<p>I denna kvalitativa uppsats har syftet varit att få en förståelse av hur arbetslösa ungdomar kan uppleva sin situation. Datainsamlingen har skett genom tio intervjuer med arbetslösa ungdomar i åldrarna 20-25 år och som varit arbetslösa i minst tre månader. Två teoretiska perspektiv har använts vid analysen, Marie Jahodas deprivationsteori och Mikael Nordenmarks PEN-modell.</p><p>Resultaten av intervjuerna har vi valt att presentera i form av porträtt där vi försökt lyfta fram olika citat av ungdomarnas upplevelser av arbetslöshet. Genom porträtten kan man utläsa att ungdomarna upplever den ekonomiska situationen som svår. Att inte ha råd med ett eget boende och därmed bli kvarboende hos föräldrar, är en av konsekvenserna av arbetslösheten. Även upplevelser av stress, sömnsvårigheter, oro, tristess och en frustration över att bara gå hemma förekommer i ungdomarnas berättelser. Även skam är något som uppkommer i ungdomarnas berättelser, men då arbetslöshet är ett så vanligt förekommande fenomen i dagens Sverige är det dock nämnvärt att även upplevelser av inte känna någon skam alls förknippad med sin arbetslöshetssituation också förekommer i berättelserna.</p><p> </p> / <p>The purpose of this qualitative study has been to get an understanding of how unemployed young people can experience their situation. The data was collected through ten interviews with unemployed young people between ages 20-25 years and who had been unemployed during a time of at least three months. Two theoretical perspectives have been used for our analysis, Marie Jahoda´s deprivationtheory and Mikael Nordenmark´s PEN-model.</p><p>The results of the interviews have we presented through portraits. Trough citations we have tried to emphasize young people´s different experiences of unemployment. From the portraits you can deduce that the young people experience their economic situation as difficult. One of the consequences of unemployment was the lack of money required to move to an own place and therefore been forced to remain in their parental home. Even experiences like stress, sleeping difficulties, anxiety, drabness and a frustration of just being at home occur in their stories. Shame is also something that emerge in the interviews, but then unemployment is so commonly existent phenomena in today´s society it´s worth mentioning that experiences like not feel any shame at all of being unemployed, even existed in the young people´s stories.</p><p> </p>

In Zeiten von PISA-Vergleichsstudien sind die sozialen Probleme Jugendlicher im Zusammenhang mit der Globalisierung, insbesondere in Osteuropa, etwas aus dem Blick geraten. Rund 20 Jahre nach dem Systemumbruch in Mittel- und Osteuropa stellt sich jedoch die Frage, was Jugendliche in Polen, Russland und Deutschland vereint bzw. noch trennt. Dieser zentralen Frage geht der vorliegende Band – anhand eines Kulturvergleichs – in drei Länderbeiträgen nach und untersucht Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den Jugendlichen hinsichtlich deren Einstellungen, Lebens- und Wertvorstellungen u. ä. Angesichts „unsicherer Zeiten“ ist davon auszugehen, dass die sozialen Probleme Jugendlicher auch künftig nicht geringer werden. Deshalb wird die Beobachtung, Analyse und Begleitung der Jugendentwicklung in Osteuropa eine wichtige Aufgabe bleiben – sowohl für Sozial- und Bildungsforscher als auch für Lehrer, Erzieher und Sozialarbeiter. / In times of PISA-comparison studies the social problems of young people in the context of globalization, particularly in Eastern Europe, are out of sight. 20 years after the system change in Central and Eastern Europe raises the question of what unites or even separates young people in Poland, Russia and Germany (20 years after the system change in Central and Eastern Europe the question of what unites or still separates young people in Poland, Russia and Germany raises). This question is central to the present volume - in three countries to contributions and examines the similarities and differences between young people regarding their attitudes, life and values, etc. - on the basis of a cultural comparison (The present volume follows this question by means of three country contributions – on the basis of a cultural comparison – to examine similarities and differences between young people regarding their attitudes, outlooks on life and values). In view of "uncertain times" it is assumed that the social problems of young people will not decrease. Therefore, the observation, analysis and monitoring of youth development in Eastern Europe will remain an important task - for both social and educational researchers and for teachers, educators and social workers.

