La presente tesis tiene como objeto de análisis, por un lado, un conjunto de poemas postmodernistas y vanguardistas de Magda Portal (Lima, 1900-1989) y dos poemas representativos de Ave Soul, de Jorge Pimentel (Lima, 1944). Por el otro, los manifiestos suscritos por Portal en la revista Flechas(1924) y la revista de cuatro nombres distintos, Trampolín-Hangar-Rascacielos-Timonel (1926-1927), así como los manifiestos suscritos por Pimentel en “Palabras urgentes” (1970), “El punto sobre la I” (1971) y “Poesía integral”(1970). El objetivo consiste en reflexionar sobre ambos poetas a partir de sus manifiestos; luego, analizar sus poemas con el fin de corroborar la coherencia entre la teoría y praxis en cada autor, así como sus coincidencias. En esta investigación sostenemos que ambos autores problematizan, discuten y amplían el concepto de “vanguardia” al proponer que la innovación vanguardista no solo debe partir de una reflexión sobre el plano estético-literario, sino también de la mirada crítica sobre la historia y una actitud orientada hacia la acción. En la poesía postmodernista de Magda Portal podremos apreciar ciertos toposque serán patrones compartidos intertextualmente con otras escritoras de la época como Alfonsina Storni y Concha Méndez. En Una esperanza i el mar(1927), su libro vanguardista por excelencia, observaremos cómo combina su preocupación por innovar estéticamente en diversos aspectos formales del texto (desde la ruptura del ritmo, el juego tipográfico, la inclusión de símbolos tradicionales como el mar al lado de símbolos modernos como los rascacielos) con su agenda política que busca reivindicar el lugar de la mujer en la ciudad moderna. Por su parte, en la poesía de Jorge Pimentel encontraremos también un ímpetu por asumir una actitud vanguardista en cuanto a la creación literaria. Así, apreciaremos cómo, desde una preocupación estético-política, el poeta plasmará en su obra el carácter caótico de la ciudad y el padecimiento de los sujetos que la habitan. Además, desde una perspectiva de género, observaremos cómo sus poemas plasman la lucha de una sociedad patriarcal que regula el cuerpo masculino y excluye a ciertos sujetos marginales.

A web portal that publicly displays user-submitted content requires administration in order to ensure undesired content, that is potentially malicious, is excluded. Other administrative aspects that come with a web portal with user-submitted content include user-support and service maintenance. This project was formed in part to develop a new version of an existing web portal for advertising degree projects. The goal of the project is to develop an improved version of the old web portal and ensure that the new version requires as little manual administration work as possible. As how to minimize administration for this type of service was deemed unknown, this thesis takes an inductive approach to exploring how to minimize administration for a web portal with user-submitted content. This thesis results in the presentation of a web portal with new functionality and modified in aspects that the product owner wanted improved. The visual layout is presented along with information on what parts were reused from the old version of the web portal. Design choices that were made with a focus on minimizing administration and design choices in general that were deemed important are presented and motivated. Finally, the thesis concludes that possible areas where administrative work could be reduced depends heavily on the requirements set on the web portal and that the methods used in this thesis were successful in identifying administrative work aspects that can be reduced or eliminated on the web portal developed in this project. It is also concluded that sufficiently advanced automated systems could be useful in reducing the administrative work needed by any type of web portal with user-submitted content. / En webbportal som publikt visar användarskapat innehåll kräver administration för att försäkra att oönskat innehåll, som potentiellt är illvillig, exkluderas. Andra administrativa aspekter som medföljer en webbportal med användarskapat innehåll, inkluderar användarsupport och underhåll av tjänsten. Detta projekt skapades delvis för att utveckla en ny version av en redan existerande webbportal som används för annonsering av examensarbeten.Målet med projektet är att utveckla en förbättrad version av den gamla webbportalen och försäkra att den nya versionen kräver så lite manuellt administrativt arbete som möjligt. Hur minimering av administrativt arbete åstadkoms för denna typ av tjänst ansågs vara okänt, därav valdes ett induktivt tillvägagångssätt till detta projekt för att undersöka hur mängden administrativt arbete minimeras för en webbportal vars innehåll skapas av dess användare. Projektet resulterar i presentationen av en webbportal med ny funktionalitet med modifieringar inom olika aspekter beroende på det som efterfrågats av projektbeställaren. Visuella uppbyggnaden presenteras tillsammans med information angående vilka delar som återanvändes från den gamla version av webbportalen. Designval med fokus på minimering av administrativt arbete samt även generella designval som ansågs viktiga, presenteras och motiveras. Slutligen drar studien slutsatsen att möjliga områden där det administrativa arbetet kan reduceras till stor del beror på kraven satta för webbportalen och att metoderna som användes i denna studie var framgångsrika i att identifiera de aspekter av administrativt arbete som kan reduceras eller elimineras från webbportalen som utvecklades i detta projekt. Slutsatsen dras även att tillräckligt sofistikerade automatiska system kan vara användbara för att reducera administrativt arbete för webbportaler med användarskapat innehåll.

