I min uppsats fördjupar jag mig i arbetet kring de som i allmänna ord benämns för blyga barn. Vad innebär det egentligen att vara blyg, är det ett personlighetsdrag som är svårt att ändra på, eller ett tillstånd som behöver bearbetas för att nå utveckling? Eller kan det rentav vara något som är ärftligt och därmed inte påverkbart? Vad innebär blyghet i förskolan för barnet och pedagogen och hur kan pedagoger lyfta de barn som inte syns eller hörs. Är det överhuvudtaget något att oroa sig över och isåfall vad kan man göra för att stötta de blyga barnen i deras fortsatta utveckling. Genom att använda mig av sociokulturella och normkritiska perspektiv försöker jag tolka hur dessa två aspekter påverkar synen på blyghet. I denna uppsats utgår jag från mina egna erfarenheter för att i efterhand reflektera över hur min egen syn, förskolans och samhällets syn påverkar oss i det dagliga bemötandet. / In my essay I try to get a better understanding of those who in general words are called shy children. What does it really mean to be shy, is it a personality trait that is difficult to change, or is it a condition that needs to be processed to further development? Or could it perhaps be something that is hereditary and thus impossible to affect? What exactly does shyness mean in the preschool for the child and the teacher, and how can the teachers try to reach children who are not usually seen or heard. Is it at all something to worry about, and if so, what can you do to support them in their continued development. Through the use of different perspectives such as the socio-cultural and norm-critical, I try to see how various aspects influence the view on shyness. In this essay, I use my own knowledge and previous experiences in order to reflect on how my own, the preschool and society's view affects us in the daily approach.

The thesis is intending to answer the question: Do tools and objects have the ability to support capacities for imagining alternative ways of living the present and through that also the future? How do we imagine our future? What is necessary for us and how do we want to live our everyday? It is important to rest for a moment and have a conversation about this questions in order to adapt old concepts of the world towards drastically changing conditions. Most of us, mainly in the modern western society, know that we can no longer maintain this lifestyle in the future. We know that we have to react as soon as possible and find alternative ways of living together. Yet it seems that we are paralysed to initiate action towards new ways of thinking. Where does this inactivity come from? It is hard to find new ways of thinking, especially when conventional norms, rules and structures of the current system do not provide any room for new forms of development. Is it possible that we are trapped in this system and the web of stories that hold it together? Is it possible that we are so used to the structures of the everyday, that we see them as set truths and do not question them anymore? The work investigates where these conditions come from and how non-human stakeholders in form of our everyday objects impact human culture and core beliefs. Through designing a disobedient tool that supports the capacity for alternative thinking towards more playful, imaginative presents and futures I want to try to questioning established systems embedded in our everyday tools, tools which embody our relations to each other and to the living and non-living inhabitants of our surroundings.