<p> <p>&nbsp / </p> </p> <p align="left">The current study aimed to describe the paradox of risk through an exploration of the experiences and perceptions of sexuality and HIV/AIDS among physically disabled young people in Nyanga, South Africa. This is against the background that AIDS has become a national and global crisis, which requires all people to participate in efforts to contain the pandemic. Yet literature indicates that young people with disabilities are not participating in such efforts. There is also an assumption, that physically disabled young people do not experience challenges in expressing their sexuality and accessing HIV/AIDS prevention services, to the same extent as other disability groups such as the blind and those with intellectual disabilities. Hence there was a need to explore disabled young people&rsquo / s own understanding of risk and the factors that hinder or support their participation in existing sexuality education and HIV/AIDS prevention programmes. It was also important for this group to suggest ways in which they may participate in such programmes.</p>

Bakgrund: Det har visat sig att en utökad samverkan behövs för att fånga upp de barn och unga som far illa i samhället idag. Därför initierade regeringen år 2006 en nationell samverkanssatsning där målet var att långsiktigt stärka samverkan mellan berörda myndigheter. I anslutning till satsningen som nyligen avslutats har några dokument publicerats, bland annat ett strategidokument vars syfte var att stöda samverkansarbetet, samt en formativ utvärdering som sammanfattar erfarenheterna från projekten. I dokumenten framträdde inledningsvis en otydlig bild av vad som menas med kommunikation samt motstridiga budskap om hur kommunikationen fungerat. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att få en större förståelse för hur begreppet kommunikation kan förstås samt för hur det beskrivs att kommunikationen fungerat i samverkanssatsningen. Metod: En hermeneutisk textanalys har gjorts på ovanstående dokument för att försöka tydliggöra och förstå de oklarheter och paradoxala budskap som kunnat urskiljas i texterna. Resultat: Trots otydliga uttalanden visade textanalysen på att kommunikation i mångt och mycket kan förstås som ett verktyg eller medel för att uppnå en gemensam bas för samverkan. Kommunikation är vidare ett sätt att utbyta kunskap och information på, samt en väg till förståelse. Resultatet visar även att förhållningssättet till kommunikation till stor del överensstämmer med hur kommunikation traditionellt sett brukar uppfattas inom organisationer. På frågan om hur kommunikationen ansetts fungera mellan de samverkande var det svårt att få fram en enhetlig bild. I utvärderingen går det att läsa att det skett få eller inga förbättringar alls, medan det utifrån analysen av dokumentet i sin helhet finns uttalanden som talar både för och emot.

I denna kvalitativa uppsats har syftet varit att få en förståelse av hur arbetslösa ungdomar kan uppleva sin situation. Datainsamlingen har skett genom tio intervjuer med arbetslösa ungdomar i åldrarna 20-25 år och som varit arbetslösa i minst tre månader. Två teoretiska perspektiv har använts vid analysen, Marie Jahodas deprivationsteori och Mikael Nordenmarks PEN-modell. Resultaten av intervjuerna har vi valt att presentera i form av porträtt där vi försökt lyfta fram olika citat av ungdomarnas upplevelser av arbetslöshet. Genom porträtten kan man utläsa att ungdomarna upplever den ekonomiska situationen som svår. Att inte ha råd med ett eget boende och därmed bli kvarboende hos föräldrar, är en av konsekvenserna av arbetslösheten. Även upplevelser av stress, sömnsvårigheter, oro, tristess och en frustration över att bara gå hemma förekommer i ungdomarnas berättelser. Även skam är något som uppkommer i ungdomarnas berättelser, men då arbetslöshet är ett så vanligt förekommande fenomen i dagens Sverige är det dock nämnvärt att även upplevelser av inte känna någon skam alls förknippad med sin arbetslöshetssituation också förekommer i berättelserna. / The purpose of this qualitative study has been to get an understanding of how unemployed young people can experience their situation. The data was collected through ten interviews with unemployed young people between ages 20-25 years and who had been unemployed during a time of at least three months. Two theoretical perspectives have been used for our analysis, Marie Jahoda´s deprivationtheory and Mikael Nordenmark´s PEN-model. The results of the interviews have we presented through portraits. Trough citations we have tried to emphasize young people´s different experiences of unemployment. From the portraits you can deduce that the young people experience their economic situation as difficult. One of the consequences of unemployment was the lack of money required to move to an own place and therefore been forced to remain in their parental home. Even experiences like stress, sleeping difficulties, anxiety, drabness and a frustration of just being at home occur in their stories. Shame is also something that emerge in the interviews, but then unemployment is so commonly existent phenomena in today´s society it´s worth mentioning that experiences like not feel any shame at all of being unemployed, even existed in the young people´s stories.

