A infância e a atuação das crianças na sociedade nem sempre foram objeto de interesse por parte dos pesquisadores dos campos da sociologia e da educação, mas os processos de socialização foram estudados com afinco. Esta tese não trata dos modos de socializar as crianças, mas da forma como elas socializam-se e interagem nos seus espaços sociais. O objetivo principal é compreender como, em um determinado grupo de crianças, suas ações estiveram articuladas às instâncias da mídia, da escola e da família com o intuito de explicitar, através da prática, a necessidade de um diálogo pertinente entre as teorias de socialização e as teorias da sociologia da infância. Assim sendo, esta pesquisa está fundamentada em quatro pilares: a estrutura institucional, a agência das crianças, a história da infância e das crianças e os sentidos produzidos por elas na atualidade. A estrutura das instituições família, escola e mídia representa um elemento central para a análise das ações infantis, pois as crianças nascem em um contexto histórico-cultural e precisam aprender a se orientar e a entender as regras e os valores construídos pela sociedade. As crianças, na interação com seus pares e demais indivíduos, atuam e manifestam-se; provocam, de algum modo, modificações na estrutura institucional. Assim, as interações ocorridas entre elas produzem outros sentidos e valores. É, portanto, a análise desses sentidos infantis que oferece a possibilidade de conhecer as conexões indissociáveis e intensas que existem entre as teorias dos processos de socialização e as teorias da sociologia da infância, visto que não há socialização sem participação e atuação, assim como não há regras e normas que não produzam ações. / Despite the fact that processes of socialization were always insistently considered as the subject of educational and sociological fields of study, childhood and the acting of children in society not always have been the subjects of researchers. The present dissertation does not deal with the modes by which children are socialized, instead it deals with the ways children socialize themselves and interact in their social spaces. The main goal is to understand how, in a determinate group of children, their actions were articulated with media, school, and family instances with the aim of making explicit, through practice, the need of a pertinent dialogue between socialization theories and the theories of the sociology of childhood. In this case, the present research is based in four pillars: the institutional structure, the childrens agency, the history of childhood and children, and the meanings generated by them in the present. The structure of institutions family, school, and media represents a central element for the analysis of childrens agency, for the children are born in a cultural-historical milieu and they need to learn how to guide themselves and how to understand the rules and the values constructed by the society. The children, in their interaction with their peers and other individuals, act and manifest themselves; they somehow cause modifications in the institutional structures. Then, the interactions occurred between them produce other meanings and values. It is, therefore, the analysis of these infantile meanings that can offer the possibility for us to know the inseparable and intense connections that exist between the theories of processes of socialization and the theories of the sociology of childhood, for there are no socialization without participation and acting, as well as there are no rules or norms that cannot produce actions.

Thesis advisor: Maureen E. Kenny / Recent research suggests that eating disorders exist across genders, races and ethnicities (e.g., Smolak & Striegel-Moore, 2001; Striegel-Moore & Smolak, 2000; Talleyrand, 2002, 2006; Taylor, Caldwell, Baser, Faison, & Jackson, 2007; Thompson, 1994, 1996), but most findings and frameworks within the eating disorders literature are based on research with White women who engage in restrictive eating patterns. Given the rapid rise in rates of obesity and related illnesses in the United States — particularly among Black American women (e.g., Hedley et al., 2004), an understanding of overeating that accounts for race-related factors is needed. By exploring the relationship between perceived racism, racial socialization, perceived stress, and overeating patterns among Black American women, the current study sought to develop a model of disordered eating that accounts for the unique contextual, emotional, and behavioral factors in the lives of Black American women. Using a sample of Black American women (N = 201), the results of the data analysis revealed that perceived racism was related to overeating by way of perceived stress. This finding supports theories that race–related factors underlie the development of eating disorder symptoms (e.g., Harris & Kuba, 1997) and that perceived racism may be a significant etiological factor in the development of eating disturbances among Black American women (Mastria, 2002; Root, 1990; Smolak & Striegel-Moore, 2001; Thompson, 1994, 1996; Talleyrand, 2006). This finding also adds to the larger body of literature, which links perceived racism to a range of negative psychological, behavioral, and physical outcomes (e.g., Mays et al., 2007). Racial socialization was not found to have a significant moderating effect in the relationship between perceived racism and overeating, but was unexpectedly found to be related to disinhibition around food. Although the explanation for this finding is unclear, it is consistent with some evidence that that identification with Black American culture may promote greater levels of comfort regarding food (Talleyrand, 2006; Villarosa, 1994). / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology.