Nos últimos anos, percebeu-se um avanço substancial das metodologias sistemáticas de seleção de ativos em portfólios financeiros, baseadas em técnicas de otimização. A maior pressão por desempenho sobre as gestoras de recursos e a evolução dos softwares e pacotes de otimização foram fatores que contribuíram para esse desenvolvimento. Dentre as técnicas mais reconhecidas utilizadas na gestão de portfólios está a de otimização robusta, cuja aplicação na solução de problemas com dados incertos iniciou-se na década de 1970 e, desde então, vem evoluindo em sofisticação. Partindo de uma extensão recente do método, propõe-se um novo modelo linear que resolve o problema de otimização de um portfólio para múltiplos estágios, com inovações no tratamento da incerteza das estimativas de dispersão dos retornos. Os resultados mostram que o método proposto desempenha muito bem em termos de rentabilidade e de métricas de risco-retorno em momentos de turbulência dos mercados. Por fim, demonstra-se empiricamente que o modelo alcança um desempenho ainda melhor em termos de rentabilidade com a adoção de um estimador eficiente para o valor esperado dos retornos e com a simultânea redução do nível de robustez do modelo. / It has been realized in the last years a remarkable development of the optimization techniques to solve the problem of financial portfolio selection. The pressure on asset management firms to maintain a more stable performance and the evolution of specialized software packages have enabled this positive trend. One of the most recognized approaches applied to the management of investments is the robust optimization, whose use on uncertain portfolio optimization problems has begun in the 1970s and has experienced a substantial growth since then. Building on a recent version of this framework, it is proposed a new linear model of the robust multistage portfolio optimization problem, thereby incorporating uncertainty about dispersion inputs in an innovative way. The results show that this method performs very well during high volatility periods in terms of the terminal wealth and the risk-return tradeoff. Finally, it can be demonstrated empirically that the proposed method outperforms when an efficient return estimator is incorporated to the optimization model and the robustness level is reduced simultaneously.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heitor Pereira Villaca Avoglio.pdf: 1295577 bytes, checksum: 29fd822368e0a8d9722ff5e4b1354f0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / This paper focuses on the figure of precedent. Brazilians constitutional and processes reforms lead off to a new expertise: the system of binding decisions. The primarily founded basis for this new model is the utilitarian interests and the production targets, which does not seem satisfactory to itsopposite side: the correct cognition and reasoning of justice. At first, this paper looks into the stare decisis technique: a sort of a mechanical system that searches the judicial court´s precedents, typical in countries with Common Law traditions. Reached certain conclusions, the author embraces the theory ideate by Ronald Dworkin and Robert Alexy, mainly the qualitative assortment between rules and principles. After a review about the need to rely on a paradigm of discourse, this paper concludes that that theory of stare decisis and the model proposed by the legislatives reforms are insufficient in order to propitiate a full understanding of the whole precedent theory, and suggests a third kind of legal standard of law, endowed with legal force by means of reason, which was first conceived by Jürgen Habermas doctrine. With this new initial concept, the author proposes a new figure for the stare decisis cognition, by legal certainty, accountability, argumentative basis, etc. At last, finishes by rejecting the existing legislative model, arguing that it reveals the revival of a paradigm which has long surpassed: the judge as the mouth of the law / O presente trabalho enfoca a figura do precedente. As reformas constitucionais e do processo iniciaram uma nova mentalidade no direito brasileiro: a de um sistema de decisões vinculantes. Propostos moldes para tal sistema, com base principalmente nos interesses utilitaristas e de metas de produção, eles não se mostram satisfatórios para o outro lado da moeda: a correta cognição e fundamentação da justiça. Recorre o trabalho, inicialmente, a uma investigação sobre o stare decisis: uma espécie de mecânica do sistema de precedentes judiciais nos países de tradição do common law. Alcançadas certas conclusões, o autor adota a teoria de Ronald Dworkin e Robert Alexy, notadamente a classificação qualitativa das normas jurídicas entre regras e princípios. Após uma crítica sobre a necessidade de se apoiar em um paradigma discursivo, o trabalho conclui que esta teoria e o modelo de súmula vinculante proposto pela reforma não são suficientes para uma compreensão integral dos precedentes, pelo que propõe seu conceito como terceira espécie de norma jurídica, dotada de força normativa por meio de razões, com o que muito se buscou em Jürgen Habermas. Com este novo conceito inicial, o autor propõe novas roupagens às noções de stare decisis, segurança jurídica, responsabilidade argumentativa, etc., rechaçando por fim o modelo existente pela razão de se tratar de uma retomada de um paradigma há muito superado: o juiz bocada‐ lei

Cette recherche s'intéresse aux pratiques de consommation déviantes et examine le moment où ces consommateurs sont pris dans des systèmes normatifs contradictoires : celui de l'univers de consommation et celui de leur pratique. S'adossant à l'étude de deux cas, la consommation excessive d'alcool et la pratique du jeu en réseau, les données ont été recueillies selon une approche d'inspiration ethnographique puis analysées par comparaison constante et suivant un processus itératif de codage, de catégorisation et d'abstraction des données. Adoptant une lecture interactionniste, les conclusions de l'étude présentent les principales étapes de la carrière de ces consommateurs : (1) l'engagement dans la pratique, (2) l'entrée dans la déviance, et (3) la construction d'apparences normales. En définitive, les résultats indiquent que, durant les rencontres avec des consommateurs « normaux », les déviants mettent en œuvre des méthodes de naturalisation pour négocier leur place dans l'échelle des normalités structurant l'univers de consommation. / This research focuses on deviant consumption practices. It examines when these consumers are caught in conflicting normative systems : the world of consumption and their practice. Based on an ethnographic method, two cases are studied: the excessive alcohol consumption and of online video games practice. Data were analyzed by constant comparison and an iterative process of coding, categorization and data abstraction. From an interactionist reading the findings indicate the main stages of the career of these consumers : (1) engaging in practice, (2) entry into the deviance, and (3) the construction of normal appearances. Finally, the results show that, during the meetings with 'normal' consumers, deviant mobilize naturalization methods to negotiate their place in the scale of normalities structuring the world of consumption.