The overall aim of the present thesis is to contribute to the knowledge in young people´s experiences, thoughts and norms regarding sexually transmitted infections (STI) and sexual risk-taking. The specific aims are two-fold. The first aim is to explain and understand young Swedish men and women´s lived experience of an STI, in this case genital warts (I, II). The second is to explain and understand the values and attitudes of young men and women to sexual risk-taking (III) in relation to perceptions of gender (IV).   The theoretical perspectives are a reflective lifeworld approach, hermeneutic and gender perspectives. The thesis is based on individual interviews (I, II) and focus groups (III, IV).  The results show that a young person infected by an STI, will experience encounters at different levels. A person with an STI is forced to meet him/herself and their own prejudices. Loss of innocence is highly significant and symbolic for women, while other person´s attitudes are more important for men (I, II). Also, being a disease carrier is of great significance, which has an impact on their views of future meaningful relationships (II).      Sexual risk-taking, such as it was expressed in the focus groups with young people, revealed a pattern that is described as a ‘game’. In that game, a dialogue might feel more intimate than intercourse. These teenagers often view their one night stand partners as objects, as opposed to love relationships where they are viewed as subjects, i.e. persons to be cared for. Engaging in sexual risk-taking often starts at a club where these teenagers pretend that they are spontaneous (III). This game is further illuminated in a secondary analysis with a gender perspective. There are frequent misunderstandings between young men and women that are based on gender constructions, which derive from lack of communication. Hence, they have to take part in a balancing act while shaping their sexual identity and trying to maintain their self-esteem. For these young women, this also concerns not getting a bad reputation. In this act of balance, it is difficult to discuss sexuality and how to protect one’s sexual health (IV). The discussion emphasizes that a professional caring dialogue with young people about STI: s and sexual-risk taking must have reference in the young person´s own reality. Thus, professional health care workers who meet a young person infected with an STI appear to face a challenging task. This involves helping reduce anxiety by defusing the situation, and at the same time to make the person understand the importance of using a condom in order to prevent STI: s.

La tesi analizza il modo in cui le organizzazioni scolastiche affrontano il disagio giovanile, verificando se e dove si riscontrino caratteri di relazionalità nella sua gestione e nell’orientamento organizzativo, secondo l’approccio relazionale al welfare. Si tratta di una ricerca qualitativa ed esplorativa, condotta nel sistema educativo della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, attraverso interviste semistrutturate a dirigenti, docenti, ma anche altri professionisti, studenti e famiglie. L’analisi, preceduta da un inquadramento teorico e delle indicazioni istituzionali, focalizza il processo di aiuto sul caso secondo l’ottica relazionale e poi si centra sul piano organizzativo, per osservare in tre elementi – finalità, persone e mezzi dell’organizzazione – come l’assunzione di una prospettiva relazionale possa attivare nella scuola pratiche di care in grado di migliorare il benessere degli studenti. L’analisi mostra che, soprattutto nella formazione professionale trentina, il presupposto della care appare abbastanza condiviso ma spesso non si traduce in veri e propri processi relazionali. Un punto critico riguarda l’attivazione di reti riflessive paritarie con le famiglie e gli studenti. Una potenzialità innovativa è invece espressa in alcuni istituti dove l’assetto organizzativo funziona almeno in parte secondo logiche relazionali: ciò sembra sostenere la funzione formativa della scuola, coinvolgendola in una dinamica societaria di care diffusa. / The thesis analyses the way in which school organizations tackle the problem of young people in trouble, verifying if and where relational elements can be found in organizational orientations, following the relational approach to welfare. It is a qualitative and exploring research, conducted within the Province of Trento's educational system, through semistructured interviews with school executives, teachers, other professionals, students and families as well. Beginning with the theoretical framework and the institutional indications, the analysis focuses on individual helping process from the relational perspective; then moving to the organizational level in order to observe in three elements - goals, people and means - how the utilization of a relational approach can activate, in the school, practices of "care" capable of improving students well being. The analysis shows that, mainly in occupational training, the idea of "care" seems to be quite shared but it does not translate into true relational processes. A critical point refers to the activation of reflective networks with families and students. A potential innovation is expressed in certain institutes where the organizational framework reflects, at least partially, the relational approach: it does seam to support the school educational role, involving the school itself in a widespread society of "care".

