不動產估價師的本質在於解釋不動產於市場上價值反應的情況，而價格係由買賣雙方透過公開市場所決定，故不動產估價師不僅在解釋不動產之價值所在，亦在說明買賣雙方於公開市場中的行為模式。然此行為模式主要根據買賣雙方對不動產價格之認知基礎，因此不動產估價師以比較法進行項目調整時，若缺乏考量買賣雙方之認知，對不動產價格的合理區間即可能無法清楚掌握。而國外過去對此議題僅著重於估價師與買方之討論，然不動產價格係由買賣雙方共同合意，故應加入賣方進行探討。 本文以台北市住宅不動產為例，透過對不動產價格影響因素的認知角度，探討不動產估價師、買方及賣方對住宅價格影響因素重要性的認知差異情形，並進一步分析不動產估價師和買賣雙方認知產生差異的可能原因。 研究根據問卷調查結果，實證顯示買賣雙方彼此間對住宅價格影響因素並無明顯認知差異，然而不同家戶屬性的買方、賣方對價格影響因素仍有不同的認知。另外，研究亦發現不動產估價師與買賣雙方之間，對價格影響因素認知存有差異，這是由於環境與制度面使然，且本研究亦證實台灣不動產估價師以區位交通因素為調整價格的首要因素，然而區位未必代表一切，研究結果顯示住宅環境對買賣雙方的重要性甚至更高。 / The real estate appraiser is not only interpreting the value range, but telling the behavior of buyer and seller. The objective of this study is to probe into the cognition differences to the variables determining residential property values between appraiser, buyer and seller. The survey was carried out within a period involved buyers and sellers which participated in the sales of residential property from June 2008 to February 2009 in Taipei City. The results show that buyers and sellers do not have obvious cognition difference, but they do have different cognition with different household attributes. Besides, there is exactly cognition difference between appraiser, buyer and seller, and this is because of the residential property transaction environment and institution. Furthermore, the study reveals that the real estate appraisers in Taiwan take Location factors as the most important ones when they adjusting property price; however, buyers and sellers put even more attention on Residential factors.

本研究整合不動產相關之資訊及相關之空間資料，以使用者的觀點，利用地理資訊系統輔助建立一套結合不動產本身條件及其空間關係的不動產查詢分析系統。 本研究所開發之不動產查詢分析系統，在地理資料庫之建置上採用ARC/INFO軟體，納入了購屋考量之基本屬性因素及空間環境屬性因素，以兼顧不動產之「點」及「面」的資訊。系統的開發則採用Visual Basic（VB） 6.0中文企業版。 本系統在開發上未使用任何商業地理資訊系統軟體，而是以Visual Basic撰寫程式方式開發完成，除了具有開發使用之載台成本低廉，工具取得容易等優點外，其最大的效益在於系統的可攜性及可推廣性。本系統最大之功能特色在於使用者可自行選擇所需的個案條件，以及依據其對各因素之重視程度自行決定各因素之權重。

