Syfte Syftet med studien är att få en inblick i ledarnas syn på vilka faktorer som påverkar att ungdomar slutar med hockeyn i tidig ålder. Frågeställningarna har varit: - Hur ser ledare på att ungdomar slutar med ishockey i unga år? - Vad tror ledare är orsaken till att unga lämnar ishockeyn? - Hur arbetar ledare för att behålla ungdomarna? Metod Fem ledare med lång erfarenhet inom ungdomsishockeyn har intervjuats med öppna frågor. Ledarna finns inom stora ishockeyföreningar i olika delar av landet. Analysen har baserats på flera teoretiska ramverk som KASAM om människans behov att känna sammanhang för att fungera bra som person, Self-determination Theory (SDT) som försöker förklara vad som krävs för att människor skall prestera bra samt teorin hur ungdomar sätter mål (Achievement Goal Theory, AGT) som skiljer på uppgiftsorienterade mål som bedöms efter egen framgång och egoorienterade mål som bedöms efter andras framgångar. Analysen har strukturerats efter vad som är centralt för att en människa skall må bra -   kompetens, relationer och autonomi. Resultat Studien visade att ledarna vill att spelarna skall stanna kvar och för samtal med den spelare som har tankar på att sluta för att finna ut skälet till avhoppet och om något i lagets verksamhet bör ändras. Ledaren anser också att olika skäl finns för att spelare lämnar laget som till exempel att de har kommit in i ett nytt skede i livet med nya kamrater och nya intressen eller att de inte känner att de har tillräcklig kompetens. Många nämner att den årliga uttagningen till TV-pucken påverkar genom att de som inte blir uttagna känner sig mindre kompetenta. Ledarna har Ishockeyförbundets riktlinjer i Hemmaplansmodellen som vägledning och arbetar med ett transformativt ledarskap för att behålla och utveckla spelarna. Teman i ledarnas arbete är behovet av kompetens, goda relationer och autonomi hos spelarna. Slutsats Ledarna vill behålla spelarna och det är olika orsaker till att vissa spelare slutar som brist på kompetens och andra intressen. Ledarna arbetar med ett transformativt ledarskap för att behålla spelarna. Om en spelare börja fundera på att lämna laget anstränger sig ledarna för att de skall stanna kvar. Om spelaren ändå beslutar att sluta har de respekt för det. Ledarna strävar efter en lugn och trygg miljö samt främjar i sitt arbete kompetens hos spelarna, goda relationer - i laget och mellanmänskligt- samt spelarnas autonomi. / The aim of this study was to find out how leaders in youth ice hockey in Sweden feel about dropouts, what the reason for dropouts are and how the leaders act to make the players stay in the team. Five experienced leaders in youth ice hockey in different clubs in Sweden were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. The answers were analyzed based on three theoretical frameworks; KASAM, Self-determination Theory and Achievement Goal Theory. The study shows that the leaders want to keep the players in the team and have talks with those who have thoughts about leaving the team to find out reasons for this, including possible wishes for changes in the teamwork. The leaders have found that the players have different reasons for their decision to leave the team such as a new stage in life with new mates and new interests or lack of feeling competent enough. Many leaders mention that the yearly selection of players to a big competition in Sweden for 15-year-old players make those, who are not selected, feel less competent. The leaders work according to guidelines from the Swedish Ice Hockey Association with a transformative leadership style to foster competence, relatedness and autonomy. The conclusion is that the leaders want to keep the players and that there are various reasons for dropouts including other interests and lack of competence. If a player shows interest to dropout the leaders try to keep them but if the player persists in leaving this is respected by the leaders. The leaders strive towards a safe and secure environment in the team and foster competence, relatedness and autonomy. / <p>Ämneslärarprogrammet, Specialidrott</p>

During adolescence, self-systems and individual perceptions of the self are changing and heavily influenced by family relationships, which are generally the first and longest lasting connections individuals experience. Thus, to understand youth development, it is imperative to investigate the family context, wherein parent-youth relationships and sibling relationships impact one another. The current study examines the effect of a close sibling relationship on youth self-esteem above and beyond the effect of the mother-youth relationship. A cross-sectional study was employed on a sample of 434 families in the US, which all consisted of one mother and at least a pair of siblings. All three members of the family participating filled in an online survey. The target youth were between the 5th to 7th grades. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses find sibling warmth as a significant predictor for youth self-perception, but not for youth self-criticism. The present study shows the importance of considering not only the mother-youth relationship when analyzing youth self-system development, but also the sibling relationship. / Under adolescensen förändras självsystemet, eller individens uppfattning om det egna jaget, och är kraftigt influerat av individens familjerelationer. Dessa relationer är generellt de mest varaktiga relationer som en individ upplever. För att förstå ungdomsutveckling är det därför nödvändigt att undersöka familjekontexten, i vilken relationerna mellan förälder-ungdom och mellan syskon påverkar varandra. Denna studie undersöker effekten av en nära syskonrelation på ungdomars självkänsla utöver och bortom effekten från ungdomars föräldrarelation. Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie av 434 familjer i USA bestående av minst en mor och ett syskonpar. Dessa tre familjemedlemmar deltog alla i en webbaserad undersökning. Denna studies fokus är de av ungdomarna som vid undersökningens tidpunkt gick i årskurs 5 till 7. Med hierarkisk multipel regressionsanalys visas att en varm syskonrelation är en signifikant prediktor för ungdomars självuppfattning, men inte för ungdomars självkritik. Denna studie visar på vikten av att inte endast beakta relationen mellan mor och ungdom när ungdomars självsystem analyseras, utan även syskonrelationen.

