Understanding intentionality, i.e. coding the object directedness of agents towards objects, is a fundamental component of Theory of Mind abilities. Yet it is unclear how it is perceived and coded in different species. In this thesis, we present a series of comparative studies to explore human adults' and Capuchin monkeys' ability to infer intentional objects from actions. First we studied whether capuchin monkeys and adult humans infer a potential object from observing an object-directed action. With no direct information about the goal-object, neither species inferred the object from the action. However, when the object was revealed, the monkeys retrospectively encoded the directedness of the object-directed action; unexpectedly, in an adapted version of the task adult humans did not show a similar ability. We then adapted another paradigm, originally designed by Kovács et al (2010), to examine whether the two species implicitly register the intentional relation between an agent and an object. We manipulated an animated agent and the participants' belief about a ball's presence behind a hiding screen. We found no evidence showing that humans or monkeys coded object-directedness or belief. More importantly, we failed to replicate the original results from Kovács et al's study, and through a series of follow up studies, we questioned their conclusions regarding implicit ToM understanding. We suggested that, instead of implicit ToM, results like Kovacs et al's might be interpreted as driven by “sub-mentalizing” processes, as suggested by Heyes (2014). We conclude that so called ‘implicit ToM' may be based upon the computation of intentional relations between perceived agents and objects. But, these computations might present limitations, and some results attributed to implicit ToM may in fact reflect “sub-mentalizing” processes.

Sein und Zeit est une Abhandlung, un « traité ». Si à aucun moment il ne donne de ce statut, qu’il revendique pourtant explicitement, une définition expresse, Sein und Zeit le fonde cependant dans sa propre structure méréologique, c’est-à-dire dans l’articulation, en lui, d’un tout et de parties. Cette structure ne se limite pas à la division textuelle de l’ouvrage en parties, sections, chapitres et paragraphes. Mais elle implique plus profondément la concordance de ces divisions textuelles et de celles de la chose même, c’est-à-dire du Dasein, dont la structure : l’être-au-monde, fait elle-même l’objet d’une tripartition. Il en résulte un risque, conjointement textuel et ontologique, de fragmentation, qui s’avère en définitive inhérent à l’acte même de détermination. Ce serait donc l’acte problématique de déterminer le Dasein qui, s’approfondissant en problème méréologique, confèrerait à Sein und Zeit sa structure de traité. Notre propos est alors de montrer que le traité de 1927 permet d’interpréter son inachèvement précisément à partir de sa structure de traité – c’est-à- dire à partir d’un projet méréologique de détermination qui, parce qu’il culmine dans la découverte d’une indétermination constitutive, n’autorise plus aucune articulation du tout et des parties, et qui, pourtant, ne peut ou ne veut abandonner la structure de traité qu’il avait initialement adoptée. / “Sein und Zeit” is a Abhandlung, a “treatise”. Even though it never gives an express definition of this status, which it claims yet explicitly, “Sein und Zeit” founds it nevertheless on its own mereological structure, in other words on the articulation of a whole and its parts. This structure isn’t limited to a textual division of the work into parts, sections, chapters and paragraphs. At a deeper level, it implies the concordance of these textual divisions and those of the thing itself, that is to say those of the Dasein, whose structure: being-in-the-world, is itself the object of a tripartition. As a result, there’s a risk of fragmentation, both textual and ontological, which turns out to be inherent in the very act of determination. Thus, it would be the problematic act of determining the Dasein, which, by going deeper into the mereological problem, would give to “Sein und Zeit” its treatise structure. Consequently, our purpose is to show that the treatise of 1927 allows to interpret its incompletion precisely on the basis of its treatise structure – that is to say on the basis of a merelogical project of determination which doesn’t authorize an articulation of a whole and of its parts because it reaches its highest point with the discovery of a constituent indetermination, and which nevertheless can’t or doesn’t want to abandon the treatise structure it had initially adopted.