租稅之課徵對經濟發展有重大之影響；而我國契稅之課徵對於地方財政收入佔有重要的地位。本研究參考其他國家對於房屋移轉租稅之課徵方式，探討我國現行房屋移轉稅負相對其他經濟活動是否過重？房屋移轉負擔之稅捐有否重複課徵？並研究鄉鎮（市）主要財源之－契稅的存廢問題；以及現行契稅課徵方式對地方財政不均之影響。 　　本研究共分為六章：第一章緒論；第二章理論基礎，對於契稅的性質與其經濟效果予以分析與說明；第三章我國契稅制度及中日韓三國不動產移轉相關稅目之探討，分別研究各國不動產移轉相關稅目，並就我國的契稅、日本不動產取得稅及韓國財產取得稅作一比較分析，以作為我國契稅制度改革之借鏡；第四章契稅稅收之探討，分析契稅歷年收入概況與其對政府財政之影響，並以台灣地區三0九個鄉（市）契稅收入占總歲入及稅課收入比重的分析來探討地方財政水平不均的問題；第五章契稅存廢之探討，以效率和公平原則探討契稅存廢及替代稅目問題，並將替代稅目稅基稅率加以調整試算，以瞭解維持原有稅收原則下稅率之調降幅度及參採日、韓等國稅率，估算稅收增長幅度；第六章為結論與建議。 　　經由本研究的分析與比較，本研究發現我國契稅課徵僅以房屋為限；且僅對銷售不動產之營業人課徵銷售稅，個人銷售不動產免徵營業稅，容易產生建築業利用個人名義建屋出售，以規避稅負的問題。 　　再依七十三年度至八十二年度資料觀察，整體而言，由於「都市化」、「郊區化」、「房價過高」、「政府政策」及「產業移動」的影響，台灣省契稅收入占全國契稅總收入比重較北、高兩市有逐年增加之趨勢。 　　另就國內房屋移轉相關稅目及規費而言，相對於其他經濟活動來說，房屋移轉稅負似有過重。就房屋銷售而言營業稅與契稅似有重複課稅之嫌，造成不動產行業與其他行業稅負不均的現象。 　　此外由於各地方地理環境、人文特性及發展程度不一，各地契稅收入差異頗大，造成地方政府財政水平不均的情形，就契稅收入占稅課收入比重而言，富裕的鄉鎮與貧脊的鄉鎮差距高達四十倍以上。 　　根據以上的瞭解，本研究發現契稅應有所變革： 　　首先，參考大陸地區、日本、韓國不動產移轉相關規定，並基於效率、公平原則、財政收入原則及稅務行政原則的考量，應將契稅之課徵範圍擴及所有的不動產之移轉與取得，即包括原始取得和繼受取得，只要有財產的取得均予以課稅，如此可將土地及委建、合建與自建房屋均列入課稅範圍，以抑制土地投機的盛行，並可避免「假委建真買賣」以規避契稅之，情形。 　　其次，契稅應改制為不動產取得稅且提高縣統籌比例，或將可改善託份因區域條件不同而產生之地方政府財政水平不均的問題。

為因應市場變動性及解決租約僵固性，不動產租賃契約中多存在變動條款，以提供承出租雙方彈性管理使用。租金調整係不動產租賃契約中常見的選擇權條款，惟在契約自由原則下，不論歐、美國家租金僅向上調整方式，或國內以一固定比例向上調整租金方式，均造成租金下固性之情形，明顯獨厚出租人，導致承租人過度負擔市場變動風險，進而產生租約價值偏離理論價值之缺失。由於傳統評定租約價值之現金流量法無法評價租約中選擇權價值，近年來國外學者廣泛應用各種選擇權評價方法，期能求得理論上之租約價值，同時改善承出租雙方間權益不公之現象。 　　本研究基於租金僅向上調整隱含選擇權價值之觀點，應用二項式選擇權評價方法，建構不動產租賃契約評價模式。經由個案模擬，探討不同租金調整方式下租約價值之差異；同時運用敏感度分析，瞭解各變數變動對於選擇權價值將產生何種影響。最後藉由分析結果，對於承出租雙方在租金調整決策上提出建議。 / To manage more flexible and reduce transaction costs for both landlords and tenants, most clauses of real estate lease implicit option value. Rent review is a common option-like term. Leases with upward-only rent review clauses not only existed in USA and UK, but also in Taiwan. The rent will be merely adjusted upwards. Because of traditional discounted cash flow method can not deal with the option nature in leases, many scholars applied option pricing approaches to evaluate lease contract value in recent years. 　　This research assumes that upward-only rent review clause is embedded option value and uses binomial option pricing approach to develop the lease pricing model for real estate. Firstly, the author compares different rent review types and their value by case study. Moreover, this study uses sensitive analysis to probe how important variable affect option value. Finally, I provide suggestions to landlords and tenants in rent review policy decision.