Thesis advisor: Ruth McRoy / Thesis advisor: Summer Hawkins / Adoptive parenting contributes to the dramatic growth in lesbian and gay (LG) parenting. Research on adoptive families has mostly focused on heterosexual parent families and the limited research on LG parenting has primarily emphasized child adjustment outcomes. This three-paper dissertation utilized subsamples from a large (N=1616) and recent (2012-2013) comprehensive dataset, The Modern Adoptive Families Study, designed to compare family characteristics, experiences, and adjustment outcomes across different types of adoptive families, especially families headed by sexual minority parents. The Minority Stress model is used to frame a deeper understanding of parenting processes in heterosexual and lesbian and gay parent adoptive families. This framework takes into account the potential for families, led by sexual minority parents, to encounter discrimination and suggests processes may exist within the family to help buffer interpersonal and systemic bias. Paper 1 used logistic regression to examine the associations of adoptive parents’ satisfaction with their mental health services and their pediatrician. Pediatrician satisfaction was specifically related to the parental perception of their provider’s understanding of their minority status; based on 1) adoptive family status, 2) parental sexual orientation, and 3) transracial adoption status. Overall, 51% of the sample of parents who sought mental health services reported satisfaction. Satisfaction was positively associated with being a gay father, having a higher household income, and having a child whose race was identified as Asian. Satisfaction was negatively associated with having a child older than 11 years old. Of parents who reported on their satisfaction with pediatricians, 82% of parents reported satisfaction. Having a higher household income was positively associated with respondents’ satisfaction. Paper 2 used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to explore how findings from two racial socialization measures compared across parental sexual orientation, in transracial adoptive families. The scales measured parental endorsement of cultural competency pertaining to race and related self-efficacy enacting racial socialization practices. In Paper 3, cultural socialization theory was used to investigate parents’ endorsement of socialization related to being raised in a same-sex headed family with two newly developed scales using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results of these studies will help to inform policy and practice by addressing critical questions impacting a growing number of adoptive families, especially those headed by sexual minority parents. Contributions to the literature include findings about parenting practices, perceptions, experiences, and relationship dynamics within lesbian, gay, and heterosexual adoptive parent families. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

Thesis advisor: Anderson J. Franklin / Previous research on intergroup relations between racial groups primarily focused on relations between Whites and various ethnic minority groups, studies on relations between ethnic minorities have been neglected and underexamined (Bikmen, 2011). Allport’s (1954) intergroup contact theory suggested that when the groups in contact are perceived to have similar status, contact could lead to reduced prejudice and improved intergroup relations. Asian Americans and African Americans occupy different status positions on the U.S. racial hierarchy. Although their relative status positions are important factors to consider in understanding their evaluations and interactions with each other, the influence of racial psychological factors are also important to consider because they may influence how status is perceived. Thus, the current study investigated how racial socialization, racial identity, and racial stereotypes influence contact between Asian Americans and African Americans. U.S.-born Asian American (N = 190) and African American (N = 304) adults completed an online survey containing a demographic information sheet, the Racial Socialization Influences Scale (Harrell, 1997), the People of Color Racial Identity Attitudes Scale (Helms, 1995), the Negative Attitude Toward Asians Scale (Ho & Jackson, 2001), the Anti-Black Scale (Katz & Hass, 1988), the Intergroup Contact Measure (Stathi & Crisp, 2010), and the Behavioral Intentions Scale (Esses & Dovidio, 2002). Results from multivariate multiple regression analyses suggested that racial socialization, particularly exposure to racially diverse environments, was positively related to the frequency and quality of contact, as well as willingness to engage in future contact for both Asian Americans and African Americans; whereas race-related discussions was associated with African Americans’ endorsement of Asian stereotypes. In addition, the study showed that racial identity schemas partially mediated the relationship between racial socialization and intergroup contact, and the relationship between racial socialization and racial stereotypes. Finally, findings revealed that African Americans reported more willingness to engage in future contact with Asian Americans than Asian Americans reported with African Americans. Discussions included methodological limitations, and implications for research and practice. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