В работе были в полном объёме рассмотрены теоретические аспекты разведки об угрозах (threat intelligence), разработаны метрики, проанализированы и проранжированы информационные источники и разработан веб-портал для взаимодействия с отобранными информационными источниками CTI. Был разработан веб портал для отслеживания данных об угрозах кибер-атак. Полученные результаты имеют теоретическую и практическую значимость так, как могут быть использованы при построении информационной безопасности предприятия. / In this work was described theoretical and practical aspects about cyber threat intelligence and information security. Information sources of cyber threat intelligence was group and ranged. Web portal for data monitoring of cyber threat intelligence was developed. The results are gained a theoretical and practical aspects for information security of enterprise.

Regeringen är skyldig att framställa och tillhandahålla allmänna tjänster till alla medborgare oberoende av åldersgrupp, etnicitet och kön. Regeringen har som ambition att digitalisera offentliga sektorer för att skapa en mer lättillgänglig och effektiv service, med målet att skapa en enklare vardag för medborgare. Den digitala vårdtjänst som används mest bland svenska pensionärer är 1177.se. Trots detta är personer på 65 år och uppåt som använder 1177.se betydligt färre procentuellt än personer i yngre åldrar. Detta utgör en motsägelse i förhållande till regeringens riktlinjer och mål. Tidigare studier av 1177.se har bland annat sammanställt användarstatistik och undersökt allmän användbarhet. Det har dock inte gjorts några kvalitativa studier av vilka faktorer som påverkar användningen och upplevelsen bland äldre som använder 1177.se:s personliga e-hälsoservice. Denna studie tillämpar en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och använder sig av semistrukturerade intervjuer baserade på Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Därefter genomförs tematisk analys av intervjuerna, vilket resulterar i nio teman. Vi placerar in temana i UTAUT och gör två iakttagelser. Vi identifierar för det första ett samband mellan 1177:s ständiga tillgänglighet och informanternas benägenhet att använda 1177.se som ett sätt att undvika telefonköer. För det andra noterar vi att informanterna känner sig socialt tvingade av sina vårdgivare att använda 1177.se. Baserat på dessa resultat föreslår vi ändringar i UTAUT. Våra resultat indikerar ett centralt problem rörande hur vården introducerar 1177.se till nya användare, vilket tyder på att det behövs tydligare information. Vi föreslår att framtida jämförande studier av 1177.se utförs på yngre åldersgrupper, med stöd mot våra förändringar i UTAUT. Vi föreslår också att framtida studier undersöker åsikter om 1177.se hos äldre personer som inte använder 1177.se. Till sist föreslår vi att framtida studier undersöker hur interaktionsdesignen på 1177.se kan förbättras. / The Government is responsible for producing and providing services of general economic interest to all citizens, regardless of the citizens’ age group, ethnicity, and gender. The Government has an ambition of digitizing public sectors to increase service availability and efficiency, ultimately simplifying everyday life for citizens. The patient portal most widely used by Swedish pensioners is 1177.se. Despite this, people aged 65 and above who use 1177.se are significantly fewer in percentage than people of younger ages. This poses a contradiction in relation to the guidelines and goals outlined by the Government. Previous studies conducted on 1177.se have looked into usage statistics and general usability. However, no qualitative studies have been conducted on which factors influence the usage and experience among seniors using 1177.se’s personal e-services. This study takes on a qualitative research strategy, using semi-structured interviews based on Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Thematic analysis of the interviews is then conducted, resulting in nine themes. The themes are placed into UTAUT, and from this we make two observations. Firstly we identify a relationship between the constant availability of 1177.se and respondents’ propensity to use 1177.se as a means to veer off phone queues. Secondly we note that our respondents feel socially imposed by their caregivers to use 1177.se. Based on these findings we propose modifications to UTAUT. Our results indicate a central problem with how 1177.se is being introduced to patients, suggesting clearer information about 1177.se is needed. We suggest that future comparative studies of 1177.se be conducted on younger age groups, taking into account our modifications to UTAUT. We also suggest that future studies examine opinions about 1177.se among older people who are not users of 1177.se. Finally, we suggest that future studies examine how the interaction design on 1177.se can be improved.