我國證管會法令規定公司出售不動產應於三日內公告之，此為該事件首次公告，其後該季之季盈餘中亦將包括出售不動產損益，此為再次公告。投資人如果只注重底線數字，而不深究其數字背後的含意，則該資訊再次公告時，投資人仍然會對包含在底線數字中的出售不動產損益產生反應，此為功能固著假說之現象。本文探討我國證券市場對出售不動產事件是否存在功能固著之現象，實證結果發現：1.出售不動產事件之首次公告，確實會對股價產生影響。2.再次公告出售不動產損益時，仍會再次對股價產生影響，證明投資人對出售不動產事件存有功能固著情形。3.投資人的精明程度並不會影響資訊再宣告時的股價反應，因此無法證明我國證券市場符合擴大功能固著假說。4.公司規模會影響資訊再宣告時股價反應的程度。 / The Securities and Futures Commission in Taiwan requires that the sale of real estate by a firm should be announced within two days of the transaction. The sales revenue of real estate transaction will be publicized again when the quarterly earnings are released. In an efficient market, the price will simultaneously and fully reflects the transaction information. However, if investors react once again to the sales revenue of real estate transaction at quarterly earnings announcement, the market has functional fixation phenomenon. This study examines the existence of the functional fixation phenomenon through real estate transaction. 　　The empirical results illuminate: (1) Market price reacts to the announcement of real estate transaction. (2) The functional fixation hypothesis cannot be rejected based on the reaction of the market prices to the sales revenue of real estate transaction at quarterly earnings announcement. (3) The extent of sophistication of individual investors does not affect the reaction of stock prices to the sales revenue of real estate transaction at quarterly earnings announcement and therefore the extended functional fixation hypothesis is rejected in Taiwan security market. (4) Firm size affects the extent of market reaction to the sales revenue of real estate transaction at quarterly earnings announcement.

土地開發分析法是開發人員與估價師評估土地價格的重要方法之一，然而不同從業人員針對相同標的估值往往不盡相同，是估價人員的偏誤造成價格上的差異？抑或是估價人員運用土地開發分析法時，各項投入參數差異所產生？本研究以台北市公開標售成交地價與上市建設公司評估台北市地價分別分析，利用@Risk尋找土地開發分析法各項投入參數可能的機率分配型態，再以蒙地卡羅模擬分析建立土地開發分析價格的機率模型，並利用平均絕對百分比誤差（MAPE）、命中率（hit Rate）及交插驗證(cross-validation)做為機率模型預測估值優劣程度的衡量標準，比較「公開標售」組與「評估地價」組兩者機率模型何者預測能力。結果發現「評估資料」組的估值準確性較佳，「公開標售」組所建立之機率模型較不具預測效果。而三種適合度檢定之機率模型則是以A-D適合度檢定所建立之機率模型表現最佳(MAPE為14.98%，誤差±10% Hit-rate為38.46%，誤差±20% Hit-rate為71.43%)。本文透過機率模型的建立，考量不動產開發隱含之風險，呈現估值的結果由定值轉變為區間；考量不同估價人員或開發業者間，對於相同投入參數不同認知的情形；本模型將對地價敏感性較大之投入參數由定值轉為機率密度函數，較估價人員或開發業者主觀認定各項投入參數之變動更為客觀；可應用於大量估價，亦可作為估價人員或開發業者評估土地時，價格之參考 / Land development analysis is one of the developers and valuers assessment of land price method, different practitioners, however, is often not the same for the valuation of the same subject, valuers bias caused by the difference in price? Or valuers use of the land development analysis, the various input parameters the differences? In this study, turnover in Taipei sale by public tender premium and public listed construction company to assess the land value of Taipei City were analyzed, Looking for land development analysis the probability distribution of possible input parameters using the @ Risk, useing Monte Carlo simulation analysis to establish the land development analysis of the price of the probability model, and using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the hit rate and cross-validation as a probability model to predict the measure of the quality and extent of the valuation, "open auction” group and “assess the premium” group between the two probability model may be predictive ability. The results showed that the valuation accuracy of the assessment information group better probability model created by the sale by public tender group compared with no predictive effect. Three kinds of fit test of the probability model is based on the AD for degree verification to establish the probability model the best performing (MAPE of 14.98%, the error is ± 10% Hit-the rate is 38.46%, the error is ± 20% the Hit-the rate is 71.43% ). Through the establishment of the probability model, consider the real estate development implied the risk of showing the results of the valuation by the valuation change interval; considerations between the different valuation or development industry, for the same input parameters of different cognitive situations; this model will have premium The larger sensitivity of the input parameters from the given value to the probability density function over valuation or development industry subjective judgments more objective changes of the input parameters; can be applied to a large number of valuation, assessment of land may be used as the valuation or development industryWhen the reference price.

