pour cadre l’approche « skopos plus loyalty » (Nord [1997] 2007 : 123). Elle illustre l’important potentiel heuristique et didactique de cette méthode lorsque appliquée de manière contrastive à des traductions philologiques, en démontrant clairement que des intentions différentes commandent des techniques et procédés différents pour la résolution de problématiques similaires (ibid. : 115 116). Trois traductions ont été choisies pour leur fonctionnalité. Leur consigne de traduction (Nord [1997] 2007 : 30) a été inférée, puis les interventions (Chesterman 1997; Gagnon 2006) délibérées (Bastin 2007) qui ont favorisé leur réception ont été relevées et qualifiées. Leurs effets sur l’articulation de certains passages probants et sur la « triple loyauté du traducteur » ont été jaugés, et celles qui se sont avérées malencontreuses ont été commentées selon les présupposés et mésinterprétations culturels de Ke (1999). / The theoretical framework of this study is Nord’s "skopos plus loyalty" approach ([1997] 2007 : 123). It exemplifies its heuristic and didactic potential when applied to philological translations, following Nord’s saying that "Comparing translations of various texts in various situations at various moments in history we find that different purposes can very often explain why translators have chosen different techniques or procedures to solve similar or analogous problems." (ibid. : 115 116) Three translations were selected for their functionality; their translation brief (Nord ibid. : 30) has been inferred, and the deliberate (Bastin 2007) translation shifts (Chesterman 1997; Gagnon 2006) which contributed to their functionality were identified. The "distribution" of the "translator’s threefold loyalty" has been evaluated, and those shifts which proved to be "unfortunate" were explained in terms of Ke's cultural presuppositions and misreadings (1999). / Étude de maîtrise sponsorisée par le Fonds québécois de recherche Société et Culture (gouvernement du Québec), le programme Renforcement du secteur langagier au Canada (gouvernement du Canada), ainsi que par diverses bourses octroyées par l'Université de Montréal.

The White Paper on National Transport Policy (SA, 1996:12) identified the fragmentation of functions between different spheres of government as one of the main obstacles besetting the effective development and management of the transport system. It endorsed one of the principles in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Ad 108 of 1996, to devolve functions to the lowest appropriate sphere of government if it could be more effectively handled and if there was capacity to perform the functions. In pursuing the above objective, the purpose of this study was to determine the functionality of the West Rand District Municipality in terms of administrative as well as economic and transport management principles to fulfil the role as a transport authority in terms of the NLTTA for its present area of jurisdiction. The study therefore addressed the legal framework as well as transport and economic indicators defining the functional area of a transport authority. In determining the nature and extent of functions as fulfilled by the respective municipalities, use was made of dichotomous questionnaires. These findings were also supported with technical data based on surveys conducted through the Gauteng Household Travel Survey (2000) and the Operating Licensing Strategy (200212003). To further operationalise the research objectives of this study, and touching on Great Britain's transport experience over the past 75 years, a comparison was made between the present status of Transport Authorities in the United Kingdom, compared to those in South Africa (Gauteng Province). Upon analysing the empirical findings it was evident that the establishment of a Transport Authority for the area of jurisdiction of the West Rand would enable the WRDM to deliver on the following number of fronts: • Coherent Alignment to a Common Vision • Integration of Transport System • Control over Transport Modes • Optimised Utilisation of Funds To create a conducive environment for a West Rand Transport Authority to improve its functionality, it was recommended that serious attention be given to aspects such as funding mechanisms, legality of municipal entities, clarity on the status of transport powers at municipal level of government, assignment of functions and human resource capacity. Upon conclusion it was agreed that the successful implementation of a functional transport authority for the West Rand will be dependant, not only upon technical expertise and management and by resolving the above issues, but also on political support. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Configurable software systems adapt to changes in hardware and execution environments, and often exhibit a variety of complex maintenance issues. Many tools exist to aid developers in analysing and maintaining large configurable software systems. Some are standalone applications, while a growing number are becoming part of Integrated Development Environments (IDE) like Eclipse. Reusable tooling frameworks can reduce development time for tools that concentrate on software configuration analysis. This thesis presents C-CLEAR, a common, reusable, and extensible tooling framework for software configuration analysis, where clear separation of concern exists between tooling functionality and definitions that characterise a software system. Special emphasis will be placed on common mechanisms for data abstraction and automatic IDE integration independent of the software system that is being analysed. / Graduate