La philosophie de Husserl est guidée par la volonté d'atteindre une connaissance objective du monde. La description de l'expérience de la conscience qu'elle propose porte en effet d'abord sur l'expérience des vécus par lesquels nous prenons connaissance du monde et sur les différences qu'il existe entre une connaissance authentique et une simple présomption, une croyance ou une illusion. Mais cette priorité de la connaissance objective dans l'ordre de la méthode ne doit pas occulter l'antériorité, dans l'ordre réel, de l'expérience non-conceptuelle et inobjective des biens. En effet, le monde se donne à nous d'abord comme un monde de biens et comme la manifestation sensible de certaines valeurs. Nous voyons de beaux objets, nous trouvons l'espace utile ou pratique, nous sommes attirés par un bruit, gênés par une lumière, etc. Comment concilier ces deux exigences, celle de la méthode et celle de l'expérience ? Cette question porte sur les conditions de possibilité de la phénoménologie elle-même, puisque cette méthode, pour intégrer le nouveau genre de problèmes que posent les valeurs, dans l'ordre esthétique ou éthique, doit s'amender en permanence. Les valeurs touchent en effet aux limites de la description des actes objectivants, car elles relèvent d'une dimension qui n'est pas assimilable à celle de la nature objective des choses. Les valeurs éthiques, plus précisément, touchent aux limites de l'exigence phénoménologique de l'unité de la raison et du strict parallélisme entre les différents types d'actes correspondant aux divers registres de l'expérience (théorique, axiologique et pratique). Ainsi, l'injustice ou la vertu ne se donnent pas à la manière dont se donnent les choses dans la perception sensible et ne sauraient faire l'objet d'une « constitution intentionnelle » depuis les prestations subjectives. Le sens d'une valeur ne dépasse-t-il pas toujours et par principe les possibilités constitutives du sujet ? En d'autres termes, peut-on penser les valeurs éthiques comme des « analoga » des propriétés empiriques des objets, dont il faudrait rendre compte et qu'il faudrait parvenir à connaître de manière objective, ou bien n'y a-t-il pas là un ordre qui échappe à la description, voire au rêve husserlien d'une science de tous les phénomènes et d'une description pure de tous les types d'expérience ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous procédons en deux temps. Le premier s'interroge sur les conditions de possibilité d'une théorie des valeurs élaborée au fil de la méthode phénoménologique, c'est-à-dire au moyen d'un double réquisit – analogique et transcendantal. Le second montre comment la compréhension du sens des valeurs éthiques implique des glissements et des réélaborations de cette méthode qui ont pour fonction de révéler, à la racine des actes d'évaluation et de volition qui se rapportent aux valeurs, la vie et l'œuvre du sujet éthique. / Husserl's philosophy is an attempt to obtain objective knowledge on the world, which offers a description of the cognitive consciousness, in order to distinguish a presumptive or an illusory belief and an authentic knowledge. However, such a methodological precedence of the objective knowledge should not hide the actual priority of a non-objective and pre-predicative experience of the world. Indeed, the world first appears to us as a practical and valuable world. We can see beautiful objects, useful tools, pleasant landscapes. One is drawn by a sound or disturbed by a light. How are these two points of view to be reconciled? May we conciliate the methodological priority of theoretical consciousness and the empirical precedence of values and goods? This question deals with the possibility of phenomenology itself, because this philosophical method has to transform itself in order to take into account the idiosyncratic kinds of problems that raise the experience of values. Values reach the limits of the “objectifying consciousness's” possibilities. Because they do not belong to the realm of nature, values are not one of the empirical properties of things. More precisely, ethical values query the need of unity in Reason and the need of a strict parallelism between different intentional acts. May injustice or virtue appear as do so colours or shapes in the sensible world? Can these values be intentionally constituted? Does the meaning of values ever exceed the constitutive capabilities in the subject? In order to answer these questions, two fields shall be developed. The first one questions the possibility of a value theory, which is brought by the phenomenological method, that is to say, through a demand of analogy and a demand of transcendental constitution. The second one indicates how the understanding of ethical values implies some shifting and new elaborations in the methodology itself, in order to show, behind the rationality of emotional and volitional acts, the life and work of the ethical subject.

