<p>The purpose with this essay is to examine the phenomenon SMS in TV. Partly by identify the communication process behind the phenomenon and partly by describing it in a editorial and technical point of view. We have analysed the communication process regarding scientific theories in communication, interaction and convergence. With a qualitive approach we have fulfilled four interviews and two small ethnographical field observations. Objects for the interviews and observations have been two Swedish produced debate-programs, broadcasted in TV; Diskus in TV4 and Debatt in SVT2. Our conclusions shows that the phenomenon SMS in TV provides the traditional one-way communicative medium TV a new opportunity to create a feedback-channel between the TV-viewer and the TV-producer. The main purpose with SMS in TV from a TV-producers point of view is to let the TV-viewer have the possibility to send a SMS-message with his or her thoughts or questions to the TV-producer and by that affect the TV-program. Our conclusions also describes how the phenomenon is used in a editorial way and how it’s produced and used in a technical point of view. Further discussions are made regarding problems connected to the phenomenon and it’s future possibilities. </p> / <p>Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka fenomenet SMS i TV. Dels för att identifiera fenomenets kommunikationsprocess och dels för att åskådliggöra fenomenet redaktionellt och tekniskt sett. För att analysera fenomenets kommunikationsprocess har vi valt att utgå från kommunikations-, interaktions- och konvergensteorier. Med en kvalitativ ansats har vi genomfört fyra intervjuer samt två mindre fältobservationer med etnografisk ansats. Utgångspunkten för dessa har varit de svenskproducerade TV-sända debattprogrammen Diskus i TV4 och Debatt i SVT2. Slutsatserna visar att fenomenet SMS i TV ger det traditionellt envägskommunikativa mediet TV en möjlighet till återkoppling mellan TV-tittaren och TV-producenten. Syftet med SMS i TV är att från TV-producentens sida samverka med TV-tittaren genom att låta denne skicka ett SMS-meddelande med sin åsikt eller fråga i för att påverka innehållet i det aktuella TV-programmet. Slutsatserna beskriver även hur fenomenet används redaktionellt och hur det produceras och fungerar tekniskt sett. Vidare diskuteras problematiken med SMS i TV samt fenomenets möjligheter i framtiden. </p>

The aim of this thesis is to analyze debates and discourses about the public library in Swedish media from the 1970s up to and including 2006. The empirical material is derived from TV, radio and the daily press and by using discourse theory and methodology a number of debates are problematized. The result of the analysis showed similarities but also differences between dominant discourses during different decades. One discourse, termed the book discourse, recurs during all the decades of the study. The book discourse is primarily associated with concepts such as printed books, good quality fiction and popular education. The 1970s is dominated by a discourse called the community centre discourse. It called for public libraries to become community centers for various kinds of cultural and political activities. The information mediation discourse appeared first in the 1980s and was present during the 1990s and the following decade. This discourse argues that public libraries should prioritize new technology and engage primarily in mediating information, irrespective of the format in which it is presented. The analysis as a whole also revealed that authors often had a prominent position in and exerted substantial influence over the content of the debates. Librarians, however, did not participate to any great extent in the debates. In the conclusion I argue that there are important aspects of the public library that does not appear in the material. The role of the library as a meeting place is one such absent theme. Another is the importance of the library to ensure integration. I argue that this invisibility is a result of the book discourse dominating the debate. If the public image of the library is defined from the viewpoint of the book discourse, the result can well be that the institution is equated with a specific media format - printed books. Because of significant changes in media consumption and the ongoing digitization of information, this focus could in the long run mean that the library risks loss of legitimacy. Describing the library as a cultural institution, as a community centre or as an information centre depends on different discourses that aim to further different wills and interests. By highlighting the political, professional and institutional interests articulated in dominant discourses on the public library in Swedish media during a period of almost 40 years, this study suggests that the media debates must be widened and opened up for more actors.

This essay examines how three big Swedish newspapers depicts e-sports and computer gaming and how the depiction change during 2000-2013. The study will also examine whether e-sports is being portrayed as competitive sport. The purpose is to investigate which attitudes that can be identified towards computer gaming and its culture in major newspapers such as Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet and how these attitudes eventually changed over time.   The sources that will be used in both the quantitative and qualitative analysis are based on web articles, mainly because the paper editions does not provide much, if any, information about computer gaming and e-sports and also because of the convenience of being able to quickly find articles to study.   Results indicate that computer gaming is being depicted in a clear negative fashion during 2000-2006, and that the depiction of e-sports is somewhat positive but not as glorifying as for the years 2007-2013. During this period, there is a apparent tendency of e-sports being introduced to readers who are unfamiliar with the gaming culture. As for the attitudes towards computer gaming, the depiction is still somewhat negative, mainly because the debate about computer games and violence was revived because of several acts of violence in shape of school massacres and mass murder. Finally, there are only partial results that indicate that e-sports is being portrayed as a competitive sport, based on Allen Guttman's criteria for competitive sports.