Aquesta tesi es centra en la caracterització funcional d'una proteïna de xoc de calor de baix pes molecular (Small Heat Shock Protein - sHSP) de classe I de surera pel que fa a la seva capacitat per protegir les cèl·lules de l'estrès i per estabilitzar les membranes. Les sHsps són proteïnes que s'expressen en condicions d'estrès cel·lular. Encara que certs aspectes funcionals de les sHsps són ben coneguts, el nostre treball aporta informacions noves sobre el paper de les diferents regions de la proteïna, especialment de la regió N-terminal.L'objectiu concret d'aquest treball és determinar la funció termoprotectora de QsHsp17.4-CI, una sHsp de classe I oobtinguda a partir de les cèl·lules de fel·lema d'alzina surera, en un model bacterià i analitzar la importància de les diferents regions de la proteïna en aquesta funció. Amb aquesta finalitat s'han dissenyat dues proteïnes parcials derivades de QsHsp17.4-CI: una a la que li falta la regió N-terminal (C105) i una altra amb pràcticament tot el domini -cristal·lí deleccionat (N61), i una tercera, derivada de QsHs10-CI, a la que li falta la meitat del domini -cristal·lí (Hsp10). També s'estudia la possible capacitat estabilitzadora de membranes i la capacitat de modificar l'expressió d'altres Hsps quan s'expressa de forma heteròloga.Els nostres resultats demostren que l'expressió de QsHsp17.4-CI protegeix a les cèl·lules d'E.coli de l'estrès tèrmic alhora que la regió N-terminal i la regió consens II del domini -cristal·lí són imprescindibles per aquesta funció de protecció. En relació a un possible paper en les membranes, els estudis de localització subcel·lular mostren que QsHsp17.4-CI colocalitza amb la fracció membranes i que la regió N-terminal de la proteïna és responsable d'aquesta colocalització. No s'ha pogut demostrar, però, que la localització amb la membrana estigui associada a un efecte protector d'aquesta: en cap cas la sobrexpressió de les proteïnes modifica la composició d'àcids grassos i només N61, que no té acció termoprotectora, altera l'estat fisico-químic de la membrana. En estudis d'expressió de novo en E.coli s'ha observat que, a diferència de les altres proteïnes heteròlogues, N61 activa l'expressió de la majoria de Hsps d'E.coli fent pensar en una possible relació entre l'estat físic de la membrana i l'activació de la resposta a l'estrès.En resum, en aquest treball hem provat la capacitat protectora de QsHsp17.4 i aportem noves dades sobre la importància de la regió N-terminal i la regió consens II del domini -cristal·lí en aquesta funció. Per altra banda, es suggereix que QsHsp17.4 podria interaccionar amb la membrana d'E.coli i que la regió N-terminal seria imprescindible per aquesta interacció. Finalment hem determinat que les proteïnes que provoquen variacions en l'estat de fluïdesa de la membrana poden activar la resposta al xoc de calor per part de la cèl·lula bacteriana. / This thesis is focused in the functional studies of a Small Heat Shock Protein (sHsp). sHsps are expressed under stress conditions. Although some functional aspects of these proteins are known, our work aport new data about the role of the different protein regions, especially the N-terminal region. The aim of this work is to demonstrate a thermotolerance effect of QsHsp17.4-CI in bacterial cells and to analyze the importance of the protein regions in this function. To achieve this objective two deletion mutants derived from QsHsp17.4-CI were designed: a protein lacking the N-terminal region (C105) and a protein where the entire -cristallin domain is missing (N61) and a third mutant, derived from QsHsp10-CI, that bears half of the -cristallin domain (Hsp10). To better understand the functional mechanism of sHsps we study the membrane stabilizing capacity of QsHsp17.4-CI as well as its capacity to modify other Hsps expression.Our results demonstrate that the expression of QsHsp17.4-CI protects E.coli cells from a heat shock and that the N-terminal region and the consensus region II of the -cristallin domain are necessary for this protective function. Related to a possible role in membranes, location studies suggest that QsHsp17.4-CI colocalizes with cell membrane fraction and that N-terminal region is important for this location. However, no relation between membrane localization and a protective effect has been demonstrated: Protein overexpression does not modify membrane fatty acid composition and only N61, which has no thermoprotection, changes membrane physical state. Studies of E.coli de novo synthesis show that, unlike the other recombinant proteins, the overexpression of N61 activates the expression of almost all E.coli Hsps suggesting a possible relation between membrane physical state and the activation of the heat shock response.As summary, in this work we have demonstrated the thermoprotective capacity of QsHsp17.4-CI and we contribute with new data about the importance of N-terminal region and consensus region II of -cristallin domain for this function. On the other hand, we suggest the possibility that QsHsp17.4-CI interacts with membrane and that N-terminal region is important for this interaction. Lastly, we have observed how changes in membranes fluidity state can activate heat shock response in bacterial cells.