UX resources are often allocated to customer-facing products and services rather than internal systems within organizations. However, the lack of good user experience (UX) of internal systems, particularly administration portals, could impact efficiency, satisfaction and productivity of the employees. Despite this importance these systems may not get the same level of attention and investment in UX design along with organizations' lack of understanding human-machine interaction. Therefore this study investigates which design aspects organizations without UX resources should consider when implementing the UX design in their administration portals. To explore this a review of existing literature was made along with a pre-study to collect opinions from the users. By that a prototype was created followed by an iterative design process. The prototype went through three iterations as each iteration consisted of 1) interview and observation, 2) ideation, 3) prototyping, and 4) testing. Each iteration had five users that performed a task and the possibility to explore on their own. Followed by a semi-structured interview with questions based on the seven stages of action model, also including open questions and likert scale questions.  The study’s results align with previous studies regarding that implementing design principles will improve the user experience and balancing functionality with visual presentation is enhancing for user-friendly visualizations. The most important findings concluded in using visual hierarchy, transparent error handling, customizable interface, layered information and signaling what will happen when interacting with an element. However, the conclusion conveys that the findings may differ in other contexts and with different participants or an increased amount, as it is also suggested as future work.

農委會為了提升網站服務品質，委託經營「休閒農業服務網」的台灣農業資訊科技發展協會執行整合旗下二十個子網站計畫，同時參加研考會的評獎，並以「政府服務品質獎評獎作業手冊」為依據，評分設計總分1000分，且應分為外部效益550分、內部效益佔150分、流程整合200分及資通訊服務導入100分。 本研究目的是訂定可衡量且相對客觀的網站績效指標，以利後續跨網站整合。透過文獻探討、深度訪談、焦點團體訪談等方式確認目前網站現況及網站重要使用者的建議，並透過AHP（Analytic Hierarchy Process；層級分析法）得到指標權重，最後與執行單位制定可衡量的關鍵績效指標。結果分為四部分。 1. 內部效益指標150分則分為實際改善程度（人力、時間及設備）及三 構面(工作士氣、配合度、協調性提升及題項改善程度)，各佔75分。 2. 外部效益指標550分共有四個構面，權重以括弧表示，依序為資訊品 質（0.34）、服務品質（0.28）、溝通品質（0.20）及系統品質（0.19）。 其中內、外部效益指標是分別透過實際改善程度及問卷評估。而流程 整合及資通訊服務導入則把焦點團體訪談的建議及休閒農業服務網未來想改進的項目彙整，最後以各類全部應改進事項總完成率計分。 3. 流程整合200分總共有十五項待改進項目，由於項目本身評鑑難易有 別，其中九項是透過焦點團體訪談評鑑，其餘六項透過專家審核。 4. 資通訊服務導入100分總共有五項待改進項目，其中四項是透過焦點 團體訪談評鑑，其餘一項透過專家審核。 本研究發展一套流程結合理論與實務，並建置非營利網站關鍵績效指標（KPI - Key Performance Indicators），以作為其他非營利網站或商務網站重要之參考。 / The Council of Agriculture authorizes Taiwan Agriculture Information Technology Association, the management team of EZGO website, to integrate the twenty subsites of EZGO and enhance the website service quality. In addition, EZGO will participate in the evaluation contest held by Research, Development and Evaluation Commission. According to the “Operation Manual of Evaluation of Government’s Service Quality”, evaluation design should include 1,000 points in total, which contains 550 points for the exterior performance indicator, 150 points for the interior performance indicator, 200 points for the process integration and 100 points for the implementation of ICT. (Information Communication and Technology) The objective of this research is to provide EZGO with measurable and objective KPI (Key Performance Indicators) to integrate its subsites. Through the literature review, in-depth interviews and a focus group interview, the current situations of the web portal, its subsites and suggestions from important users are confirmed. After that, the analytic hierarchy process method to calculate the weight of performance indicators is used. Finally, discussion with executing unit is carried out in the research for setting the measurable KPI, which gives the results in four parts as follows: 1. The interior performance indicator includes the level of improvement in cost (i.e. human resources, time and equipment) and three criteria (i.e. improvement of work morale, compliance and coordinance, as well as their sub-items) for 75 points each. 2. The exterior performance indicator includes 4 criteria with weights indicated within the parathesis in sequence of information quality (0.34), service quality (0.28), communication quality (0.20) and system quality (0.19). The interior and exterior performance indicators are evaluated via the evaluation on level of improvement in cost respectively and questionnaire. For the process integration and implementation of ICT, the users’ suggestions from focus group interview and the items to be improved for future EZGO are combined accordingly. Finally, scores are taken via total completion rate of all items to be improved in each category. 3. The process integration contains fifteen items to be improved in total. Owing to the difficulty of assessment, nine items are assessed via the focus group interview and expert’s assessment for the remaining six items. 4. The information communication technology contains five items to be improved in total. Four items are assessed via the focus group interview and expert’s assessment for the remaining one item. This research develops a set of procedures to combine theory and practice, which establishes the KPI for non-profit portals. Such KPI serves as an important reference for other non-profit or e-commerce portals.