O propósito desse trabalho, dividido em três partes, é o de contribuir com o estudo da extrafiscalidade, vale dizer, o emprego das normas tributárias com a finalidade de induzir condutas intersubjetivas. A Teoria da Linguagem, mais precisamente a Semiótica, foi o instrumento metodológico adotado para atingirmos esse objetivo. Na primeira parte, dividida em três capítulos, buscamos precisar a relação entre o direito e a linguagem. No primeiro capítulo, selecionamos os instrumentos semióticos; no segundo, construímos um modelo de semiótica jurídica; no terceiro, comparamos as estratégias de interpretação jurídica com o processo de tradução lingüística. A segunda parte, composta pelos capítulos quarto ao sexto, foi dedicada ao estudo da extrafiscalidade em função de cada um dos planos semióticos da linguagem. No capítulo quarto, enfrentamos as questões de ordem pragmática, onde se destacam os valores, as ideologias e a intencionalidade caracterizadora do binômio finalidade e função; no quinto capítulo, analisamos os temas relativos à semântica, tais como as intertextualidades intra e intersistêmica e as supostas falhas de significação; no sexto capítulo, visamos a perscrutar os aspectos de âmbito sintático, no qual se evidenciou a extrafiscalidade como o emprego do tributo na função de sanção. Na terceira e última parte, igualmente segregada em três capítulos, buscamos perscrutar a extrafiscalidade seus limites e características nos diversos patamares hierárquicos do ordenamento jurídico nacional. O regime constitucional competência, imunidades e princípios foi estudado no sétimo capítulo. No oitavo, investigamos os instrumentos extrafiscais infraconstitucionais. No derradeiro capítulo, analisamos cadeias específicas de positivação jurídica dos patamares constitucionais aos legais. / The purpose of this work, divided into three parts, is to contribute to the study of the stimulating function, it is worth to say, the use of tax rules in order to induce inter-subjective conducts. The Theory of Language, more precisely the Semiotics, was the methodological tool adopted to achieve this aim. In the first part, divided into three chapters, we seek to state exactly the relationship between law and the language. In the first chapter we selected the semiotic instruments; in the second, we built a model of legal semiotics; in the third, we compared the strategies of legal interpretation with the process of linguistic translation. The second part, composed of chapters fourth to sixth, was devoted to the study of the stimulating function according to each of the semiotic planes of the language. In the fourth chapter, we face the pragmatic issues, where we highlight the values, the ideologies and the intentionality that characterize the binomial purpose and function; in the fifth chapter we examine the issues to semantics, such as the intra and inter-systemic inter-textuality and the alleged failure of signification; in the sixth chapter we aim to investigate the aspects of syntactic context, where we highlighted the stimulating function in the role of tax penalty. In the third and final part, also segregated into three chapters, we examine the stimulating function their limits and characteristics in the several hierarchical levels of the national legal system. The constitutional system power, immunities and principles is studied in the seventh chapter. In the eighth, we investigate the stimulating legal instruments. In the last chapter, we analyze the specific network of positive law of the constitutional level to the legal ones.

Orientador: Antonio Trajano Menezes Arruda / Banca: Maria Eunice Quilici Gonzalez / Banca: Andre Leclerc / Resumo: O problema da Intencionalidade da mente tem sido, por mais de duas décadas, objeto de intensa e persistente análise filosófica elaborada pelo filósofo americano John Rogers Searle (1932- ). Junto com o problema da consciência, não menos relevante no conjunto de sua teorização, sua visão acerca da natureza e das operações da Intencionalidade se constitui como um dos pilares centrais de seu programa filosófico de estudos dos fenômenos mentais. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é apresentar, discutir e avaliar criticamente sua concepção de Intencionalidade da mente. Com o fim de atingir esses três objetivos, que estruturam nosso trabalho, argumentamos que, para alcançar uma compreensão bem detalhada, ampla e profunda da concepção searleana de Intencionalidade da mente, é preciso explicar esta última tanto como um fenômeno mental (psicológico) quanto como um fenômeno natural/biológico. Expomos de modo pormenorizado as famílias de noções que definem a natureza, a estrutura, as formas mentais centrais, o funcionamento, bem como a maneira como Searle entende que devamos naturalizar a Intencionalidade, no capitulo 2 deste trabalho (respectivamente nas seções 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3,4, 3.5). Além disso, observamos que a ambição desse filósofo, no campo da filosofia da mente, não se limitou somente a ter desenvolvido uma visão sobre a natureza e o funcionamento da Intencionalidade da mente, e em mostrar como tratá-la naturalisticamente, mas consistiu também em apontar o que há de errado nos estudos filosóficos e científicos contemporâneos sobre o assunto, e propor correções. Nesse ponto, apresentamos os principais e gerais descontentamentos