[pt] Com o aumento da longevidade populacional, é natural que diversas áreas do saber e da atuação humana estejam voltando suas atenções ao envelhecimento, em abordagens múltiplas e mesmo antagônicas. Nesse cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho é apontar possíveis caminhos para a atividade do design em um mundo em envelhecimento. Porque o design é uma atividade interdisciplinar e seu processo se dá em parceria de campos distintos da atuação humana, o primeiro passo foi investigar o que é o envelhecimento, em revisão bibliográfica que contemplou publicações de diferentes áreas do conhecimento e se concentrou nas ciências da saúde. Teve destaque o Relatório Mundial de Envelhecimento e Saúde da Organização Mundial da Saúde, por abordar o assunto da perspectiva do corpo, do indivíduo e da sociedade. Porque o design visa transformar realidades para outras mais desejáveis, foram investigadas definições de envelhecimento bem-sucedido, ativo e saudável, tendo sido identificados os seguintes conceitos pertinentes para a atuação: funcionalidade, independência, autonomia e resiliência. Diante da infinidade de possibilidades de atuar em prol de um melhor envelhecimento, o recorte deste trabalho foi definido como as alterações funcionais relacionadas ao envelhecimento. Porque o design concretiza soluções a partir de produtos tangíveis, foi feito levantamento e reflexão de produtos projetados com a intenção de mitigar essas alterações. Considerando que o design é uma atividade que tem como foco o indivíduo, foram criados métodos qualitativos para aproximação do público idoso com o objetivo de favorecer relatos de experiências sobre o envelhecimento, sobre os conceitos identificados e sobre os sentimentos e comportamentos envolvidos na decisão de uso ou não uso de objetos de auxílio. / [en] With the increase of population longevity, several areas of knowledge and human performance are naturally turning their attention towards ageing in multiple and even antagonistic approaches. In this scenario, this thesis goal is to establish directions for the activity of design in an ageing world. Due to the interdisciplinary essence of design, the first step was to investigate what ageing is in a bibliographic review that included publications from different areas of knowledge focusing on the health sciences. The World Health Organization s World Report on Ageing and Health was highlighted for addressing the subject from the perspective of the body, the individual, and society. Because design activity aims at transforming realities for the better, definitions of successful, active, and healthy ageing were investigated. The following relevant concepts for action were then identified: functionality, independence, autonomy and resilience. Due to the endless possibilities of action towards better ageing, this research extract is defined particularly by the functional changes related to ageing. Since materializing solutions into tangible products is the bedrock of design, searching for products intended to mitigate these changes was the focus of our reflections. Considering design also as an activity which focuses on the individual, qualitative methods were created with the objective of favoring first-hand reports on the experiences of ageing, of the concepts identified, and of the feelings and behaviors involved in the decision to use or not to use assistive objects.

