Die Zunahme technologischer Innovationen in unserem Alltag bietet uns neue Chancen und Herausforderungen - auch als Autofahrer. Wenngleich die breitere Verfügbarkeit und Funktionsvielfalt von sowohl Fahrerinformations- (Human Machine Interface, HMI) und -assistenzsystemen als auch mobilen Endgeräten der Erfüllung von Nutzerbedürfnissen dienen und bestenfalls der Fahrerablenkung entgegenwirken sollen, wird der Fahrer durch diese nicht notwendigerweise bei der Fahraufgabe unterstützt. Die Anforderungen an die Informationsverarbeitung steigen hingegen, gleichzeitig besteht die Versuchung die Aufmerksamkeit nicht-fahrrelevanten Tätigkeiten zuzuwenden. Fahrerablenkung ist seit jeher Thema der Verkehrsforschung, denn die Ablenkung von der Fahraufgabe kann schwerwiegende Konsequenzen haben. Innerhalb der Interaktion von Fahrer, Fahrzeug und Umwelt spielt das HMI zur sicheren Erfüllung der primären Fahraufgabe hinsichtlich des Stabilisierens, Manövrierens und Navigierens eine essenzielle Rolle. Eine fahrsituationsabhängige Anpassung der dargestellten Informationen kann während dieser Interaktion variierender Anforderungen eine Unterstützung für den Fahrer darstellen. Die vorliegende Dissertation hatte die Identifikation einer Gestaltungslösung für zukünftige Fahrerinformationssysteme, welche eine sichere und komfortable Nutzung während des Fahrens erlauben, zum Ziel. Hierfür wurde der nutzerzentrierte Gestaltprozess (User-Centred Design, UCD, DIN EN ISO 9241-210, 2010) verfolgt. Im ersten Schritt, den Vor-Studien, wurden der Kontext und die Nutzeranforderungen in der Interaktion mit fahrfremden Tätigkeiten in einem explorativen Ansatz untersucht. Am häufigsten gaben die Fahrer an, ihr Smartphone während der Fahrt zur Navigation und Kommunikation zu nutzen. Die Bereitschaft sich einer fahrfremden Tätigkeit zuzuwenden, war maßgeblich von der Modalität dieser Tätigkeit in Interaktion mit dem aktuellen Fahrszenario abhängig. Insbesondere der Straßentyp beeinflusste die Entscheidung. Die berichtete Bereitschaft zu fahrfremden Tätigkeiten wurde im zweiten Schritt des UCDs in einer Fahrsimulatorstudie, Studie I, untersucht. Sowohl für visuell-manuelle als auch kognitiv- auditive Nebentätigkeiten war die zuvor berichtete Nutzungsbereitschaft Prädiktor für das Fahrererleben und -verhalten. In Fahrszenarien, in denen die Bereitschaft für Nebentätigkeiten gering war, wurde eine höhere Beanspruchung wahrgenommen. Die Reaktionszeiten für die visuell-manuelle Aufgabe stiegen in Fahrszenarien geringer Bereitschaft. Für kognitiv-auditive Aufgaben wurden geringere Spurabweichungen und Geschwindigkeitsvarianzen in Fahrszenarien hoher Bereitschaft gefunden. Diese Befunde flossen in die Gestaltung erster adaptiver HMIs ein, Schritt drei des UCDs, und wurden im vierten Schritt in einem Fahrsimulator gegen ein statisches sowie ein konfigurierbares HMI getestet, Studie II. Abhängig von der Komplexität des Fahrszenarios wurde die Informationsmenge der adaptiven HMIs erhöht bzw. reduziert. Keines der getesteten Konzepte beeinträchtigte die Bedienbarkeit des Systems oder das Fahrverhalten und Blickverhalten. Die adaptiven und das statische HMI unterschieden sich nicht hinsichtlich der subjektiven Beurteilungen und der Verhaltensmetriken. Das konfigurierbare HMI war den adaptiven und dem statischem hinsichtlich der User Experience (UX), Beanspruchung, dem Bedienkomfort und der Akzeptanz überlegen und zog weniger Aufmerksamkeit auf das Mittelkonsolendisplay. Im Rahmen des UCDs wurden die adaptiven HMIs in einem iterativen dritten und vierten Schritt auf Basis der Ergebnisse der Studie II modifiziert und in einer Realfahrtstudie evaluiert, Studie III. Die adaptiven HMIs wurden gegen ein reduziertes, ein informationsreiches, und ein kontrollierbares HMI getestet. Einhergehend mit den Ergebnissen aus Studie II beeinträchtigte keines der Konzepte die Systembedienbarkeit oder das Fahr- und Blickverhalten. Alle Konzepte wurden gleichermaßen hoch in der UX und dem Bedienkomfort bewertet. Die Akzeptanz für das kontrollierbare Konzept war höher als für die adaptiven Konzepte. Das informationsreiche HMI erzeugte eine höhere subjektive Beanspruchung, insbesondere durch die wahrgenommene visuelle Belastung. Ebenso wurden längere Blickabwendungen von der Straße gefunden. Das Adaptieren der Nutzeroberfläche ohne den direkten Einfluss des Nutzers birgt das Risiko ein Gefühl der Bevormundung