de Searle no Capítulo 1: das seções 2.1 à seção 2.6 apresentamos sua ambição de criticar e reformar os estudos atuais, os quais são focados na análise do materialismo contemporâneo no estudo da mente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The problem of the intentionality of mind has been, by more than two decades, object of intense and persistent philosophical analysis prepared by American philosopher John Rogers Searle (1932 - ). Together with the problem of conscience, not least in the whole of its theorizing, his vision about the nature and of the operations of the intentionality is as a central pillars of its philosophical program studies of mental phenomena. The aim of this work is to discuss and evaluate John Searle's conception of Intentionality. In order to carry out this task it was necessary first to show that to reach a more detailed, broader and more profound understanding of Searle's conception of Intentionality it is necessary to explain Intentionality as a mental (psychological) phenomenon as well as a natural/biological one. We present in detail the families of concepts which define the nature, the structure, the central mental forms, operation, as well as how Searle believes that we should naturalize the Intentionality, in Chapter 2 of this work (respectively in sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5). Furthermore, we emphasize that our philosopher's ambition, as regards his investigations in the philosophy of mind is not limited to developing a theory of the nature and functioning of the intentionality of mind and to show how to naturalize it as a natural/biological phenomenon, but consists also in identifying, criticizing and correcting with a view to overcome various mistakes in the views of other thinkers (philosophers or scientists) about what he takes to be errors in the studies of mental phenomenon both in philosophy and in contemporary science. In that point, we present the main and general disagreements of Searle in Chapter 1: in the sections 2.1 of section 2.6 presenting its ambition to criticize and reform the current studies, which are raised in the analysis of materialism contemporary in the study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Siqueira Costa Marques.pdf: 1713734 bytes, checksum: 456926b9d16c990d832698fe47cae1f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research project focuses on a study of the origins, nature, social importance, reception scheme, cultural dynamics and scope of blogs. In this context, the blog will be considered as the primary means of communication of the emerging era of cyberculture. The project examines the role of this new media and this universe of blogs and bloggers the blogosphere as a new means of political resistance to the information monopoly of major international media groups. Fundamentally, it seeks to understand the dynamics of this new relationship and its economic and cultural appropriation. This objective, in particular, contextualizes the research question: How are blogs are situated in this new communication scenario? And further, what role does this new means of production, circulation and exchange of information play vis-à-vis mass media? The research problem includes questions concerning the motivational factors underlying the blogging experience, aiming to determine if blogs are indeed the main media of this new generation; if they are actually opposed to traditional media or simply update them in a different way; their functional models; and their social and economic appropriation. The working hypotheses are as follows: the social relevance of blogs obfuscates the importance of the traditional means of communication, prevailing as a means to obstruct the hegemony of the large media conglomerates; cyberspace promotes new categories of communication and culture and modifies categories of analysis of the communication process; due to its specificity and underlying proposal, the cyclical and structural characteristics of the bloggers universe may render the general theory of communications outdated in many respects. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the epistemology of cybercultural dromocracy, especially with regard to the concepts of glocal and glocalization proposed by Trivinho (2007); Castells s (2003, 2006, 2009) concepts of networks, flows and mass self-communication; La Boétie s (2009) idea of voluntary servitude; and Searle s (2002) concept of intentionality. The methodology encompasses a bibliographic review based on the most recent national and international publications on the subject, as well as on magazine and newspaper articles, specific websites and blogs, while the corpus of analysis is composed of the Brazilian blogosphere, its readers/producers and their interrelationships. With these elements, the research aims to discover and grasp what lies behind the act of blogging and of reading blogs. The collected and summarized data will serve as the basis for a comparison of the various aspects of blogs and for an analysis of the blogosphere culture, in order to test the validity of the aforementioned hypotheses / O Projeto de Pesquisa está consagrado ao estudo das origens, da natureza, da importância social, do esquema de recepção, da dinâmica cultural e dos horizontes dos blogs. Nesse contexto, o blog será considerado como principal meio de comunicação