Introdução: Estudos destacam a prevalência crescente do crack (forma fumada de apresentação da cocaína, com ação psicoestimulante, com impacto nos neurônios e neurotransmissores cerebrais dopaminérgicos) no Brasil, em contraponto aos limitados resultados terapêuticos. Dados recentes apontam que cerca de 1% dos jovens já fizeram uso na vida de crack. A expressão clínica de um funcionamento piorado pode se dar através de marcadores de externalização social, como violência, impulsividade e comportamentos autodestrutivos. A literatura demonstra associação do crack com comportamentos sexuais de risco, violência e contravenções. Para além dos indicadores de impacto na sociedade, os sujeitos com histórico de uso de crack, podem apresentar prejuízo nos múltiplos domínios vitais, como: qualidade de vida, capacidade para o trabalho, estudo e manutenção satisfatória dos vínculos sociais. Além de tratarem-se usualmente de usuários de múltiplas substâncias e com importantes índices de associação com comorbidades psiquiátricas. É por isso que a literatura tem ampliado os estudos no que se refere à qualidade de vida dos usuários, apoio social e comorbidades associadas, tratando-se de indicadores de resultados terapêuticos que impactam no ingresso do uso, manutenção, abstinência posterior e prognóstico. No entanto, ainda são escassos os estudos no campo do abuso de substâncias, sobretudo em relação à usuários de crack. Ademais, um crescente corpo de evidências sugere que o uso de crack tem consequências sistêmicas generalizadas, mas pouca atenção tem sido dada à sua fisiopatologia. Neste sentido, o entendimento do funcionamento social e biológico dos usuários pode contribuir para alavancar terapêuticas mais efetivas e direcionadas as distintas etapas e características dos usuários. Neste sentido, esta tese objetiva: Avaliar a funcionalidade social, exposição à risco, comorbidades e biomarcadores em usuários de crack, culminando na proposição de um modelo de estadiamento. Apresentamos aqui três modelos metodológicos: O primeiro, de base populacional que avaliou aspectos sobre a funcionalidade social (qualidade de vida, produtividade, estrutura e apoio parental, adesão à prática religiosa, acesso e adesão ao tratamento), exposição à risco (práticas sexuais, episódios de agressão e porte de armas), além de comorbidades (psiquiátricas e com demais substâncias) em sujeitos de 18 a 24 anos com histórico de uso de crack em relação à população em geral. O segundo estudo diz respeito à avaliação de biomarcadores, se deu através de estudo de comparação de grupos com cinquenta e três pacientes ambulatoriais usuários de crack, combinados com cinquenta controles. O terceiro estudo pressupõe uma revisão da literatura para proposição de um modelo de estadiamento incluindo as variáveis verificadas nos demais estudos. Os resultados do estudo de base populacional indicam que os sujeitos com histórico de uso de crack demonstram prejuízo, em relação à população geral, nas múltiplas dimensões da funcionalidade social e qualidade de vida, em destaque a saúde geral, física, significativas mesmo controlando para uso na vida de cocaína, além da saúde emocional, mental e da percepção de dor. Do ponto de vista relacional evidenciam diferenças no que se refere estrutura da família nuclear no lar, na qual mães se mostram mais presentes e pais mais ausentes em relação à população em geral. Há indícios de impacto expresso na produtividade funcional em termos de escolaridade e na relação com instituições sociais, como o sistema de saúde. O histórico de uso de crack está associado com prejuízos no que tange a gestão de autocuidado e de exposição à risco, demonstrando maiores índices, em relação à população geral, de comportamento agressivo, uso de armas e práticas sexuais de risco. No que se refere aos biomarcadores e marcadores inflamatórios, evidenciou-se um aumento significativo no BDNF, IL- 1V, TNF- W e IL- 10 em usuários, sendo que não há diferenças no dano oxidativo, em relação aos controles. O estudo destes aspectos serviu de base para proposição de um modelo de estadiamento do uso do crack tendo como base a funcionalidade social dos usuários. Como considerações finais, ao que tudo indica, usuários de crack apresentam especificidades desde a constituição parental no lar à maior vulnerabilidade psicossocial. Revela-se um caráter de descontinuidade e irregularidade na adaptação à demanda funcional inicial, que se reedita na circularidade do sujeito pelas diferentes instâncias sociais, em códigos de autopreservação, e em comportamentos de externalização, estando eles mais expostos a condutas de risco e comorbidades associadas, além do prejuízo expresso também em termos de biomarcadores. O discernimento de tal aspecto pode ter impacto clínico e na elaboração de políticas públicas combativas não somente ao crack, mas às vulnerabilidades sociais preliminares e associadas à droga. / Introduction: Studies highlight the rising prevalence of crack cocaine (form of cocaine that are smoked, with psychostimulant action, affect dopaminergic brain neurotransmitters and neurons) users in Brazil, in contrast to the limited therapeutic results. Recent data indicate that approximately 1% of young people have already used crack cocaine in lifetime. The clinical expression of a worsened functioning may be through outsourcing