In tempi recenti il concetto di cosmopolitismo riscuote una certa popolarità nel campo della ricerca sociologica. Dopo diversi anni di riflessione teoretica, gli studi sul cosmopolitismo si focalizzano oggi sulla ricerca empirica. In linea con questa tendenza, il presente lavoro intende osservare un cosmopolitismo “dal basso”, che si manifesta nelle vite delle persone come una forma di apertura globale, nonché come un processo di trasformazione del sé. In particolare, questa tesi si focalizza sul cosmopolitismo come una categoria interpretativa utile a leggere i giovani nell’ambito di un’esperienza interculturale di vita all’estero, quale il Servizio Volontario Europeo. Più nel dettaglio, la ricerca si concentra sul volontariato europeo come ambito d’indagine in cui è possibile osservare nuove forme di appartenenza e di identificazione, oltre all’emergere di nuove pratiche. Attraverso una serie di interviste biografiche realizzate con giovani volontari, infatti, si è potuto constatare come le diverse appartenenze si affianchino a diversi atteggiamenti e rappresentazioni della dimensione locale, nazionale ed europea, in vista di una più ampia apertura al mondo. La ricerca descrive queste appartenenze che formano la base di una cultura ambivalente e cosmopolita così come viene sperimentata dai giovani volontari durante l’esperienza di mobilità internazionale da essi vissuta. Il lavoro mira dunque a chiarire il concetto di cosmopolitismo e propone un percorso di ricerca attraverso cui studiare il fenomeno mettendo in luce la nascita di nuove relazioni sociali, pratiche solidali e processi di trasformazione e di comprensione del sé. / Recently the concept of cosmopolitanism raises a great popularity within the sociological research. After several years of theoretical reflections, nowadays, the cosmopolitanism studies focus on the empirical research. According to this trend, this work observes a cosmopolitanism “from below”, among ordinary people as a form of global openness as well as a process of self-transformation. In particular, this thesis focuses on cosmopolitanism as an interpretative category, useful to read young people within an intercultural experience to spend a certain period of time practicing and living abroad, such as the European Voluntary Service. More in detail, this research studies the European Voluntary Service like a field where it is possible to observe new forms of belonging and identification and new practices. By a number of biographical interviews to young volunteers it has been possible to discover that different belongings go together with different attitudes and representations of the local, the national and the European dimension, towards a global openness. The research describes these attachments, which forms the basis of an ambivalent cosmopolitanism culture as it is experienced by young volunteers during their international experiences. Finally, the work aims to clarify the concept of cosmopolitanism and suggest a way to study this fenomenous by documenting the raise of new social relations, practices, solidarities and process of self-transformation and self-understanding.

<p>The democratic conditions in national states have change radically at the same time as the society has changed. Because of social and economic globalization processes, the states and government has lost power for the benefit of transnational and global institutions. That affects the democracy since the nation state earlier defined the domain of citizenship. At the same time, citizens’ confidence towards political parties and politicians has gone down. These trends have lead to a situation that is spoken about as the crisis of democracy. The globalization has however also created new possibilities for political arenas and way to be politically organized.</p><p>This thesis is about democracy; about being able to influence one’s own situation and the society one live in. It’s also about the protracted struggle between different groups to be able to do this. This field is very wide and the possible ways to examine it are endless, but the part that will be in focus here is the municipality of Norrköping. It will be about how the municipality, trough the Committee of Democracy, which is appointed by the municipal council, works with democracy, but also about how young people in Norrköping feels that they can influence and effect. The study is based on analysis of reports and interviews with representatives from the Committee of Democracy and on interviews with young people who are politically involved in social movements. The study is written from a discourse analysis approach and the theoretical frame of reference revolves around discourse, power, governmentality and theories about the postmodern society.</p>

The thesis deals with the construction of the model for training Self-efficacy of young people with moderate intellectual disabilities based on A.Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. The hypothesis of three conditions is developed: Self-efficacy of young people with moderate intellectual disabilities will be trained if: 1) educational situations are based on the educator and the learners’ harmony of aims and equipotential interaction; 2) the learner is able to express his feelings and images in the creative work spontaneously by means of art expression and the educator is able to express his expectations; 3) the educator is active creating conditions for art expression searching for the ways of social promotion and analysing the changes in the topics and graphic patterns of creative works of young people with moderate intellectual disabilities. To implement and study these three conditions the art expression studio initiated its activity and educational situations adequate to the hypothesis were created. The pedagogical interaction was investigated employing standardised observational method, the elements of Grounded theory and H-T-P methods were employed to analyse the learners’ drawings, and the manifestations of the learners’ Self-efficacy were searched employing phenomenological investigation performing case analyses. It is proved that consciously and purposefully constructed equipotential pedagogical interaction is the precondition of Self-efficacy of young people with MID.