hervorzurufen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde ein Verfahren zur Erfassung der Bevormundung durch Technologie mittels eines kombinierten Experten- und Novizenansatzes durch Interviews, Onlineumfragen und eines psycho- lexikalischen Ansatzes entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse des finalen Fragebogens (Technology Paternalism Questionnaire, TPaQ) zeigten eine höhere wahrgenommene Bevormundung der adaptiven Systeme im Vergleich zu den konfigurierbaren und kontrollierbaren. Kein Unterschied bestand hingegen zu den statischen Systemen, was für ein allgemein erhöhtes Bevormundungsgefühl durch vordefinierte Systeme spricht. Die Befunde dieser Dissertation liefern eine Gestaltungslösung zur Unterstützung des Fahrers in der Interaktion mit dem Fahrzeug und der Umwelt. Informationen im HMI konnten reduziert und situationsabhängig adaptiv dargestellt werden, ohne das Fahrererleben und -verhalten zu beeinträchtigen. Um dem Gefühl der Bevormundung entgegenzuwirken und die UX zu erhöhen, sollte der Inhalt des HMIs für den Nutzer konfigurierbar, bzw. kontrollierbar sein.:1 INTRODUCTION 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Driving Models and Driving Tasks 2.1.1 Information Processing 2.1.2 Driver Distraction 2.2 System Attitude Model 2.2.1 User Experience 2.2.2 Behavioural Adaptations 2.2.3 Driver Capabilities 2.2.4 Driving Task Demands 2.3 HMI Design Solutions 2.3.1 Indication of Adaptation 2.3.2 Adaptation Contexts 2.3.3 Adaptive User Interfaces 2.3.4 Challenges for Adaptive User Interfaces 3 AIM OF THE THESIS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4 PRE-STUDIES: USER REQUIREMENTS AND NEEDS 4.1 Creativity Workshops 4.1.1 Background and Research Questions 4.1.2 Method 4.1.3 Results 4.1.4 Summary 4.2 Focus Group 4.2.1 Background and Research Questions 4.2.2 Method 4.2.3 Results 4.2.4 Summary 4.3 Online Survey 4.3.1 Background and Research Questions 4.3.2 Method 4.3.3 Results 4.3.4 Summary 4.4 Discussion 5 STUDY I: INTERACTION OF DRIVING SCENARIOS AND NON-DRIVING-RELATED TASKS 5.1 Background and Aim of the Study 5.1.1 Driver Distraction Effects under different NDRT Modalities 5.1.2 Driving Scenarios 5.2 Method 5.2.1 Independent Variables 5.2.2 Dependent Variables 5.2.3 Study Procedure 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Manipulation Check 5.3.2 Subjective Perceptions 5.3.3 Behavioural Adaptations 5.4 Discussion 6 TECHNOLOGY PATERNALISM 6.1 Theoretical Background 6.1.1 Paternalism 6.1.2 Previous Research 6.1.3 Research Questions 6.2 Methodological Approach 6.3 Expert Approach 6.3.1 Method 6.3.2 Results 6.3.3 Summary 6.4 Novice Approach 6.4.1 Interviews: Perception of (Technology) Paternalism 6.4.2 First Online Survey: Psycholexical Approach 6.4.3 Second Online Survey: Experiences with Patronisation by Technology 6.5 Technology Paternalism Model 6.5.1 Identified Definition 6.5.2 Model Assumptions 6.6 First Validation 6.7 Test Statistics 6.7.1 Psychometric Criteria 6.7.2 Factor Structure 6.7.3 Moderation and Mediation Analyses 6.8 Conclusion and Implications 6.9 Final Questionnaire 7 STUDY II: ADAPTIVE HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACES 7.1 Background and Aim of the Study 7.1.1 Needed Information in an Automotive HMI 7.1.2 HMI Designs for the Simulator Study 7.1.3 Adaptive, static and configurable HMI Concepts in the Simulator Study 7.2 Method 7.2.1 Independent Variables 7.2.2 Dependent Variables 7.2.3 Study Procedure 7.3 Results 7.3.1 Manipulation Check 7.3.2 Subjective Perceptions 7.3.3 Behavioural Adaptations 7.3.4 Configuration of the HMI 7.4 Discussion 8 STUDY III: ADAPTIVE HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACES IN THE FIELD 8.1 Background and Aim of the Study 8.1.1 HMI Designs for the Field Study 8.1.2 Adaptive, non-adaptive and controllable HMI Concepts in the Field Study 8.2 Method 8.2.1 Independent Variables 8.2.2 Dependent Variables 8.2.3 Study Procedure 8.3 Results 8.3.1 Manipulation Check 8.3.2 Subjective Perceptions 8.3.3 Behavioural Adaptations 8.3.4 Controllable HMI 8.4 Discussion 9 GENERAL DISCUSSION 9.1 Effects of the Driving Scenario on NDRT Engagement Willingness and Driver Behaviour 9.2 Impacts of Adaptive HMI Concepts 9.3 Evaluation of Configurable and Controllable HMI Concepts 9.4 Patronisation through Technology 9.5 Limitations 9.6 Future Research and Theoretical Implications 9.7 Practical Implications 10 CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX CURRICULUM VITAE PUBLICATIONS LIST / As technology increases throughout our daily lives we are faced with new chances and challenges, also as car drivers. Extended availability and functionalities of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) and driver assistance systems (ADAS) in addition to mobile device features tempt the driver into distraction from the driving task. Although the intent of the integration of new technologies is the fulfilment of drivers’ needs, it does not necessarily truly support the driver or counteract driver distraction. Driver distraction is an everlasting topic in driving research as failures in managing the driving task can have severe effects. Within the interaction of the driver, the vehicle and the environment, in-vehicle information systems are crucial in guaranteeing a fulfilment of the primary driving tasks of navigating, stabilizing and manoeuvring. To support the driver in this interaction of varying demands a contextual, driving scenario-based adaptation of the content in the information system poses an opportunity. The present doctoral thesis aimed at identifying a potential design solution for an IVIS to provide a safe and comfortable usage while maintaining safe driving behaviour. Therefore, an iterative user-centred design approach (UCD, DIN EN ISO 9241-210, 2010) was pursued. As a first step, the context and user requirements in interacting with non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs) were identified in the Pre-Studies following an explorative approach. Most prevalently, drivers engaged in using their smartphones for navigation and communication. The willingness to engage in an NDRT was reported to be dependent on the modality of the task in interaction with the driving scenario, where the road type had the highest impact. As the second step, the reported engagement willingness was evaluated in a driving simulator, Study I. For both visual-manual and cognitive-auditory NDRTs the reported engagement willingness predicted the perceived workload. A higher workload was perceived in driving scenarios of a lower reported engagement willingness for NDRTs. This finding was supported by the driving behaviour. For the visual-manual task, behavioural data showed an increase in reaction times in the scenarios where engagement willingness was reported to be lower. For cognitive-auditory tasks lower lane departures and speed variances were observed in the driving scenarios with a higher reported engagement willingness. These results fed into the third and fourth steps of the user-centred design process, Study II, in which first designs of an adaptive Human Machine Interface (HMI) were realised and tested in a driving simulator against a static and a configurable HMI. Based on the complexity of the driving scenario the information content in the HMI was reduced or increased. None of the HMI concepts adversely affected system usability, driving performance, or eye glance behaviour. The adaptive and the static concepts did not differ in subjective perceptions and behavioural adaptations. The configurable HMI was superior to the adaptive and static HMI concepts in user experience (UX), perceived usability, subjective workload, as well as acceptance, and attracted less glances to the centre stack display (CSD). Iteratively, the results of Study II were integrated in the adaptive HMI concepts and then tested in an on-road study, Study III. Two adaptive HMI concepts of higher adaptation degrees, a reduced, a loaded and a controllable HMI concept were evaluated regarding subjective perceptions and behavioural adaptations. Supporting the findings of Study II, the HMI concepts did not adversely affect system usability and driver behaviour. All concepts were equally high in UX and perceived usability. The controllable HMI showed some advances, as acceptance was higher than for the adaptive concepts. The loaded HMI provoked a higher workload, especially due to the visual load, and longer glances away from the road scene. Changing the user interface (UI) without the users’ direct control poses responsibility on the system designer: Users can feel patronised by the technical system. A method to assess Technology Paternalism was developed applying a combined expert and novice approach, including interviews, online surveys and a psycholexical approach. The final questionnaire, the Technology Paternalism Questionnaire (TPaQ), showed good reliability and validity. The results of the TPaQ indicated that the adaptive HMI concepts were perceived more patronising than the configurable and controllable HMI concepts. Though, the adaptive concepts did not differ to the static concepts, speaking for a general feeling of patronisation through pre-defined concepts. Solely the control over the visualisation reduced the perceived patronisation by a technical system. The findings within this doctoral thesis provide a design solution to face the issue of driver distraction and support the interaction of the driver, vehicle and environment. Information content in the HMI could be reduced and contextually adapted, as no adverse effects on drivers’ subjective perceptions and behavioural adaptations were found. In order to counteract a feeling of patronisation and increase the UX, the information content in the HMI should be configurable or controllable.:1 INTRODUCTION 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Driving Models and Driving Tasks 2.1.1 Information Processing 2.1.2 Driver Distraction 2.2 System Attitude Model 2.2.1 User Experience 2.2.2 Behavioural Adaptations 2.2.3 Driver Capabilities 2.2.4 Driving Task Demands 2.3 HMI Design Solutions 2.3.1 Indication of Adaptation 2.3.2 Adaptation Contexts 2.3.3 Adaptive User Interfaces 2.3.4 Challenges for Adaptive User Interfaces 3 AIM OF THE THESIS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4 PRE-STUDIES: USER REQUIREMENTS AND NEEDS 4.1 Creativity Workshops 4.1.1 Background and Research Questions 4.1.2 Method 4.1.3 Results 4.1.4 Summary 4.2 Focus Group 4.2.1 Background and Research Questions 4.2.2 Method 4.2.3 Results 4.2.4 Summary 4.3 Online Survey 4.3.1 Background and Research Questions 4.3.2 Method 4.3.3 Results 4.3.4 Summary 4.4 Discussion 5 STUDY I: INTERACTION OF DRIVING SCENARIOS AND NON-DRIVING-RELATED TASKS 5.1 Background and Aim of the Study 5.1.1 Driver Distraction Effects under different NDRT Modalities 5.1.2 Driving Scenarios 5.2 Method 5.2.1 Independent Variables 5.2.2 Dependent Variables 5.2.3 Study Procedure 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Manipulation Check 5.3.2 Subjective Perceptions 5.3.3 Behavioural Adaptations 5.4 Discussion 6 TECHNOLOGY PATERNALISM 6.1 Theoretical Background 6.1.1 Paternalism 6.1.2 Previous Research 6.1.3 Research Questions 6.2 Methodological Approach 6.3 Expert Approach 6.3.1 Method 6.3.2 Results 6.3.3 Summary 6.4 Novice Approach 6.4.1 Interviews: Perception of (Technology) Paternalism 6.4.2 First Online Survey: Psycholexical Approach 6.4.3 Second Online Survey: Experiences with Patronisation by Technology 6.5 Technology Paternalism Model 6.5.1 Identified Definition 6.5.2 Model Assumptions 6.6 First Validation 6.7 Test Statistics 6.7.1 Psychometric Criteria 6.7.2 Factor Structure 6.7.3 Moderation and Mediation Analyses 6.8 Conclusion and Implications 6.9 Final Questionnaire 7 STUDY II: ADAPTIVE HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACES 7.1 Background and Aim of the Study 7.1.1 Needed Information in an Automotive HMI 7.1.2 HMI Designs for the Simulator Study 7.1.3 Adaptive, static and configurable HMI Concepts in the Simulator Study 7.2 Method 7.2.1 Independent Variables 7.2.2 Dependent Variables 7.2.3 Study Procedure 7.3 Results 7.3.1 Manipulation Check 7.3.2 Subjective Perceptions 7.3.3 Behavioural Adaptations 7.3.4 Configuration of the HMI 7.4 Discussion 8 STUDY III: ADAPTIVE HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACES IN THE FIELD 8.1 Background and Aim of the Study 8.1.1 HMI Designs for the Field Study 8.1.2 Adaptive, non-adaptive and controllable HMI Concepts in the Field Study 8.2 Method 8.2.1 Independent Variables 8.2.2 Dependent Variables 8.2.3 Study Procedure 8.3 Results 8.3.1 Manipulation Check 8.3.2 Subjective Perceptions 8.3.3 Behavioural Adaptations 8.3.4 Controllable HMI 8.4 Discussion 9 GENERAL DISCUSSION 9.1 Effects of the Driving Scenario on NDRT Engagement Willingness and Driver Behaviour 9.2 Impacts of Adaptive HMI Concepts 9.3 Evaluation of Configurable and Controllable HMI Concepts 9.4 Patronisation through Technology 9.5 Limitations 9.6 Future Research and Theoretical Implications 9.7 Practical Implications 10 CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX CURRICULUM VITAE PUBLICATIONS LIST