social markers such as violence, impulsivity and selfdestructive behaviors. The literature demonstrates association of crack cocaine with risky sexual behavior, and violence misdemeanors. In addition to indicators of impact on society, the subjects with a history of crack cocaine use may experience impairments in multiple vital areas such as: quality of life, ability to work, study and satisfactory maintenance of social bonds, and most often they are multiple substances users and have significant rates of psychiatric comorbidities associations. That is why the literature has extended the studies of the quality of life of users, social support and associated comorbidities, the therapeutic outcomes indicators that impact the inflow of use, maintenance, withdrawal and subsequent prognosis. However, there are still few studies in the field of substance abuse, especially in relation to crack cocaine users. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests that crack cocaine use has widespread systemic consequences, but little attention has been given to its pathophysiology. In this sense, an understanding of the social and biological functioning of the users can help to leverage more effective targeted therapies linked to different stages and characteristics of users. This thesis aims to evaluate the social functioning, exposure to risk, comorbidities and biomarkers in crack cocaine users, culminating in proposing a model of staging. Here are three methodological models: The first, a population-based study that assessed aspects of social functioning (quality of life, productivity, structure and parental support, adherence to religious practice, access and adherence to treatment), exposure to risk (sexual practices, episodes of aggression and possession of weapons), and comorbidity (psychiatric and other substances) in subjects between 18 to 24 yearsold with a history of crack cocaine use, compared to the general population. The second study focus on evaluation of biomarkers through a comparative study between grups with fifty-three outpatients crack cocaine users, combined with fifty controls. The third study presupposes a literature review, to propose a model of staging including variables verified in other studies. The results of the populationbased study indicate that subjects with a history of crack cocaine use (compare with the general population) show a loss in the multiple dimensions of social functioning and quality of life, highlighted the general health, physical, in significant even after controlling for use in the life of cocaine, plus the emotional, mental and perception of pain. The relational dimension revealed differences regarding the structure of the nuclear family in the home, in which mothers are more present and fathers more absent in relation to the general population. There are indications of impact, expressed in functional productivity in terms of scholarity and relationship with social institutions, such as the health system. The history of crack cocaine use is associated with damage in terms of self-care management and risk exposure, demonstrating highest rates of aggressive behavior, use of weapons and risky sexual practices, when compared with the general population. With regard to biomarkers and inflammatory markers, revealed a significant increase in BDNF, IL- 1V, TNF- W and IL- 10 in users, with no differences in oxidative damage, compared to controls. The study of these aspects formed the basis for proposing a model of staging of the use of crack cocaine, based on the social functionality of users. As conclusion, it seems that crack cocaine users have specificities from the parental constitution of the home to greater psychosocial vulnerability. There is a character discontinuity and irregularity in the initial adaptation to functional demands, which replays in the circularity of the subject by the various social environments, codes of selfpreservation, and externalizing behaviors, while they are more exposed to risk behaviors and associated comorbidities besides the loss also expressed in terms of biomarkers. The insight of that aspect may have clinical and developmental impact, not only the crack cocaine combative public policy, but also to combat social precrack cocaine vulnerabilities.

Astrócitos são células gliais com fundamental importância no sistema nervoso central (SNC), tanto em condições fisiológicas quanto patológicas. Estas células são essenciais na plasticidade neural, no metabolismo de neurotransmissores, na defesa antioxidante, na regulação do metabolismo energético, na homeostase iônica, na resposta inflamatória, na manutenção da barreira sangue-cérebro, na migração neuronal e na estabilização da comunicação entre as células. Assim, alterações em funções astrocitárias (como as que ocorrem no envelhecimento) estão relacionadas a importantes alterações na funcionalidade cerebral. Desta forma, esta tese teve por objetivo demonstrar que a cultura de astrócitos derivada de ratos Wistar adultos, desenvolvida e caracterizada pelo nosso grupo de pesquisa, pode ser um modelo de estudo fidedigno e versátil das propriedades celulares astrocitárias. Nossos resultados apontam que esta metodologia pode ser utilizada para elucidar o perfil de aminoácidos e gliotransmissores assim como da atividade enzimática glial e