de uma nova era emergente, a cibercultura. O Projeto visa explorar o papel desta nova mídia e deste universo dos blogs e dos blogueiros a blogosfera como um novo meio de resistência política ao monopólio da informação de grandes grupos internacionais de mídia. Fundamentalmente, busca compreender a dinâmica dessa nova relação e suas apropriações culturais e econômicas. Esse objetivo, em particular, contextualiza a problemática da pesquisa: como os blogs se situam nesse novo cenário comunicacional? E, de forma conexa, qual o papel deste novo veículo de produção, circulação e troca de informação perante a mídia de massa? O problema de pesquisa também inclui indagações sobre quais fatores motivacionais subjazem à experiência de blogar; se os blogs são de fato a principal mídia dessa nova geração; se eles se opõem realmente às mídias tradicionais ou apenas atualizam, de modo diferenciado, os seus modelos de funcionamento; e suas apropriações sociais e econômicas. As hipóteses de trabalho são as seguintes: a relevância social dos blogs descaracteriza a importância dos meios de comunicação tradicionais, prevalecendo como meio de combate à hegemonia dos grandes conglomerados; o ciberespaço promove novas categorias de comunicação e de cultura, e modifica categorias de análise do processo comunicacional; as características estruturais e conjunturais do universo dos blogs, por sua especificidade e proposta subjacente, podem tornar, em muitos aspectos, a teoria geral da comunicação desatualizada. O quadro teórico de referência da pesquisa é baseado na epistemologia da dromocracia cibercultural, em especial no que diz respeito ao conceito de glocal e de glocalização, de Trivinho (2007); nos conceitos de redes, fluxos e mass self-communication, de Castells (2003, 2006, 2009); na ideia de servidão voluntária, de La Boétie (2009) e de intencionalidade de Searle(2002). A metodologia adotada encerra levantamento bibliográfico com base na literatura ensaística nacional e estrangeira mais recente sobre o assunto, bem como em revistas, jornais, sites e blogs específicos; e análise de corpus, formado pela blogosfera brasileira, com seus leitores/produtores e relações entre eles. Com esses traços, a pesquisa pretende alcançar e apreender o que está por trás do ato de blogar e ler blogs. Os dados obtidos e sintetizados servirão de base comparativa entre os aspectos dos blogs e para análise da cultura da blogosfera, com a finalidade de checagem das hipóteses previstas

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar perspectivas de deliberação na prática pianística em função dos níveis de expertise, uma vez que a literatura consultada sustenta a temática num viés de polarização em níveis extremos e deixa em aberto à discussão acerca da prática de níveis intermediários dentre aqueles propostos na literatura de psicologia cognitiva, a saber: novato, iniciante avançado, competente, proficiente e o expert. Fundamentando-se nos princípios fenomenológicos de E. Husserl (1900-1970), o delineamento metodológico envolveu etapas de mapeamento preliminar da amostra, na qual 18 participantes (em níveis de extensão, graduação, pós-graduação universitária e profissional) gravaram em áudio e vídeo uma sessão de prática de duas peças de seus repertórios e participaram de duas entrevistas semiestruturadas. Quatro casos representativos em níveis distintos de expertise foram selecionados e analisados em profundidade por procedimentos qualitativos (perspectiva fenomenológica) e quantitativos (por estatística descritiva e inferencial). Para a descrição do fenômeno da prática, unidades de prática foram delimitadas, e nessas, as essências do fenômeno investigado denominadas categorias psicossensoriais (testar, repetir, isolar, ajustar, alternar, parar, explorar, dispersão e lapso). Essas categorias formaram o arcabouço no qual as incidências (em termos de ações, desvios e procedimentos) foram compiladas e organizadas, resultando maneiras de praticar tanto comuns a todos, como outras peculiares a cada participante investigado. As perspectivas de deliberação foram identificadas e refinadas numa dimensão mais pontual para o fenômeno da prática pianística como um indício de empenho na e para a situação de prática com relação à intencionalidade frente ao fenômeno estudado. Tais perspectivas resultaram na proposição de um modelo, que considera os limites do foco de atenção, as ações da prática sobre a natureza e a mobilidade dinâmica das categorias psicossensoriais, e possíveis fatores resultantes em função de uma dada intensificação de ações empreendidas. O argumento da presente tese é que a deliberação na prática pianística não é uma constante, e sim uma perspectiva dinâmica que ocorre a cada unidade de prática a partir da intencionalidade dos sujeitos para com as obras praticadas. / The present research aimed at investigating perspectives of deliberation in piano practice according to the levels of expertise, since the consulted literature supports this subject in polarized at extreme levels and leaves a gap in the discussion about the practice of intermediate levels among those proposed in the literature of cognitive psychology, namely: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient and the expert. Based on the phenomenological principles of E. Husserl (1900-1970), the methodological designed involved preliminary sample mapping, in