本研究係利用財務理論定價模型之實質選擇權擴張情境模式，以三項式選擇權評價方法，評估現行上市的不動產投資信託商品（REITs）的合理價值。並選定富邦一號與二號、國泰一號與二號、新光一號等5檔REITs商品進行評價分析。 　　經研究結果，其中有4檔REITs評價價值與其2010年財報淨值非常接近；此外，並有其中3檔REITs的評價價值，相對於財報的每股淨值，更為接近實際股票市場交易的最高價格，證明本研究的三項式選擇權評價模型可適用於REITs商品的評價方法。 / This paper employs the Trinomial Real Option Pricing Model for the valuation of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). The following five REITs in Taiwan (or T-REITs) are selected for empirical analysis: Fubon No.1 and No.2 REITs, Cathay No.1 and No.2 REITs, and Shin Kong No.1 REITs. Results show that the values of four T-REITs values from the valuation model are very close to their book value in the end of 2010, and three T-REITs values are also similar to their highest prices in the exchange market. Conclusions of this study imply that the Trinomial Real Option Pricing Model may serve as a good approach for the valuation of REITs prices.

特徵價格模型是傳統常被使用於不動產大量估價的模型，由於模型將造成所有價位的不動產其特徵都具有同樣的邊際價格而無法解釋現實不動產特徵的各種可能狀況，故引發本研究利用分量迴歸建立大量估價模型之動機。研究利用台灣不動產成交行情公報的資料進行台北市大廈的實證分析，針對特徵價格法的延伸與估價準確度做檢視。嘗試應用分量迴歸建立大量估價模型，討論住宅特徵對於價格的邊際影響力於不同價位的住宅是否存在差異，並討論分量迴歸模型的估價精確度。研究採用交互驗證法與重複實驗30次討論模型的估計效果，並利用平均絕對百分比誤差（MAPE）以及命中率（Hit Rate）做為模型預測優劣程度的衡量標準，以討論分量迴歸模型是否可以較最小平方特徵價格模型有更為準確的估計表現。實證首先探討價格分量之下各住宅屬性對於價格的影響狀況，得到大部分住宅特徵對於價格的邊際影響力的確會因住宅價位的不同而有所差異。在估價準確度的部份，經測試得到利用分量迴歸建立大量估價模型的估價效果達研究的預期目標，且其估計表現優於最小平方特徵價格模型。 / 藉由分量迴歸模型，得到隨著住宅價位的增加，坪數與屋齡對於價格的影響力並非呈現一致的趨勢；坪數輪廓與屋齡輪廓出現轉折也為變數增加二次項變數的原因得到實證依據。重複實驗30次的整體表現，分量迴歸模型的MAPE較最小平方迴歸模型低了1.687％；誤差落在正負10％的Hit Rate較最小平方迴歸模型高了3.81％；誤差落在正負20％的Hit Rate較最小平方迴歸模型高了5.14％。30次的實證為分量迴歸模型的估價表現更優於最小平方迴歸模型得到較具說服力的結果。 / Hedonic pricing models are traditionally used for real estate automated valuation models. Because the conditional mean calculated by OLS does not give a complete description of the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables, which leads to the motive of this study. This study inspects the extension of hedonic pricing models and appraisal accuracy, and we attempt to apply quantile regression to real estate automated valuation models and discuss the difference of the marginal contribution in each individual characteristic under different price level. Our study adopts cross validation and repeats empirical process for 30 times, and we use MAPE and hit rate to evaluate accuracy and argue if quantile regression models have better estimation. The empirical results show that the marginal contribution of housing area and age changes with price level; the turning points of area curve and age curve show empirical evidence for including square variables. The entirety performance of repeated experiments points out that the MAPE of quantile regression model is 1.687% lower than OLS model; as error ranged between 10% to -10%, the hit rate of quantile regression model is 3.81% higher than OLS model; as error ranged between 20% to -20%, the hit rate of quantile regression model is 5.14% higher than OLS model. The 30 times experiment of quantile regression models shows a much more persuasive result than OLS models.