Esta pesquisa é um estudo etnográfico realizado em duas escolas públicas do segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental (6º a 9° anos), de duas capitais, São Paulo e Salvador. Tendo como objetivo compreender o papel do bullying no processo de construção da identidade de gênero entre as meninas, foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas metodológicas: observação participante, conversas informais individuais e grupais com jovens de ambos os sexos e entrevistas em profundidade com garotas, na faixa etária de 11 a 15 anos. A instituição escolar constitui um espaço basilar de poder que regula, normaliza e inculca modelos de feminilidade e masculinidade e da sexualidade heterossexual. Nesse processo de aprendizado social das identidades de gênero, o grupo de pares exerce papel fundamental na reprodução e/ou ressignificação das normas, práticas e discursos relacionados à feminilidade. O bullying cumpre um importante papel como mecanismo cultural estruturado para a prescrição de formas de produção e modelagem dos sujeitos. Tomando como ponto de partida as práticas interacionais cotidianas de inclusão/exclusão social, interpreta-se o bullying entre garotas como uma forma de sociabilidade, assentada em um jogo de diferenças e oposições. As disputas cotidianas entre as meninas associam-se à regulação da sua sexualidade e conformam um processo feminilizante através do controle e da punição de condutas socialmente reprovadas. Por meio dessas interações de regulação e controle da sexualidade são coproduzidas categorias de identidade de gênero, mediante a demarcação e negociação de posições e papéis na hierarquia social / This research is an ethnographic study carried out in two public schools of the second cycle of primary education (6th to 9th grade), from two Brazilian states capitals, São Paulo and Salvador. In order to understand the role of bullying in the process of constructing gender identity among girls, the following methodological techniques were used: participant observation, individual and group informal conversations with both sexes and in-depth interviews with girls in the range age from 11 to 15 years. The school institution is a basic space of power that regulates, normalizes and inculcates models of femininity and masculinity and of heterosexual sexuality. In this process of social learning of gender identities, the peer group plays a fundamental role in the reproduction and/or re-signification of norms, practices and discourses related to femininity. Bullying plays an important role as a structured cultural mechanism for the prescription of forms of production and modeling of subjects. Taking as a starting point the daily interactional practices of social inclusion/exclusion, it is interpreted bullying among girls as a form of sociability, based on a game of differences and oppositions. The daily disputes among girls are associated with the regulation of their sexuality and conform a feminizing process through the control and punishment of socially disapproved behavior. Through these interactions of regulation and control of sexuality, categories of gender identity are co-produced by demarcating and negotiating positions and roles in the social hierarchy

Recém contratados em uma organização participam de um processo de socialização organizacional, em que aprendem as características do ambiente em que estão inseridos, e modelam seus comportamentos e atitudes assumindo um papel na organização. Trainees são jovens recém formados que se submetem a um rigoroso processo seletivo e, uma vez contratados, participam de um programa de desenvolvimento profissional que poderá conduzir a uma carreira para postos estratégicos na organização. Na fase denominada socialização antecipatória há a criação de expectativas por parte do ingressante anteriormente à entrada na organização, a não confirmação das mesmas conduz a um processo denominado choque de realidade. A seleção realística é uma forma de processo seletivo que diminui as chances de não confirmação de expectativas, apresentando ao candidato a organização como ela realmente é. O processo de socialização tem por objetivo diminuir o stress inicial, ambientar o novato e reduzir a possibilidade de abandono da organização. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a ocorrência ou não do choque de realidade de alunos egressos da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade de Ribeirão Preto, formandos no ano de 2009, selecionados e contratados em programas trainees, sua satisfação e desejo de permanência na organização. Para conduzir o estudo foram aplicados dois questionários, um anteriormente à entrada na organização e outro posteriormente ao ingresso na organização, identificando o realismo do processo seletivo, as expectativas não confirmadas e confirmadas e as práticas de ambientação da organização, verificando a existência ou não do choque de realidade dos alunos e a satisfação com a empresa. / Newcomers hired share a process called organizational socialization, where they learn the environment caractheristics and model behavior, assuming an role at organization. Trainees are youngs graduate submitted a rigorous selections process to entry an organization and when hired are developed in a career program for in the future assume strategics roles. Na. Expectations are created by newcomers before entry organization, in the anticipatory socialization stage, and the unmet expectations leads to reality shock. Realistic job preview is a selections process to reduce chances of not confirming expectations of newcomers, presenting them organization how it really looks. Socialization processs objective is to reduce initial stress and incorporate newcomer at organization environment, reducing the chances of leaving it. The purpose of this study is to analyse the existence or not of a reality schok of graduated from Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade de Ribeirão Preto Faculdade de Economia, year 2009, Administração e Contabilidade de Ribeirão Preto, hired at fast track programs. Two questionnaires were developed, one prior entry organization, the other before entry, identifying the reality of selections process, met or unmet expectations and organizations pratices on environmenting newcomer, verifying existence or not of a reality schok.