which 18 participants (at university extension, undergraduate, graduate and professional levels) recorded in audio and video one practice session of two musical works from their repertoire and participated in two semi-structured interviews. Four representative cases at different levels of expertise were selected and analyzed in depth by qualitative procedures (phenomenological perspective) and quantitative ones (by descriptive and inferential statistics). For the description of the phenomenon of practice, units of practice were delimited, and in these, the essences of the phenomenon investigated denominated psychosensorial categories (testing, repeating, isolating, adjusting, alternating, stopping, exploring, dispersing and lapsing). These categories made up the framework in which the incidences (in terms of actions, deviations and procedures) were compiled and organized, resulting in ways of practicing both common to all participants and others peculiar to each investigated one. The perspectives of deliberation were identified and refined in a more specific dimension to the phenomenon of piano practice as an indication of commitment in and for the practice situation regarding intentionality at the studied phenomenon. Such perspectives resulted in the proposition of a model, which considers the limits of the focus of attention, the actions of the practice on the nature and the dynamic mobility of psychosensorial categories, and possible resulting factors from a given intensification of undertaken actions. The argument of the present thesis is that deliberation in piano practice is not a constant, but it is a dynamic perspective that occurs to each unit of practice from the intentionality of subjects towards the musical works practiced.

La thèse se propose d’analyser la structure esthétique de l’expérience cinématographique. On part d’une définition du film comme flux (audio-)visuel qui a un début, un déroulement et une fin. Partant du constat de ce principe constructif, la thèse entend montrer comment la structuration temporelle des films engendre des différences cognitives dans l'expérience spectatorielle. La notion de « structuration temporelle » renvoie à l'ordonnancement des plans et des sons dans leur durée en succession et/ou en simultanéité, tandis que l'adjectif « cognitif » fait référence aux processus d'acquisition et d'usage de nos connaissances. L’étude se fonde sur l'esthétique de Kant, la phénoménologie de Husserl, l'analyse du cinéma de Deleuze, l'Intentionnalité chez Searle, ainsi que la théorie esthétique et la théorie cognitive de la fiction de Schaeffer, dans une perspective interdisciplinaire et en prenant appui sur les données empiriques des sciences cognitives. La thèse déploie une analyse comparative du déroulement des processus de la réception cinématographique – la perception, l'attention et la compréhension – et rend compte des différents temps de cette réception, c’est-à-dire de la relation entre l'objet film et les spectateurs. L’objectif est double : il s’agit, d’une part, de mettre au jour les implications cognitives de la technique cinématographique dans l'expérience spectatorielle, en considérant notamment la fonction de cette technique et les principes, issus de l’Intentionnalité des auteurs, qui y sont inscrits ; et, d’autre part, d’évaluer la portée de ces principes constructifs et Intentionnels dans le cinéma contemporain, les dernières décennies ayant été marquées par une radicalisation progressive du rythme des films. Le cinéma devient à ce titre un exemple des structures temporelles qui soutiennent notre relation au monde réel. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the aesthetic structure of the cinematographic experience. We depart from a definition of film as an (audio)visual flux with a beginning, an evolution, and an end. From the evidence of this constructive principle, this thesis intends to show how the temporal structure of films generates cognitive differences in the spectators' experience. The notion of “temporal structure” is related to the ordering of shots and sounds within their durations in succession and/or in simultaneity, while the adjective “cognitive” refers to the acquisition process and use of our knowledge. This study is based on Kant's aesthetics, Husserl's phenomenology, Deleuze's cinema analysis, Searle's Intentionality, and Schaeffer's aesthetic and fiction cognition theories, in an interdisciplinary perspective, drawing on cognitive sciences empirical data. It is a comparative analysis of the unfolding of the cinematographic reception process – perception, attention and comprehension – and takes the different times of this reception into account, that is, the relation between the object film and the spectators. The objective is twofold: on the one hand it is a question of uncovering the cognitive implications of the cinematographic technique for the spectators' experience through close consideration of the functions of this technique and the principles which the authors’ Intentionality have inscribed upon it; on the other hand, it is a question of evaluating the scope of these constructive and Intentional principles on contemporary cinema, as recent decades have emphasized the progressive radicalization of filmic rhythm. Cinema becomes as such an example of the temporal structures that uphold our relation to the real world.