Den västerländska kanon har varit ett omdiskuterat begrepp ända sedan dess intåg i litteraturvetenskapliga kretsar - en debatt som pågår ännu idag. Debatten har främst kommit att handla om kanons legitimitet i förhållande till dess representation, då den sedan uppkomsten främst har representerats av litteratur skriven av västerländska män. År 2004 uppmärksammades debatten i Norden, vilket resulterade i att Danmark fick en etablerad kulturkanon, som syftar till att representera det danska kulturarvet. Detta inspirerade till en liknande debatt i Sverige, där folkpartisten Cecilia Wikström lade fram ett förslag på en liknande svensk kulturkanon för att därmed stärka det svenska kulturarvet. Detta förslag möttes av kritik från olika håll, vilket vi undersöker i denna uppsats för att ge en bild av kanons många aspekter. Uppsatsen är uppdelad i två delar: en makroanalys och en mikroanalys. Makroanalysen undersöker forskning kring kanonteorier, kanondefinitioner, kanoniska egenskaper och kanonrepresentation, för att kunna erhålla en tolkning och vidare en förståelse för vad som utgör kanon. Mikroanalysen är en undersökning som utmärker och legitimerar en romans plats i kanon, utifrån resultaten i studiens första del. Litteraturobjektet är Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary från 1857, då den förekommer på flera kanonlistor, och är både hyllad och kritiserad. Litteraturen vi granskar består av etablerad litteratur som är representerad i kanon i egenskap av en manlig västerländsk författare, för att undersöka i vilken mån de kanoniska egenskaperna går att utröna i verket, och med detta motivera dess plats i kanon. Makroanalysen visar att kanon fortfarande till största del är representerad av västerländska män. Detta, visar forskningen, beror på traditionella urvalsprocesser som inte alltid följer samhällets utveckling mot jämlikhet och mångfald. Likväl har det uppstått en del alternativa listor och forskning som bidrar till att de försummade författarskapen representeras i kanon. Mikroanalysen visar korrelationen med resultaten i makroanalysen. Madame Bovary besitter de kanoniska egenskaper som eftersträvas i kanon genom stil och särart, tradition, värderingar, kulturarv samt står emot tidens tand. Resultaten av studien visar att det inte alltid handlar om de kanoniska egenskaperna per se, utan att det snarare är vad ett litterärt verk representerar i relation till det litterära fältet, eller den kanoniska diskursen, som avgör vad som anses vara kanoniskt eller ej. / The Western canon has been a debatable topic ever since its entry into the field of literature - a debate that is still on-going. The focus of this particular debate has primarily been about the canons legitimacy in relation to its representation, since it is mostly represented by literature written by Western males. In 2004, the debate was brought to attention in Scandinavia, which resulted in an established culture canon in Denmark, which intended to represent the Danish cultural heritage. This inspired a similar debate in Sweden, where the politician Cecilia Wikström suggested a similar Swedish cultural canon, in order to strengthen the Swedish cultural heritage. This suggestion was met by critique from different directions, which our study is partly based on. This thesis study is divided into two parts: a macroanalysis, and a microanalysis. The macroanalysis analyses research about canon theories, canon definitions, canonical qualities, and canon representation, in order to establish an interpretation and understanding of the constituents of the canon. The microanalysis is a study that distinguishes and legitimizes a novel’s place in the canon, based on the results from the macroanalysis. The literary object of this study is Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary from 1857, since it is recurrent in many lists of canonical works, and has been both praised and criticised throughout the years. The literature that is studied is established literature represented in the canon as a work of a Western male writer, in order to study how the canonical qualities are represented in the novel, and thus legitimise its place in the canon. The results from the macroanalysis show that the Western canon is still mostly represented by Western males. Research indicates that this is due to traditional sampling processes, which do not always follow the development in society towards equality and cultural diversity. However, some alternative canonical lists have emerged, as well as research that has contributed to further representation of previously neglected authorships to the canon. The microanalysis shows the correlation with the results from the macroanalysis. The canonical qualities of style and peculiar nature, tradition, values, cultural heritage and standing the test of time, are all represented in Madame Bovary. The results of this study indicate that it is not always about the canonical qualities per se; it seems to be more about what a literary work represents in relation to the literary field, or the canonical discourse, that determines what is considered as being canonical or not.