This paper studies how new players approach first-person games using a controller. By observingthe behaviour of five mostly inexperienced individuals as they play through the first few levelsof the game Portal 2 , the following patterns for barriers to entry can be observed:The game presumes common knowledge of its player that new players lack.Uninitiated have a hard time using buttons and sticks simultaneously for complicatedmaneuvers.New players primarily use the buttons that they can see with a casual glance, causingsome buttons to be less used.Misunderstanding due to not clearly have been shown possibilities in the gameworld.New players are unaware of the Options menu.Players find navigation and orientation difficult when lacking all the senses of a physicalbody.The fear of not being good enough causes distress.Players find it a waste of time to redo previously conquered challenges or not makingprogress fast enough.The paper then discusses possible solutions to these problems. / Denna rapport studerar hur nya spelare närmar sig förstapersonsspel som kontrolleras medhandkontroll. Genom att observera beteendet hos fem till mestadels oerfarna individer medan despelar igenom några av de första få banorna i spelet Portal 2 kan följande mönster som hindrardem från att börja spela urskiljas:Spelet förutsätter att dess spelare har en gemensam allmän kunskap. Kunskap som nyaspelare saknar.Oinvigda har svårt att använda både knappar och spakar simultant för att utförakomplicerade manövrar.Nya spelare använder primärt knapparna som de kan se vid en flyktig blick, vilketorsakar att vissa knappar blir mindre frekvent använda än andra.Missförstånd på grund av att icke klart och tydligt blivit meddelade spelvärldenmöjligheter.Nya spelare är omedvetna om Options-menyn.Spelare finner att röra sig i spelvärlden är svårt när de inte har tillgång till alla sinnen enfysisk kropp har.Rädslan för att inte vara bra nog orsakar oro.Spelare finner att det är slöseri med tid att göra om tidigare erövrade utmaningar eller attinte göra framsteg i tillräckligt hög fart.Denna rapport diskuterar möjliga lösningar på dessa problem.

Nesta tese, apresenta-se a análise numérica e experimental do comportamento dinâmico não linear de um pórtico excitado por uma fonte não ideal - um motor elétrico de corrente contínua desbalanceado - como exemplo dessa classe de problemas. Elabora-se um modelo matemático com quatro graus de liberdade: dois relacionados com o deslocamento horizontal e vertical do ponto de apoio da máquina e dois com os parâmetros de funcionamento do motor elétrico. Adota-se a formulação Lagrangeana para gerar as equações de movimento contendo termos não lineares até ordem cúbica. A solução numérica é obtida através do método de Runge-Kutta com passo adaptativo. Ensaios dinâmicos e estáticos foram realizados com o motor e com o sistema completo, com vistas a validar o modelo matemático. Um sistema de medição digital armazenou todos os dados obtidos em arquivos de fácil leitura pelos programas atualmente disponíveis. Filmagens de alta velocidade e fotografia estroboscópica registraram movimentos típicos relacionados com comportamentos não lineares. Os resultados numéricos e experimentais mostram boa correlação entre si, além de apresentarem alguns dos fenômenos associados ao se forçar uma estrutura a passar por uma de suas ressonâncias excitando-a com um dispositivo com potência limitada, como o efeito Sommerfeld. Outros fenômenos, devido ao comportamento geometricamente não linear da estrutura, são também detectados, tais como saturação modal e transferência de energia. / Numerical and experimental analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of a portal frame excited by a non-ideal source - an unbalanced direct current motor - is presented in this thesis as an example of this class of problems. A four degree of freedom model is elaborated: two of them related to the horizontal and vertical structural displacements and two others to the functioning parameters of the motor. A Lagrangian approach for deducing the equations of motion, up to cubic non-linear terms is followed. The numerical solution is obtained through Runge-Kutta algorithm with adaptive step. Static and dynamic tests were performed with the motor and with the complete system, in order to validate the mathematical model. A digital acquisition system recorded all data in computer files, ready to be read by available commercial programs. High speed filming and stroboscopic photography were used to register typical movements related to nonlinear behavior. Numerical and mathematical results show good correlation, as well as present some phenomena related to passage through resonance with limited power excitation such as the Sommerfeld effect. Some other phenomena, related to the nonlinear behavior of the structure are also detected, as modal saturation and energy transference.