No presente trabalho, de natureza conceitual e didático-experimental, encontra-se uma pesquisa que procura compreender quais são as contingências, situações ou momentos que constituem a base formativa para a emergência do sujeito. O marco inicial para o referido estudo são as teses dos autores da reconhecida Escola de Vigotski, e outros que estejam afinados com as concepções marxistas. Para isso, a partir de uma revisão de literatura, foi realizado um epítome teórico daquilo que se considera uma definição de sujeito, bem como a caracterização do mesmo. O que se procurou evidenciar foi uma crescente sistematização de conceitos que permitam a compreensão da constituição do sujeito no sentido do gênero humano. Os estudos foram organizados por etapas, sendo que a primeira consta da delimitação conceitual do que envolve o homem cultural adulto segundo uma visão dialética de mundo e de sujeito. Nesse percurso, estão explanadas as condições pelas quais o homem nasce na condição de indivíduo e, aos poucos, se torna sujeito. Tal mudança de status, qualitativa, ocorre somente quando o homem passa a ser possuidor das características de pensamento teórico e consciência de classe. Ainda, subjacente a esse processo, se encontram as características típicas do humano que são a capacidade de planejamento e de orientar a ação no mundo de modo intencional. A tese da emergência do sujeito será demonstrada na história, num experimento didático e na emergência do sujeito pesquisador. Num primeiro momento, procura-se demonstrar, de forma contigua, ao longo do trabalho, a forma e as condições que fizeram com que os sujeitos emergissem ao longo da história do desenvolvimento da humanidade, com suas respectivas visões de mundo (conhecimento e consciência do mundo). Para isso, se faz uma caracterização das condições histórias no sentido temporal e, de forma mais minuciosa e resenhada, a caracterização do pensamento dos autores selecionados. O intuito é mostrar o condicionamento da percepção de mundo, da consciência ou visão de mundo dos sujeitos pelas condições materiais de vida dos mesmos, ou seja, o condicionamento do indivíduo pela atividade na qual está inserido tese de Leontiev, o que equivale dizer, Teoria da Atividade. Observou-se, num experimento didático, que os indivíduos inseridos na atividade pedagógica, conduzida de forma planejada e intencional, dentre outras características, emergem como sujeitos após determinado período de vivência coletiva e prática na qual lhe são possibilitadas as condições de apropriação de um modo geral de ação. A apropriação desse modo geral de ação dá aos investigados, estagiários do Clube de Matemática, consciência o bastante para, por sua vez, agirem na atividade pedagógica de forma planejada e intencional, isto é, dominando e guiando a própria conduta. Por fim, analisando a emergência do sujeito pesquisador é possível dizer que o indivíduo se torna sujeito em atividade e, tanto a sua consciência, quanto a sua ação no mundo estão condicionadas pelo processo formativo que acontece sob o direcionamento intencional e planejado dos membros da coletividade a qual participa. Somente depois de se tornar sujeito é que o indivíduo adquire características como conduta voluntária, ação intencional e/ou ação planejada. Tal posição permite não somente compreender os problemas de formação no processo escolar como históricos, mas, inclusive, indicar possibilidades práticas para o enfrentamento do processo formativo. / In this paper of natural concept and experimental-educational, within there´s a research that aims to understand which contingence, situation or moments that build the formative base for the rising of the subject. The initial landmark for this study is the theses of authors of the well-known Vygotski School and others that are tuned with the Marxist concepts. For that, from a literature review, a theory summary was made of what was considered as a definition of the subject, as well as the characterization itself. What was tried to bring to attention was an increasing systemization of concepts that allowed a comprehension of the constitution of the subject in a human sense. The studies were organized by steps. Within the first one is the concept delimitation that revolves around the grown adult man according to the dialectic view of the world and the subject. Through this path the conditions by which the man is born as an individual and slowly becomes a subject is explained. This chance of status only occurs when the man possesses the theory thought and class consciousness. Subjacent to this process, there are the typical human characteristics that are