gerenciamento de neurotransmissores. Também demonstramos que a cultura adulta não é derivada de progenitores neurais e que parâmetros mitocondriais observados no cérebro adulto foram reproduzidos in vitro. A análise de respostas a estímulos demonstrou ser variável, dependendo da idade dos animais. Da mesma forma, o uso de culturas de diferentes idades revelou o efeito antienvelhecimento da guanosina, sugerindo sua atividade glioprotetora. Finalmente, demonstramos que culturas preparadas a partir de animais neonatos submetidas a um modelo de senescência in vitro apresentam respostas diferentes das apresentadas por culturas preparadas a partir de animais adultos e/ou envelhecidos, demonstrando que o modelo mais adequado para elucidar propriedades astrocitárias do cérebro maduro é o derivado de animais adultos. Portanto, demonstramos com este estudo a importância da disponibilidade de uma ferramenta como a cultura de astrócitos adultos e elucidamos características bioquímicas, celulares e moleculares desta ferramenta, evidenciando algumas de suas diferenças em comparação à cultura preparada a partir de ratos neonatos. Assim, ampliamos a compreensão das propriedades e funções celulares desta ferramenta, fornecendo respostas mais aproximadas às respostas fornecidas por astrócitos do cérebro maduro in vivo, especialmente no estudo do envelhecimento e das doenças neurodegenerativas. / Astrocytes are glial cells of pivotal importance in the central nervous system (CNS), both in physiological and pathological conditions. Some of their roles include neural plasticity, neurotransmitter metabolism, antioxidant defenses, control of energy metabolism, ionic homeostasis, inflammatory response, formation and maintenance of blood-brain barrier, neuronal migration and cellular communication. Thus, changes in astrocytic function (such as occurs in aging) are related to changes in brain function. The aim of this thesis was to demonstrate that astrocyte cultures from adult Wistar rats (developed and characterized by our research group) might be a reliable and versatile tool for studying astrocytic cellular properties. Our results suggest that this culture model is suitable to study the amino acids content and gliotransmitters, as well as glial enzymatic activity and neurotransmitter management. Next, we showed that the astrocyte cultures are not derived from neural progenitors and tissue mitochondrial parameters were reproduced in in vitro cultures. Responses to stimulus were variable, depending on the animals’ age. Accordingly, guanosine presented an anti-aging effect, indicating its glioprotective activity. Finally, we showed that cultures prepared from newborn rats submitted to an in vitro senescence model presented different responses when compared with mature animals, indicating that our culture model is the most suitable model to represent astrocytic properties in the mature brain. Therefore, this study demonstrates the relevance of this tool to understanding the biochemical, cellular and molecular properties of adult astrocytes, showing some differences related to the culture prepared from newborn animals. Thus, we amplify the comprehension about cellular functions of this tool, providing closer responses related to mature brain in vivo, especially regarding studies about aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux fonctions des marqueurs discursifs ‘you know’, ‘then’ et ‘ya‘ni’ (I mean) en tant que structures autonomes du point de vue syntaxique et en tant qu’unités linguistiques opérationnelles et multifonctionnelles du point de vue conversationnel. Dans une perspective pragmatique, ce travail explore la corrélation entre la position et la fonction en maintenant que la valeur d’un marqueur en position initiale est différente de celle exprimée en position médiane ou en position finale. Dans le contexte des interactions verbales politiques au sein des émissions télévisées en arabe et en anglais, le but de cette thèse est de contribuer aux analyses conversationnelles pragmatiques. À travers une recherche empirique, l’analyse montre que la multifonctionnalité de ces items linguistiques est liée à leur flexibilité syntaxique. Ces marqueurs discursifs assument diverses fonctions contextuelles qui évoluent continuellement sur une échelle pragmatique. L’évolution pragmatique de ‘you know’, ‘then’ et ‘ya‘ni’ engendre des expressions complexes au niveau de leur sémantisme. Ces unités pragmatiques deviennent plus ambiguës car elles s’éloignent davantage de leur sens de base en acquérant des significations contextuelles. Ainsi, ces marqueurs évoquent d’autres interprétations et ne peuvent se limiter qu’à leur sens d’origine. En l’occurrence, on leur attribue des équivalents les plus proches selon le contexte de leur occurrence.Les résultats révèlent que ‘ya‘ni’ peut être substitué par d’autres marqueurs de différentes catégories grammaticales en anglais. Cette unité polysémique, polyfonctionnelle, poly-équivalente et poly-catégorielle partage des fonctions avec ‘you know’, ‘then’, ‘I think’, ‘so’, ‘in fact’ et d’autres marqueurs. La variation pragmatique suit le but illocutoire du locuteur, la prise en compte d’autrui et l’organisation de l’interaction verbale. Dans deux situations socioculturelles différentes, l’anglais et l’arabe confirment que ces items linguistiques