No presente trabalho foram estudadas duas ligações viga-pilar de estruturas de concreto pré-moldado com ênfase na deformabilidade ao momento fletor. A primeira é muito utilizada em galpões com sistema estrutural de pórticos para telhado com duas águas. A segunda é utilizada em estruturas de edifícios com múltiplos pavimentos. Foram realizados ensaios físicos em dois modelos de cada tipo de ligação. Com base nos resultados experimentais, foram propostos modelos analíticos, baseados no Método dos Componentes, e realizadas simulações numéricas, baseadas no Método dos Elementos Finitos, através dos quais determinou-se a curva momento-rotação das ligações em estudo. As curvas momento rotação teóricas, para as duas ligações estudadas, ficaram bastante próximas das experimentais. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se dizer que a primeira ligação teve um comportamento próximo ao de uma ligação perfeitamente rígida. Isso porque, para uma estrutura típica, ela transmitiu mais de 90% do momento equivalente ao de uma estrutura monolítica. A segunda ligação também garantiu uma boa transferência de momento fletor. Observou-se que, ao considerar a semi-rigidez dessa ligação na análise estrutural, há uma redução significativa no momento na base dos pilares mais solicitados, o que permite uma redução na armadura dos pilares e nas dimensões da fundação / The present research deals with the study of two types of precast beam-to-column connections with emphasis on the deformability analysis. The first one is extensively used in precast concrete portal frames with sloping beams. The second one is used in multi-storey framed structures. Experimental tests on two models of each type of beam-to-column connections were done. Based on the experimental results, analytical models, based on the Component Method, were proposed and numerical simulations, based on the Finite Element Method, were developed, which provide the moment-rotation curves of the studied connections. The theoretical moment-rotation curves, for both studied connections, are in good agreement with the experimental ones. According to the results, the first connection had almost the same behaviour of a rigid one. It transmitted about 90% of the bending moment of an equivalent monolithic structure. The second connection also transmitted a good portion of bending moment. It was observed that when its semi-rigidity is considered on the structural analysis there was a significant reduction on the column base bending moment and on the foundation dimensions

L'objet de cette thèse est d'analyser l'émergence d'un objet technique, un portail numérique de produits de formation, en identifiant tous les actants qu'un tel projet a mobilisés et en tentant de saisir la logique de leurs interactions pour en dégager les différentes configurations sociotechniques qui se succèdent, les lois ou les régularités qui les rendent représentatives d'un processus d'innovation technique. À partir d'une enquête de terrain fortement inspirée d'une démarche ethnographique, cette recherche dresse l'inventaire de douze portails numériques qui se sont succédés entre 1998 et 2008 dans les Universités de Grenoble et décrit dans le même mouvement les acteurs, leurs positions (convergentes ou contradictoires), les différents points de vue en présence et les enjeux politiques, techniques, économiques, etc.Empruntant le concept d'objet-frontière pour englober cet ensemble d'environnements numériques successifs et communs à un territoire universitaire, l'étude donne une importance aux objets dans l'action et offre une méthode de compréhension des points d'association et de rupture entre les différents actants mobilisés. L'objectif est de modéliser les interactions qui s'établissent à chaque nouveau « prototype » de portail et qui traduisent des chaînes d'associations (techniques, économiques, politiques et d'utilisation) faisant apparaître différents réseaux.En référence à la théorie de l'acteur-réseau, l'analyse des processus de fabrication des portails consiste à identifier les mécanismes à l'œuvre dans les mouvements générateurs de ces réseaux. Cette sociologie conduit à porter un regard particulier sur le portail, considéré comme la résultante d'une combinaison d'associations entre des actants humains et non-humains. Le portail est alors une mise en forme des relations d'entités hétérogènes sociales et techniques. Pour comprendre ces mécanismes de construction, d'ajustement ou de stabilisation des liens entre les entités du réseau, la démarche consiste, dans un premier temps, en partant de l'historique des douze portails, à transposer l'ensemble des données observées dans un espace topographique (schémas, tableaux) et d'y faire figurer les relations qui se nouent entre les différents actants par la médiation de l'objet technique.Cette mise en scène des douze réseaux, à partir de l'objet technique en tant que point de repère des