the planning capability and intentionally guiding the action in the world. The rising of the subject theses will be demonstrated in history, in an educational experiment and in the rising of the researcher subject. At first, the intention is to demonstrate throughout this paper the means and conditions that made the subjects rise throughout the history of the development of the humanity, with their own visions of the world (knowledge and conscious of the world). Therefore there is a characterization of the historical conditions in a time way and in a more minimalist and detailed description of the characterization of the thoughts of the selected authors. The goal is to show the conditioning of the perception of the world, the conscious or the vision the subject has of the world through the material condition of their life, which means individual conditioning through the activity in which he is inserted Leontievs theses, which also means, Activity Theory was observed in a educational experiment that the inserted individuals in the pedagogical activity, conducted in a planned and intentional structure, within other characteristic rise as subjects after certain periods of group experience and also practice in which it is given the possibility to make an assumption of a general model of action. The assumption of this general model of action gives the ones investigated, interns of the Mathematics Club enough conscious to act on the pedagogical activity in a planned and intentional way, which means to dominate and guide their own conduct. At last the analyzing the rising of the researcher subject it is possible to say that the individual becomes a subject in the activity and not only his consciousness but also his actions in the world are conditioned by the formative process that happens under the intentional guiding and planning of all the members of the group in which he is inserted. Only after becoming a subject the individual acquires some characteristics such as voluntary conduct, intentional action and/or planned action. This position not only allows the understanding the formation problems in the scholastic process such as historical but also indicates the practical possibilities to face the formative process.

A sociedade carioca enfrenta diuturnamente cenários variados entre catástrofes e emergências, nos quais o profissional bombeiro militar assume a responsabilidade funcional pelo resgate das vítimas, enfrentando situações inesperadas e riscos diversos. Portanto, esta pesquisa investigou as representações sociais dos bombeiros militares da metrópole do Rio de Janeiro, com a finalidade de compreender o pensamento de bombeiros militares acerca das emergências intencionais - aquelas onde as vítimas demonstram a intenção (ou assumiram o risco) de provocar o resultado calamitoso. E emergências não intencionais, aquelas onde as vítimas não evidenciam a intenção de produzir o acidente. A amostra foi composta por 150 bombeiros oriundos de 05 unidades operacionais distintas, localizadas no Centro, Barra da Tijuca, Copacabana, Catete e Botafogo, que responderam a um questionário sobre seus pensamentos em relação a diferentes tipos de emergências. Observou-se que os bombeiros avaliam as vítimas de emergências intencionais mais negativamente do que as vítimas de emergências não intencionais, o que interfere em seus julgamentos sobre a atribuição de culpa à vítima, tempo de resposta do socorro e qualidade do atendimento prestado. / The company faces daily will carioca scenarios varied between disasters and emergencies, in which the professional military firefighter assume functional responsibility for rescuing the victims, facing unexpected situations and various risks. Therefore, this research investigates the social representations of military firefighters of the metropolis of Rio de Janeiro, in order to understand the thinking of military firefighters intentional about emergencies - those where victims show the intention (or assumed the risk) to cause the result calamitous. And emergencies unintentional ones where the victims did not show the intention to produce the accident. The sample was comprised of 150 firefighters from 05 units operating in distinct, located in downtown, Barra da Tijuca, Copacabana, Botafogo and Catete, who answered a questionnaire about their thoughts regarding the different types of emergencies. It was observed that firefighters assess the unintended victims of emergencies more negatively than the unintended victims of emergencies, which interferes in their judgments about assigning blame to the victim, the rescue response time and service quality.