O trabalho fonoaudiológico com crianças do espectro autístico está profundamente relacionado às perspectivas lingüísticas, em especial às teorias pragmáticas, uma vez que as características observadas no comportamento destas crianças são justamente deficitárias nos aspectos propostos por estas teorias, ou seja, as relações entre o uso da linguagem e os aspectos sociais e cognitivos do desenvolvimento. Deste modo, a observação individualizada, detalhada, buscando diferentes análises sobre processos individuais, é fundamental. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi verificar a existência de correlações significativas entre os dados da adaptação sócio-comunicativa obtidos por meio de entrevistas com os pais e terapeutas, registrados no protocolo de adaptação sócio-comunicativa (Sousa, 2004), e os dados referentes ao perfil funcional da comunicação (Fernandes, 2004), bem como suas possíveis alterações, após um período de aproximadamente 12 meses de terapia fonoaudiológica com crianças e adolescentes com Distúrbios do Espectro Autístico. O método estabeleceu dois estudos: Estudo I: -48 sujeitos, com os quais foram aplicados os protocolos acima citados, e Estudo II -37 sujeitos, sorteados, aleatoriamente, entre aqueles que tinham feito parte do Estudo I e que tiveram atendimento fonoaudiológico no Laboratório de Investigação Fonoaudiológica nos Distúrbios do Espectro Autístico- FMUSP, por aproximadamente 12 meses, sem interrupções maiores do que 4 semanas, e que tinham freqüentado pelo menos 45 sessões, com os quais foram reaplicados os protocolos da pesquisa. No que se refere aos resultados referentes ao acompanhamento longitudinal, por tratar-se de um transtorno em que as grandes diferenças individuais são uma característica marcante, a abordagem considerou cada sujeito como seu próprio controle, visando o melhor aproveitamento dos dados obtidos, sendo assim, possível observar as relações existentes entre a adaptação sócio-comunicativa e o perfil funcional da comunicação. Os resultados obtidos no Estudo I permitem dizer que se observou um número maior de correlações entre a adaptação sócio-comunicativa e o perfil funcional da comunicação quando as terapeutas foram as informantes e não os pais. Em relação ao Estudo II, os resultados demonstraram que ao final de um período de aproximadamente um ano de atendimento fonoaudiológico houve maior convergência entre os dados obtidos com os pais e aqueles obtidos com as terapeutas, no que diz respeito à adaptação sócio-comunicativa, bem como uma maior convergência entre os resultados do perfil funcional da comunicação e da adaptação sócio-comunicativa. Conclui-se que este trabalho contribuiu no sentido de fornecer uma forma de analisar e acompanhar o desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais necessárias para as crianças se adaptarem e funcionarem como parceiros comunicativos. A utilização dos pais e também das terapeutas na coleta dos dados de adaptação sócio-comunicativa mostrou-se de grande valia, possibilitando uma produtiva troca de informações e a formação de parcerias que agem na detecção de possíveis falhas no processo de reabilitação. E, apesar das crianças do espectro autístico apresentarem um desenvolvimento deficitário das habilidades de linguagem, cognição e socialização, ainda sim elas foram capazes de extrair pistas lingüísticas e não-lingüísticas do meio comunicativo, e utilizá-las de forma contextual em sua vida social, associando-as com os ganhos na linguagem e no desempenho sócio-cognitivo. / The speech and language therapist\'s role with children of the autistic spectrum is deeply linked to the linguistic perspectives. Specially to the pragmatic theories, since the behavioral characteristics observed in autistic children behavior involve the same deficits approached by these theories, that is, the relation between language and the social and cognitive aspects of development. This way, the individualized and detailed observation, seeking different analysis about individual processes is essential. The general purpose of this study was to verify significant correlations between data about social communicative adaptation and the functional communicative profile and their possible variations after a period of 12 months of language therapy. The social communicative adaptation data was obtained in interviews with parents and therapists and registered in specific protocols (Sousa, 2004). The functional communicative profile was determined by the analysis of a filmed sample of 30 minutes of play session (Fernandes, 