The goal of this paper is to identify four types of voluntary failure by L. M. Salamone in Czech public-serving non-governmental organizations (NGO's) and to determine extend of their display by studying of the development of one particular organization and presence and dynamics of these failures. The paper is a case study of the NGO spolek Naděje which mostly works in the field of social services across the area of the Czech Republic. This organization is examined by predefined indicators which were chosen for all four types of voluntary failure. These are philanthropic insufficiency, philanthropic particularism, philanthropic paternalism and philanthropic amateurism. The paper consists of five parts. The theoretical part introduces the key concepts and theories for this paper, fundamental definitions of the civil sector, theory of the state and market failure, a role of the civil sector and brief characteristics of public-serving NGO's. Last but not least there are described four types of voluntary failure of Salamone. The next part presents the methodology of the study for which it was chosen strategy of the research, i.e. case study of one public-serving NGO, and research indicators. Finally, the empirical part includes the research which analyses the dynamics of the development of researched...

The thesis deals with the ethical principles of multidisciplinary cooperation with family at the case conferences of social and legal protection of children. The objective was to establish the essential ethical criteria for using the partnership approach and paternalism in social work with family on the example of the case conferences of Authority for Social and Legal Protection of Children and submit critical reflection of practice of conferences in light of ethical principles. Keywords Social work, family, ethical principles, multidisciplinary cooperation, case conference, best interest of the child, paternalism, partnership approach

No description available.

In order to gain a better understanding of the position of women in the field of policing, it was necessary to study the attitudes of the policewomen, which presently exist with regard to the role of the woman in the South African Police Service. Although some studies have been done on policewomen world-wide, none have been done in the rural areas of the Vaalrand and this is where the research took place. Only women formed part of this survey. Detailed questions were asked concerning their role in policing. This was an empirical qualitative study. The research procedures as stipulated for a descriptive study were followed, as the main objective of the research was to describe the circumstances of women in the predominantly male environment of policing. A survey interview was drawn up, containing semi-structured in-depth questions regarding their recruitment, motivation for joining and job-related satisfaction and other issues including discrimination and domination by men. Qualitative methods were applied not only for data collection but also for data analysis. The coding consisted of conceptualising the raw data. Open coding was used in this qualitative research. The researcher read through all the collected data and then assigned initial codes to condense the mass of data collected. The following main issues were found: that discrimination still exists in the SAPS, as well as resentment, a lack of recognition, misunderstanding and unfulfilled challenges which relate to conflict being experienced. These respondents have aspirations in their work and aspire to better positions in the SAPS, as there have been major contributions by women in the police. They have also had an impact on policing, as they have become major role players in the field where victims are concerned. The presence of policewomen in the SAPS is an important asset to modern law enforcement and their present day role in policing should be explored and expanded. Qualified women could also be utilised in important staff service units such as planning and research, training, intelligence, inspection, public information, community relations, and as legal advisors instead of being utilised only in administrative work. Recommendations are made for further research on aspects highlighted by the findings. / Criminology / D.Litt. et Phil.(Criminology)