In ”goda influenser utifrån” (positive effects from abroad) the purpose is to explore how ideas about feminism and nationality is created within the commentarys on Newsmill (swedish websight for debate). The questions which is directed on the basis of my purpose is drafted to enable my enquiry. On intersectional premisses, and with the help of a textanalysis, i will dress the data which i collected from one field of commentarys. The analysis is divided into themes in which and everyone i tend to immerse on that particular theme.

The principal theory in the field of public relations, grounded in the landmark Excellence Study headed by J.E. Grunig (1992), has moved from viewing activist groups as posing a threat to organizational effectiveness, to recognizing their positive influence on the development of Excellent public relations practices, to incorporating the activist perspective into the main research agenda. The public relations practices of activist groups are similar to those of their target organizations, and research has demonstrated that both parties are more likely to achieve their respective goals if both use symmetrical strategies. Factors that have been found to be critical to the success of activist groups include their ability to maintain the viability and legitimacy of the organization and the issue(s) it pursues, and their ability to build relationships of trust with its members, complementary organizations, legislative bodies, and the press. Since web-based communication has become a principal source of counterbalancing their disadvantage in resources vis-à-vis the targeted institution(s), the ability to take advantage of the potential of online media has also become critical to the success of activist groups. Another important source for counterweighing the “deep pockets” of their corporate or governmental adversaries, and thus a critical factor for success, is the “motivation and fervor” of the members of activist groups. Whereas the public relations behavior of corporations and governments is primarily cued by highly rational and regulated guidelines at the organizational (meso) level, activist public relations behavior is often grounded in highly emotional considerations at the personal (micro) level. This raises the question: how can the public relations practices of an activist group affect its members at the personal level? Bandura’s model of self-directed change (1990) offers a promising framework for addressing this question, as it facilitates the evaluation of an activist group’s public relations campaign in terms of its effectiveness in reinforcing the motivation, social and self-regulatory skills, and self-efficacy of individual members. The model suggests that effective activist public relations practices are not only successful in preserving viability and legitimacy at the meso level, but also enhance empowerment at the micro level. / text

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

The United States has the highest incarceration rate of any country. The causes for the large number of prisoners can be traced, in part, to a politicized war on crime that resulted in harsh sentencing and high recidivism rates. Prisoner education provides the potential for slowing the revolving door of prison by helping to create engaged citizens, who are committed to bettering themselves and their communities. However, there is a paucity of support for programs such as Pell Grants, which could facilitate emancipatory education in prisons. The purpose of this work is to examine why prisoners are provided few meaningful educational opportunities while incarcerated. This study seeks to understand the genealogy of prisoner education policy through an examination of the debate surrounding the 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill and its prohibition of Pell Grants for prisoners, as well as the 2008 Second Chance Act and its reentry programs. The study analyzes the ideological underpinnings of key decision makers and how their values are often embedded in the narratives of neoliberalism. In addition, the work examines elite stakeholders’ discursive attempts, both manifest and subtle, to influence and maintain social policy through the creation of legitimizing myths, including the viewpoints that prisoners are hopelessly flawed or that they have potential only as human capital. Counter-hegemonic discourse is also described. The study methods are critical discourse analysis which looks at the ways text and talk maintain inequities in society and critical policy analysis. Utilizing transcripts from legislative debates, the study analyzes the discourses of members of Congress to expose the tropes that often lie beneath the surface of the debate over prisoner education. Their rhetoric appears to generate and maintain widespread support for legislation that is frequently deleterious to marginalized out-groups. The study should add to the literature examining the role of legitimizing myths that maintain inequities in educational access.