Nos últimos anos, percebeu-se um avanço substancial das metodologias sistemáticas de seleção de ativos em portfólios financeiros, baseadas em técnicas de otimização. A maior pressão por desempenho sobre as gestoras de recursos e a evolução dos softwares e pacotes de otimização foram fatores que contribuíram para esse desenvolvimento. Dentre as técnicas mais reconhecidas utilizadas na gestão de portfólios está a de otimização robusta, cuja aplicação na solução de problemas com dados incertos iniciou-se na década de 1970 e, desde então, vem evoluindo em sofisticação. Partindo de uma extensão recente do método, propõe-se um novo modelo linear que resolve o problema de otimização de um portfólio para múltiplos estágios, com inovações no tratamento da incerteza das estimativas de dispersão dos retornos. Os resultados mostram que o método proposto desempenha muito bem em termos de rentabilidade e de métricas de risco-retorno em momentos de turbulência dos mercados. Por fim, demonstra-se empiricamente que o modelo alcança um desempenho ainda melhor em termos de rentabilidade com a adoção de um estimador eficiente para o valor esperado dos retornos e com a simultânea redução do nível de robustez do modelo. / It has been realized in the last years a remarkable development of the optimization techniques to solve the problem of financial portfolio selection. The pressure on asset management firms to maintain a more stable performance and the evolution of specialized software packages have enabled this positive trend. One of the most recognized approaches applied to the management of investments is the robust optimization, whose use on uncertain portfolio optimization problems has begun in the 1970s and has experienced a substantial growth since then. Building on a recent version of this framework, it is proposed a new linear model of the robust multistage portfolio optimization problem, thereby incorporating uncertainty about dispersion inputs in an innovative way. The results show that this method performs very well during high volatility periods in terms of the terminal wealth and the risk-return tradeoff. Finally, it can be demonstrated empirically that the proposed method outperforms when an efficient return estimator is incorporated to the optimization model and the robustness level is reduced simultaneously.

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Entlang der Ergebnisse der UN-Weltfrauenkonferenz in Peking 1995 untersucht die Arbeit Auswirkungen internationaler Normsetzung auf die Gleichstellungspolitik der EU und Deutschlands. Die Bedeutung der Kategorie Norm wird dargelegt und begründet durch Ansätze 1) der Regime-Forschung, der Global Governance-Forschung und des Konstruktivismus sowie 2) der feministischen Theorie internationaler Beziehungen. Die Aktionsplattform von Peking dient dabei als zentraler Bezugspunkt für Gleichstellungsnormen in der EU und in Deutschland. Zunächst werden zentrale rechtliche und institutionelle Stationen innerhalb des UN-Systems, speziell die Vierte Weltfrauenkonferenz, analysiert. Gleichzeitig werden Handlungsstrategien der beteiligten Akteure dargestellt, um anschließend nach den Konsequenzen der Konferenz in den UN selbst, in der EU und der Bundesrepublik zu fragen. In Anlehnung an die strategischen Hauptschwerpunkte der Nationalen Umsetzungsstrategien Deutschlands werden drei Politikfelder der Gleichstellungspolitik fokussiert: 1) Zugang von Frauen zu Entscheidungspositionen, 2) Verbesserung der Situation in der Wirtschaft und auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, 3) Menschenrechte und Beseitigung der Gewalt gegen Frauen. Die den Politikfeldern inhärenten Normbildungs- und -umsetzungsprozesse sind im Sinne eines iterativen Prozesses mit einer Veränderung von Geschlechternormen verbunden, d.h. Normierungen werden ständig neu verhandelt. Parallel kann von einer reziproken Wirkung zwischen Gleichstellungsnormen in den UN, der EU und der BRD ausgegangen werden, so dass ein mehrdimensionales Normennetz entsteht. Die vorgelegte Analyse kommt zu dem Schluss, dass Gleichstellungspolitik einzig in der weiteren Vernetzung der verschiedenen Ebenen erfolgreich sein kann und dass das gleichstellungspolitische Normennetz engmaschiger geknüpft werden muss.

Denna uppsats ser på vem det egentligen är som tittar på de nakna eller halvnakna verken som ställs ut på den Nationalmuseum i Stockholm efter deras nyöppning hösten 2018. Metoden som har använts för att söka svar på detta är genom fysiska observationer på plats, medan en avgränsning till större skulpturer och målningar som visar bröstvårtor eller kön har gjorts, även en kvantitativ inventering har gjorts av verken. För att analysera resultatet används en feministisk postkolonial diskursanalys, med utgångspunkt från den tidigare forskningen om ”blicken” eller ”the Gaze”, från Sartre, Mulvey, och Gamman & Marshmen. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av de nakna verken har placerats i avdelningarna för den tidiga konsten från 1500-1700- talet, medan det är få nakna verk i den senare tidens avdelningar från 1800-1900-talet. Denna uppdelning följer även en uppdelning av var män och kvinnor uppehåller sig längst, då männen är på 1500-1700-tals avdelningen längst medan kvinnorna uppehåller sig längst på 1800-1900-tals avdelningen.Det visar sig även att män är mer intresserad av att titta på nakna män än vad kvinnor är, dock så är män och kvinnor lika intresserade av att titta på nakna kvinnor. En intressant vändning är att kvinnorna och männens beteenden ändras i varandras sällskap, då kvinnorna tar samma plats som männen medan männen tar mindre plats som kvinnorna.