This thesis explores how the general public understands and responds to dementia. In the context of this study the word ‘understanding' is used to convey the complex co-construction of knowledge and establishing of beliefs that constitutes public understandings of dementia. The study also examines the responses of members of the public to dementia, in the context of their understanding. Data were collected over a 12 month period and included a module in the Northern Ireland Life and Times (NILT) survey, five focus groups and nine interviews with participants from the focus groups. The survey module included thirty measures examining levels of knowledge and attitudes towards dementia. 1200 participants were targeted and the survey was administered by the Northern Ireland Research & Statistics Agency with a response rate of 58%. The focus groups and interviews provided the mechanism to gather a more nuanced picture, exploring the beliefs behind the attitudes and the self-reported responses of participants to people with dementia. Findings indicate that the general public has a reasonable knowledge of the symptoms and pathway of dementia in line with a bio medical model. However the findings also indicate that the general public holds a mix of theoretical and empirical knowledge and that this is often contradictory. A complex mix of scientific or medical information, experience, anecdote and assumptions contribute to the discourse. This information is stored and conveyed in the form of stories and a consequence of this interplay is that individual experiences told in the form of stories are generalised to become building blocks in the construction of what the general public understands dementia to be. The current construction of dementia among the general public is found to be both nihilistic and ageist with clear evidence that dementia is stigmatised. I will argue that that the relationship between dementia and ageing in the minds of the general public is a symbiotic one. Dementia has become a cultural metaphor for unsuccessful ageing marking entry to the fourth age. The stigmatising response of the general public is the result of a complex interplay of multiple factors. I have expanded on previous ideas of multiple jeopardy and intersectionality, suggesting that the stigma associated with dementia is unique and driven as much by emotional responses as by the social location of the person with dementia. I have borrowed Brooker’s (2003) term “Dementia-ism’ to describe this stigma. This thesis argues for a more complex and sophisticated approach to changing public attitudes and reducing stigma. Dementia-ism must be addressed with the same strength of purpose currently applied to sexism, racism and ageism.

Le dommage causé à soi-même a très longtemps constitué un sujet hors du droit, synonyme de stigmatisation morale ou de fatalité. Depuis la fin du XXème siècle, c’est un enjeu essentiel des politiques publiques qui fait encore aujourd’hui l’objet d’un débat éthique et juridique. D’une part, la volonté de se causer un dommage exprime les aspirations de l’homme contemporain à obtenir la maîtrise de son corps, qu’il s’agisse de choisir le temps et les conditions de sa mort, de revendiquer des pratiques masochistes ou bien de faire don de ses organes. D’autre part, cette prise de risque dommageable pour soi révèle très souvent une opposition de l’État et de la société en général, en raison de l’atteinte susceptible d’être portée aux valeurs sociales et aux équilibres budgétaires. En tant que sources croissantes de préoccupation, les manifestations et les limites du dommage causé à soi-même méritent d’être soumises à l’étude de leur contexte historique, social et juridique. / The damage caused to oneself was for a very long time a topic outside the law, as a synonym for moral stigmatization or for fate. Since the end of the XXth century, it is an essential public policy issue that is the object even today of an ethical and legal debate. On the one hand, the will to harm oneself reflects the aspiration of the contemporary man to have the control of its body, that it is a question of choosing the time and the conditions of its death or claiming masochistic practices or donating organs. On the other hand, this harmful risk-taking for oneself reveals frequently an opposition of the State and more generally of the society, because of the potential violation of the social values and the budget balances. As increasing sources of concerns, the manifestations and the limits of the damage caused to oneself deserve to be subjected to the study of their historic, social and legal context.