sont des unités conversationnelles contextuelles et multifonctionnelles. Leur rôle est visiblement actif dans une situation sociale où l’interaction entre le locuteur et l’interlocuteur est un facteur saillant ; tel est le cas des échanges verbaux télévisés. / This PhD thesis deals with the pragmatic functions of ‘you know’, ‘then’ and ‘ya‘nĩ’ (I mean) as autonomous syntactic structures and as operational and multifunctional linguistic units in conversation. Within a pragmatic framework, the research discusses the correlation between position and function, in which the pragmatic value of a marker in initial position is different from that conveyed in medial or final positions. The goal of this study is to contribute to the pragmatic analysis of conversations by analyzing political verbal interactions in Arabic and English television broadcasts. The results of this empirical study show that the multi-functionality of these linguistic items is related to their syntactic flexibility. These discourse markers imply a variety of contextual functions which evolve gradually on a pragmatic scale.The pragmatic evolution of ‘you know’, ‘then’ and ‘ya‘nĩ’ generate complex semantic expressions. These pragmatic units in fact become increasingly complex; they go beyond their basic meaning to acquire progressively contextual implications. Thus, these markers refer to other interpretations and transcend their immediate semantic base. In this respect, they can be substituted according to the context of their occurrence. The results reveal that ‘ya‘nĩ’ can be substituted with other markers from different grammatical categories in English. This polysemous, multi-functional, poly-equivalent and poly-categorical conversational unit shares its pragmatic functions with ‘you know’, ‘then’, ‘I think’, ‘so’, ‘in fact’ and other discourse markers. Pragmatic variation depends on the illocutionary perspective of the speaker, the relation with the hearer and the organization of the verbal interaction. In two distinct sociocultural situations, English and Arabic, it is confirmed that these linguistic items are contextual and multifunctional conversational units. Their role is relevant in a social situation where the interaction between the speaker and the hearer is a salient factor, as in the case of political verbal exchanges in television broadcasts.

[pt] A compreensão do funcionamento cognitivo no envelhecimento torna-se fundamental na atualidade diante do crescimento desta população. A presente dissertação, elaborada a partir de dois artigos, teve como objetivo investigar o perfil cognitivo, funcional e sintomas de depressão em idosos residentes na comunidade. O protocolo neuropsicológico utilizado em ambos os estudos foi composto por instrumentos de rastreio validados para a população brasileira. O estudo foi realizado com 298 idosos inseridos nas atividades oferecidas pelas Casas de Convivência da Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. O primeiro estudo investigou o perfil cognitivo e funcional destes idosos e identificou um padrão de normalidade na amostra, apesar de um desempenho abaixo do esperado no Teste do Desenho do Relógio. Entretanto, 20,9 por cento dos idosos apresentaram sintomas leves de depressão. Desta forma, o segundo artigo avaliou estes idosos com sintomas de depressão, comparando-os com um grupo controle pareado por idade e escolaridade. Os resultados evidenciaram que os sintomas depressivos interferiram nas atividades instrumentais de vida diária, na memória episódica anterógrada e na fluência verbal. Os estudos apontaram a importância da investigação neuropsicológica em idosos para uma maior compreensão da senescência, bem como os fatores que interferem neste processo e que representam um risco potencial para uma evolução para transtornos cognitivos leves ou estágios pré-clínicos de quadros demenciais. / [en] Understanding how the aging process affects cognitive functioning is crucial nowadays, given the growth of the elderly population in the world. This dissertation, comprised of two research papers, aimed to investigate the cognitive and functional profile, as well as symptoms of depression, in community-dwelling elderly adults. The neuropsychological protocol used in both studies consisted of screening tools validated for the Brazilian population. The studies were conducted with 298 elderly adults who participate in the activities offered by the government in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The first study investigated the cognitive and functional profile of these subjects and identified a pattern of normality in the sample, despite a below average performance in the Clock Drawing Test. However, 20,9 percent of the elderly had symptoms of mild depression. Thus, the second study specifically assessed these subjects, comparing them to a control group matched for age and education. The results showed that depressive symptoms significantly interfered with instrumental activities of daily living, anterograde episodic memory, and verbal fluency. The studies pointed out the importance of neuropsychological research of elderly adults for a greater understanding of senescence, as well as factors that interfere with this process and represent a potential risk for progression to mild cognitive impairment or preclinical stages of dementia.