Šio magistrinio darbo tema „Lietuvos integracija į Europos Sąjungą: viešų diskusijų ir idėjų propagavimo analizė“. Darbo objektas – nuomonių ir diskusijų apie ES įtaką Lietuvos verslui visuma. Verslo sąvoka įvardijame Lietuvos įmones – darbdavius, darbuotojus ir vartotojus. Nuomonių šaltiniai šiuo atveju du dienraščiai – „Lietuvos rytas“ ir „Verslo žinios“ bei atlikto tyrimo respondentai – ekspertai, įmonių vadovai ir nuosavo verslo savininkai. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas - remiantis analizuojama medžiaga įvertinti, kokios pagrindinės tendencijos, objektai, temos vyrauja svarstymuose apie ES įtaką verslui. Darbe aptariami šie klausimai: kaip verslo ir ES santykį pateikia du Lietuvos dienraščiai - didžiausio tiražo „Lietuvos rytas“ ir verslo naujienų dienraštis „Verslo žinios“, kaip ES naudos ir grėsmės vertinamos tarp ekspertų, įmonių vadovų ir nuosavo verslo savininkų, kokios pagrindinės tendencijos vyrauja nagrinėjamuose dienraščiuose ir ar jos yra sąlygotos įtakingų verslo grupių. Dienraščių analizė parodė, kad „Verslo žinios“ pateikia objektyvesnę ir profesionalesnę informaciją nei „Lietuvos rytas“. „Lietuvos rytas“ daug dėmesio skiria politikų vaidmeniui ES integracijos procese, dažniausiai akcentuodamas neigiamas jų savybes – polinkį į korupciją, neprofesionalumą, egoizmą. Valdininkai įvardijami kaip viena kliūčių integracijoje į ES. Pagrindinė akcentuojama integracijos nauda – ES finansinė parama. „Verslo žinios“ išryškėjo kaip atviras nuomonėms ir diskusijoms... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This masters thesis deals with analysis of public discussion and ideas promotion during Lithuania's integration into European Union. The work gives an overview of debates on the EU's influence on Lithuanian business. As a concept of business this work identifies Lithuanian companies - employers, workers and consumers. Feedback sources in this case are two daily newspapers - "Lietuvos rytas" and "Verslo žinios" and the survey respondents - experts, business executives and business owners. The main purpose of this research - to evaluate the main trends, objects, events, that dominated the deliberations of the EU's influence on business. The paper covers the following topics: how the relationship between the EU and the busness was highlighted by two Lithuanian newspapers - the largest-circulation "Lietuvos rytas" and business news daily "Verslo žinios"; the EU's benefits and risk assessment among experts, business managers and business owners; what main trends prevailed in newspapers, and whether these trends were the result of the influence of powerful business groups. Dailies analysis showed that the "Veslo žinios" provides more objective and more professional information rather than the "Lietuvos rytas". "Lietuvos rytas" is very much focused on the role of politicians in the EU integration process, often with emphasis on the negative characteristics - prone to corruption, incompetence, selfishness. Officials are found as one of the obstacles to the integration into the... [to full text]

L’un des buts de l’apprentissage des mathématiques est le développement du raisonnement et celui-ci participe à la compréhension des mathématiques. Très liée au raisonnement, la notion de preuve est aussi fondamentale à l’apprentissage des mathématiques, car elle permet d’établir la validité d’arguments mathématiques et de conférer un sens à différents concepts à travers l’explication de l’organisation logique du travail effectué. Toutefois, malgré l’importance accordée au développement de différents types de raisonnements, plusieurs élèves éprouvent des difficultés lorsqu’ils sont appelés à concevoir ou à évaluer des preuves. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous avons étudié l’impact de l’utilisation d’un forum électronique sur le développement d’habiletés de validation algébrique ainsi que sur le développement d’habiletés en lien avec l’évaluation de preuves en algèbre chez des élèves de 13 et 14 ans du Nouveau-Brunswick et du Québec. Les résultats laissent supposer que l’utilisation du forum électronique encourage le passage des preuves pragmatiques aux preuves intellectuelles, en plus de favoriser une utilisation adéquate des règles du débat mathématique. / One of the goals of learning mathematics is the development of reasoning, because it is essential to understand mathematics. Closely related to reasoning, the notion of proof is also fundamental in the learning of mathematics, because it allows students to establish the validity of mathematical arguments and put a sense on various concepts through logical explanation of their work. However, in spite of the importance placed on the development of the capacity to reason mathematically, several students are confronted with difficulties during the development or the evaluation of proofs. This study examined the impact of the use of a discussion forum on the development of algebraic validation skills as well as on the development of skills linked with the evaluation of the proof process in algebra with 13 and 14 year old students from New Brunswick and Quebec (Canada). The results lead us to believe that the use of the electronic forum encourages the passage from pragmatic proofs to intellectual proofs. It also seems to facilitate an adequate use of the rules of the mathematical debate.