Platonic Craft and Medical Ethics examines the Platonic theory of craft and shows its application to different ethical problems in medicine, both ancient and modern. I begin by elucidating the Platonic use of the term “craft” or “technē”, using especially the paradigmatic craft of medicine, and explicate a number of important principles inherent in his use of the term. I then show how Plato’s framework of crafts can be applied to two ancient debates. First, I show how Plato’s understanding of crafts is used in discussing the definition of medicine, and how he deals with the issue of “bivalence”, that medicine seems to be capable of generating disease as well as curing it. I follow this discussion into Aristotle, who, though he has a different interpretation of bivalence, has a solution in many ways similar to Plato’s. Second, I discuss the relevance of knowledge to persuasion and freedom. Rhetors like Gorgias challenge the traditional connections of persuasion to freedom and force to slavery by characterizing persuasion as a type of force. Plato addresses this be dividing persuasion between sorcerous and didactic persuasion, and sets knowledge as the new criterion for freedom. Finally, I discuss three modern issues in medical ethics using a Platonic understanding of crafts: paternalism, conclusions in meta-analyses and therapeutic misconceptions in research ethics. In discussing paternalism, I argue that tools with multiple excellences, like the body, should not be evaluated independently of the uses to which the patient intends to put them. In discussing meta-analyses, I show how the division of crafts into goal-oriented and causal parts in the Phaedrus exposes the confusion inherent in saying that practical conclusions can follow directly from statistical results. Finally, I argue that authors like Franklin G. Miller and Howard Brody fail to recognize the hierarchical relationship between medical research and medicine when they argue that medical research ethics should be autonomous from medical ethics per se.

Platonic Craft and Medical Ethics examines the Platonic theory of craft and shows its application to different ethical problems in medicine, both ancient and modern. I begin by elucidating the Platonic use of the term “craft” or “technē”, using especially the paradigmatic craft of medicine, and explicate a number of important principles inherent in his use of the term. I then show how Plato’s framework of crafts can be applied to two ancient debates. First, I show how Plato’s understanding of crafts is used in discussing the definition of medicine, and how he deals with the issue of “bivalence”, that medicine seems to be capable of generating disease as well as curing it. I follow this discussion into Aristotle, who, though he has a different interpretation of bivalence, has a solution in many ways similar to Plato’s. Second, I discuss the relevance of knowledge to persuasion and freedom. Rhetors like Gorgias challenge the traditional connections of persuasion to freedom and force to slavery by characterizing persuasion as a type of force. Plato addresses this be dividing persuasion between sorcerous and didactic persuasion, and sets knowledge as the new criterion for freedom. Finally, I discuss three modern issues in medical ethics using a Platonic understanding of crafts: paternalism, conclusions in meta-analyses and therapeutic misconceptions in research ethics. In discussing paternalism, I argue that tools with multiple excellences, like the body, should not be evaluated independently of the uses to which the patient intends to put them. In discussing meta-analyses, I show how the division of crafts into goal-oriented and causal parts in the Phaedrus exposes the confusion inherent in saying that practical conclusions can follow directly from statistical results. Finally, I argue that authors like Franklin G. Miller and Howard Brody fail to recognize the hierarchical relationship between medical research and medicine when they argue that medical research ethics should be autonomous from medical ethics per se.

In order to gain a better understanding of the position of women in the field of policing, it was necessary to study the attitudes of the policewomen, which presently exist with regard to the role of the woman in the South African Police Service. Although some studies have been done on policewomen world-wide, none have been done in the rural areas of the Vaalrand and this is where the research took place. Only women formed part of this survey. Detailed questions were asked concerning their role in policing. This was an empirical qualitative study. The research procedures as stipulated for a descriptive study were followed, as the main objective of the research was to describe the circumstances of women in the predominantly male environment of policing. A survey interview was drawn up, containing semi-structured in-depth questions regarding their recruitment, motivation for joining and job-related satisfaction and other issues including discrimination and domination by men. Qualitative methods were applied not only for data collection but also for data analysis. The coding consisted of conceptualising the raw data. Open coding was used in this qualitative research. The researcher read through all the collected data and then assigned initial codes to condense the mass of data collected. The following main issues were found: that discrimination still exists in the SAPS, as well as resentment, a lack of recognition, misunderstanding and unfulfilled challenges which relate to conflict being experienced. These respondents have aspirations in their work and aspire to better positions in the SAPS, as there have been major contributions by women in the police. They have also had an impact on policing, as they have become major role players in the field where victims are concerned. The presence of policewomen in the SAPS is an important asset to modern law enforcement and their present day role in policing should be explored and expanded. Qualified women could also be utilised in important staff service units such as planning and research, training, intelligence, inspection, public information, community relations, and as legal advisors instead of being utilised only in administrative work. Recommendations are made for further research on aspects highlighted by the findings. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Litt. et Phil.(Criminology)