The main purpose of this thesis is to study and analyze how concepts of childhood and adolescence were constructed in scientific medicine during the period 1870 to 1930. The focus in the first part of the thesis is to study the sick girl as a stereotype in 1870–1900. In the late nineteenth-century, the poor health of girls was a popular topic in Swedish medical discourse. It was a well-established opinion that a substantial number of Swedish girls suffered from various diseases and ailments. Mass- and coeducation was under debate and physicians became interested in the impact of schools and schooling on children’s health. It is here shown that children, and in particularly adolescents, were de-fined as gendered creatures. The doctors emphasized the universal nature of adolescence and conceptualized pu-berty as a traumatic and risky stage of life and they also tended to focus on middle-class girls. Pubescent girls were seen as most vulnerable to external stress such as mental strain and physical demands. Physicians claimed that ill health inevitably followed when girls were educated in the same way as boys. However, boys and their health were discussed too. The most common ailments for both girls and boys were overstudy, anemia, headaches and disor-dered digestion. It was also shown in various studies, that poorer children were substantially inferior in weight as well as in height. Chlorosis was a common theme in late nineteenth-century medical discourse. Although it appeared mainly as a girls’ disease in medical books and in most sanitary journals, health studies for example, showed that chlorosis could also be a boys’ disease. However, sick boys were rarely spoken of. Medical opinions on overstudy, chlorosis and dress reform could be interpreted as a concern for unhealthy girls as future mothers of the nation. It is not my intention to advertise doctors as vicious oppressors, as opponents of female emancipation. In fact, the doctors often pointed out social factors and unequal circumstances of childhood and adolescence for girls and boys. In early twentieth-century, the scientific opinion of girls changed. Even though gendered notions of children and youths persisted all through the period studied, more and more some doctors, Karolina Widerström, for example, began to question them. The new girl was not weak and ill, but rather healthy and active. However, a dividing line between those who claimed the weakness of girls and those who emphasized the new, healthy girl became more evident after 1900. In this thesis, this disparity is discussed in terms of popular medical discourse and scientific medi-cal discourse. In the latter, girls were still described as more sensitive and more frail than boys and as unfit for higher education and strenuous schoolwork. Thus, the new girl – vivid, healthy and equal to the boy – was above all a con-struction in popular medicine. The uniform medical discourse on girls from the late nineteenth-century thus dissolved. A number of changes in the medical discourse on sickness and health of girls and boys during in this period occurred. First, concepts of sickness and health were modified over time and fewer schoolchildren were considered sick. Fi-nally, in the beginning of the period studied, girls were sicker than boys were, but in the end, in the 1930s, there was no obvious gender difference. Both sexes seemed equally sick (or healthy).

Studien har som ambition att studera hur tjejer skapar femininitet och således tar plats på en ungdomsgård belägen i en multietnisk stadsdel i Stockholm. Studiens metod består av deltagande observation av en grupp på åtta tjejer som besökte ungdomsgården dagligen. Resultatet indelas i tre teman, Systerskap, Ungdomsgården är hemma och Femininitetskapande som beskriver tjejernas relationer till varandra, andra ungdomar på- och utanför ungdomsgården samt bostadsområdet, men även förhållandet till svenskhet. Resultatet analyserades med teorier rörande genus, etnicitet, postkolonial feminism och praktikgemenskap. Det framkom att tjejerna formade en gemenskap som de upprätthöll med outtalade regler rörande femininitet, etnicitet och sexualitet. Studiens slutsatser är att ungdomsgården framställdes som en betydelsefull plats då den utgjorde en fristad för tjejerna, där de försökte undkomma de olika regler som omfattade dem och deras liv.

“The importance of representation and structures to establish influence. A study of the Trade Unions Youth Activities within The Swedish Trade Union Confederation.” -Katrin Olofsson This essay is studying the importance of representation and structures for the youth to establish influence, within the Trade Unions of The Swedish Trade Union Confederation, LO. More specific it is about the youths influence in each trade union´s executive committee. The representation and structures studied is at a central level and the youths are restricted to being under the age of 30. The purpose is to try to find a model and specific factors that can explain if, and in that case what, that could be the cause of a higher level of influence in some trade unions compared to others.  Three questions are essential for the essay. Are the different structures for youth activities, within the trade unions of LO, affecting the representation of youths in their executive committees? Do any combinations of structures seem to be more profitable for a higher level of representation of youths within the executive committees?   How do the different forms of structure and representation seem to affect the influence of youths within the executive committees? The study is built on interviews with representatives from each of the fourteen trade unions within LO, that has the mandate and trust from their organisations to represent them in these questions. They are also all representatives in the LO Youth Committee.      The findings were essentially that formal structures in forms of youth committees together with the possibility to have a co-opt member from the youth committee within the executive committee seemed to affect and enhance the representation and the influence.