2004). The method determined two studies the first with 48 subjects and the second with 37 subjects (randomly chosen from the participants of the first study that attended to language therapy for a period of 12 months without interruptions longer than 4 weeks). The follow-up study considered each subject as his/her own control, due to the large individual variations characteristic of the autistic spectrum. It allowed the observation of the relation between social communicative adaptation and the functional communicative profile. Results of Study 1 showed that there were more correlations when the information was provided by the therapists. In the Study 2 results show that after a period of 12 months of language therapy there was more association of the data provided by parents and therapists. It can be concluded that this research determined a way to analyze and follow-up the development of social abilities that are fundamental to the child\'s adaptation and participation on the communicative process. The use of parents and therapists as informants about social communicative adaptation was shown to be useful in providing a productive information exchange and the determination of cooperative teams for the detections and prevention of failures of rehabilitation processes. Despite children of the autistic spectrum present deficits on the development of language, cognitive and social abilities, they were able to derive linguistic and non-linguistic clues from the communicative environment and to use them according to the social context, thus leading to language and social-cognitive progress.

Comment les enfants se représentent-ils l’univers politique spécialisé ? Cette thèse prend pour objet les connaissances, les croyances et les opinions politiques des enfants. Il s’agit, en s’intéressant à ce public spécifique, d’apporter une contribution à la littérature sur les rapports ordinaires à la politique. La thèse présente les résultats d’une enquête empirique alliant méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives, menée dans huit écoles primaires socialement diversifiées. Elle examine les éléments dont disposent les enfants pour appréhender l’univers politique et prête attention aux différences entre eux à ce sujet. Il s’agit notamment d’étudier la compétence politique des enquêtés, tant du point de vue de leurs connaissances politiques que de leur compétence statutaire. L’examen du poids de variables telles que l’âge, le genre ou le milieu social permet ainsi d’interroger la genèse des inégalités de politisation. Il s’agit également de mettre à jour les bricolages grâce auxquels les enfants parviennent, malgré leur compétence en général limitée, à donner du sens à l’univers politique, c’est-à-dire à le comprendre, le juger et s’y situer. La thèse étudie l’imbrication entre les dimensions cognitives et normatives de la socialisation politique : elle indique que les jugements de valeurs et les opinions sont intériorisés par les enfants sur le mode de l’évidence, à l’instar des connaissances factuelles. Elle montre ainsi que les rapports des individus à la politique découlent de la réappropriation des messages pluriels provenant de leur environnement. / How do children view the specialized political universe? This dissertation studies children’s political knowledge, beliefs and opinions. It aims, through the study of this specific population, to contribute to the literature on ordinary relations to politics. It presents the results of an empirical study which was led in eight socially-diverse schools and combines both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study investigates which elements are available to the children in order to understand the political universe, and it pays attention to the differences between them, in particular regarding their political competence. The examination of the impact of variables such as age, gender or social environment contributes to understanding the roots of the inequalities in politicization. The dissertation also looks at the way children manage, despite of their generally limited political competence, to make sense of the political universe, in other words to understand and judge it. It studies the intertwining between cognitive and normative dimensions of political socialization: it indicates that judgments and opinions are interiorized by children as if they were evident, just as if they were factual knowledge. It thus shows that individual relations to politics are built on the re-appropriation of the plural messages coming from the environment.