數位科技的快速發展影響了人們的生活型態，也為企業提供了更多為顧客創造價值的機會。為因應網路及行動科技世代的來臨，不動產服務業者亦需了解如何應用數位科技提供顧客更全面的服務。 為了解不動產服務業在不動產生命週期各階段如何運用數位科技服務消費者，以及不動產服務業者應用數位科技的動機、延伸效益與挑戰；本研究以質化研究方法，收集國內外不動產服務業相關個案，依不動產生命週期分為上游投資興建、中游仲介交易、下游使用管理三類，以顧客價值創造循環（customer value creation cycle）分析個案應用數位科技於服務流程方式。 研究發現，上游投資興建階段，建設、營造業在諮詢、核心服務、附加服務等服務接觸點，應用VR、雲端分享協作、工程管理App工具讓顧客理解設計內容、提升工作效率。以居間媒合為主的仲介交易階段，同樣於諮詢、核心服務、附加服務接觸點，大量應用AR、VR等互動技術，並整合BI、big data，使房屋、行情資訊更加透明以促進成交。使用管理階段與顧客互動最為密切，除核心及附加服務外，於付款、客服、維護等服務接觸點，應用更多SoLoMo、O2O、行動支付等技術，整合居家周邊生活資源服務顧客。 應用數位科技不僅改變企業工作習慣與流程，也可創造新商業模式，或藉行動裝置提供客製服務深化顧客關係。然而，導入科技時亦可能面臨系統整合、工作流程與組織轉變而造成管理成本提升，或是遭遇獲利模式不穩定等挑戰。 因應數位新趨勢，不動產服務業者應完善行動服務介面、調整營運模式，進而掌握顧客需求，以真正解決顧客問題並為顧客創造價值。此外，企業應提前於不動產生命週期的前端即思考後續仲介交易、使用管理階段維運，並可從產業鏈上下游思考新應用模式；或是進一步延伸至顧客價值循環的其他階段，從關聯服務中發掘新商機。

隨著中國大陸經濟的高度成長，不動產市場也隨之發展。在貸款利率及不動產相關稅負長期偏低之下，住宅產品的投資需求不斷上升，使得房價一路高漲。房屋價格的增幅過大、增速過高，已經超出了合理的範圍。截至2010年，中國大陸推出一系列以抑制房價為主要目的的宏觀調控政策，許多重點城市也陸續推出以“限購令”為主要內容的地方性政策來調控不動產市場。由於中國大陸地幅遼闊，各地的不動產市場因受各種因素影響而發展各異，因此挑選了北京、上海、廣州三個頗具代表性的重點城市作為研究對象。本文應用年租金與加權平均資本成本（WACC）還原基本價值，以其與市場價格間的差距作為泡沫程度的估計，計算出這三個城市2007年至2012年間不動產價格泡沫程度。藉由這三個城市的不動產市場泡沫狀況，運用共整合分析檢視中國城市不動產價格泡沫的影響因素，并以Granger因果關係檢定探討三地不動產價格泡沫與各因素之領先落後關係。 實證結果顯示，人均可支配收入和金融機構各項信貸總額對不動產價格泡沫具有正向影響，不動產價格泡沫則對其本身具有負向影響，而抵押貸款利率與不動產價格泡沫先是正相關而後轉為負相關的關係。而根據Granger因果關係檢定結果，北京不動產價格泡沫落後於金融機構各項貸款總額，而上海不動產價格泡沫領先於人均可支配收入，廣州不動產價格泡沫則落後於人均可支配收入、抵押貸款利率與金融機構各項貸款總額。 / With the rapid economic development in China, the real estate market has been undergoing a great boom. The low interest and tax rates are very favorable for the continuously increasing house demands, and thus resulting in higher housing prices. And the extremely rapidly increasing housing prices are not reasonable. Until 2010, Chinese government had published a series of national housing regulatory decisions to address the over-heating real estate market. And the restrictions on house purchase have been put into practice in some major cities. Given that China has a vast territory with large variety, the impact of these regulations on the local real estate markets of the cities can hardly be determined. Therefore, we study here the real estate market in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, three of the most representative major cities in China. This study evaluates the housing bubbles situations in these cities from 2007 to 2012 by comparing fundamental values with market prices. The fundamental value of real estate can be calculated by annual rents and WACC. Based on the evaluated housing bubbles situations, this study then applies Cointegration analysis to further explore the factors that may contribute to China’s housing bubbles. In addition, Granger causality test is employed to examine the lead/lag relationship between housing bubbles and the variables. The empirical result shows that per-capita disposable incomes and total loans of financial institutions are positively related to China’s housing bubbles. And the housing bubbles in these three cities are negatively related to themselves. In addition, the impact of interest rates on housing bubbles is positive and later turns negative with respect to the magnitude of increasing rates. According to the results of Granger causality tests, Beijing’s housing bubbles are Granger caused by total loans while property bubbles in Shanghai lead personal incomes. Furthermore, housing bubbles in Guangzhou are Granger caused by personal disposable incomes, interest rates and total loans.