transformations successives de l'objet-frontière, permet dans un second temps de réaliser une analyse de la structure des réseaux, c'est-à-dire de l'ensemble des données et des agencements entre ces données qui structurent un espace. L'analyse consiste alors à interpréter la structure obtenue pour rendre compte des agencements particuliers. Pour chacun des douze portails, cette recherche met en lumière des structures particulières de réseaux et des propriétés spécifiques de constitution, de déformation et de disparition auxquelles sont soumis ces collectifs hybrides. Le rapprochement itératif et méthodique entre ces structures permet de les classer en trois ensembles distincts : les réseaux autocentrés, les réseaux coopératifs et les réseaux ouverts. Ces derniers révèlent des propriétés spécifiques, notamment : - que la compétition symbolique ou économique est une force structurante du réseau ; – que l'objet technique est un composant dont la plasticité dépend davantage de la structure du réseau que de ses caractéristiques techniques ; – que le potentiel d'action d'une entité (c'est-à-dire sa capacité à créer de la différence au sein du réseau) est lié à sa capacité à établir des associations. L'ensemble de ces propriétés traduit des processus d'innovation qui amènent à questionner le modèle de l'innovation de P. Flichy quant à la distinction des deux cadres dans l'objet-frontière et le modèle de la traduction quant à son principe de symétrie. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the emergence of a technical object - a digital portal for training products - by identifying all actors that such a project has mobilized and trying to grasp the logic of their interactions to define the various socio-technical configurations laws or regularities that make them representative of a technical innovation process. From a field survey strongly inspired by an ethnographic approach, this research provides an inventory of twelve digital portals that succeeded between 1998 and 2008 at the Universities of Grenoble while describing actors and their positions (converging or contradictory), the different point of view, and the political, technical and economic stakes.Borrowing from the boundary object concept to include this set of successive digital environments common to a university territory study gives importance to objects in action and provides a method of understanding of the association and breaking points between mobilized actors. The objective is to model the interactions established for each new "prototype" portal, which represent chains of associations (technical, economic, political and usage) thus revealing different networks.With reference to the theory of the actor-network, this analysis of the design process of portals aims to identify the mechanisms at work in generating these networks. This sociology implies taking a particular look at the portal, considered as the result of a combination of associations between human and non-human actors. The portal is there by shaped by the heterogeneous social and technical relationships of the actors who designed it.To understand these mechanisms of construction, adjustment or stabilization of the links between network entities, the approach starts with an historical overview of the twelve portals in order to transpose all of the observed data into a topographical space (diagrams, tables) and to include the relationships established between actants through the mediation of the technical object.This presentation of the twelve networks, which considers the technical object as a landmark of successive transformations of the boundary object, then makes it possible to perform an analysis of the network structure, that is say of the set of data and and how the relationships between this data structure a space. The analysis then consists in interpreting the resulting structure to account for special relationships. For each of the twelve portals, this research highlights specific network structures and specific properties of the constitution, deformation and loss that these hybrid collectives are subject to. The iterative and systematic connection between these structures can be classified into three distinct groups: self-centered networks, collaborative networks and open networks. These groups reveal specific properties, including: - symbolic or economic competition is a structuring force of the network; - the technical object is a component whose plasticity depends more on the structure of the network than on its technical characteristics; - the action potential of an entity (that is to say its ability to create difference within the network) is related to its ability to establish associations.All of these innovation processes lead us to question the P. Flichy model of innovation regarding the distinction of the two boundary object frameworks and in the model of the actor-network in its principle of symmetry.