Essa pesquisa, de caráter eminentemente qualitativo, trata dos processos de socialização política de mulheres militantes do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto (MTST) em São Paulo e tem por objetivos: (i) apreender de que modo tais mulheres adquiriram, ao longo de suas trajetórias de vida, disposições para o engajamento político e, no mesmo sentido, (ii) compreender como são interiorizadas e transmitidas, na experiência do próprio movimento, novas disposições para a defesa e ação em causas coletivas; (iii) analisar as especificidades das práticas educativas propiciadas pela dinâmica e organização do MTST e, finalmente, (iv) investigar a posição das mulheres militantes na organização desse movimento. A pesquisa volta-se, portanto, para as (pré)disposições resultantes de processos de socialização anteriores à entrada no movimento e que contribuíram para tal engajamento (tais como família, escola, bairro, igreja) de um lado e, de outro, para as novas disposições que se desenvolvem por meio de diferentes processos formativos e de socialização política dessas mulheres no interior do próprio movimento. O MTST embora seja identificado como movimento de luta por moradia, é um movimento social que defende transformações sociais mais profundas, que vão além da reforma urbana e da luta contra a especulação imobiliária. Atualmente, o MTST é constituído por cerca de 40 mil famílias que vivem em algum tipo de ocupação, além das famílias que, mesmo não vivendo em terrenos ou imóveis ocupados, participam das atividades do movimento, tais como manifestações públicas, assembleias e curso de formação política, tendo em vista conquistar também sua casa própria. Praticamente a totalidade dessas famílias apresentam propriedades sociais que, num primeiro momento, poderiam ser consideradas desfavoráveis à participação e ação política dado as precárias condições de vida a que estão submetidas. Porém, tais características não parecem ser definidoras do engajamento haja visto que muitos dos movimentos sociais têm sua origem em parcelas empobrecidas da população. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram constituídos nas seguintes etapas: (i) observação das ocupações, das assembleias, cursos e reuniões, em especial, as atividades desenvolvidas no Casarão (sede do MTST em São Paulo); (ii) escolha dos depoentes para realização de entrevistas em profundidade e (iii) análise dos dados tendo em vista desvendar as especificidades das dimensões educativas envolvidas nos processos de socialização e engajamento político. / This research, eminently qualitative, deals with political socialization processes Movement militants women of landless Workers (MTST) in São Paulo and aims to: (i) apprehending that such women so acquired, along its life trajectories, habitus for political engagement and, in the same direction, (ii) understand how they are internalized and passed on the experience of the movement itself, new habitus for the defence and action in collective causes; (iii) analysis the specifics of educational practices afforded by the dynamics and organization of MTST and finally (iv) to investigate the position of women activists in the organization of this movement. The research turns therefore to the (pre) habitus from previous socialization processes to entry and movement that contributed to such engagement (such as family, school, neighbourhood, church) on one side and on the other, to the new habitus that develop through different training processes and political socialization of these women within the movement itself. The MTST although it is identified as housing for fight of movement is a social movement that advocates deeper social transformations that go beyond urban reform and the fight against property speculation. Currently, the MTST consists of about 40 thousand families living in some kind of occupation, beyond the families that even not living in land or buildings occupied, participate in the activities of the movement, such as public manifestation, meetings and training course policy, with a view also to conquer your own home. Substantially all of these families have social properties that, at first, could be considered unfavourable to political participation and action given the precarious living conditions to which they are subjected. However, these characteristics do not seem to be defining engagement given the fact that many of the social movements have their origin in impoverished parts of the population. The methodological procedures will be made in the following steps: (i) observation of occupations, assemblies, courses and meetings, in particular the activities in the \"Casarão\" (MTST headquarters in São Paulo); (ii) selection of the deponents to conduct in-depth interviews and (iii) analysis the data in order to uncover the specifics of educational dimensions involved in the processes of socialization and political engagement.

This paper investigates the understanding of the concept of justice. This study takes advantage of a phenomenographic research approach while also using questionnaire answers. The purpose of the thesis has been to explore young students understanding and experiences of “justice”. The data for the empirical part of the study has been gathered through questionnaires and the main information for the qualitative part of the study has been extracted from the results of interviewing students. The results show evidence that teachers in the study have not worked explicitly with the concept of justice. The results from the study shows that the primary education of “justice” happens through socialization.