• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 6
  • 6
  • Tagged with
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

不法原因之給付—著重於規範目的與例外事由之探討 / condictio ob turpem vel iniustam causam

謝允正 Unknown Date (has links)
我國民法第180條之規定就給付不當得利請求權之排除明示四種事由,其中第4款之規定涉及給付之原因法律行為違反強行規定或公序良俗而無效之情形。民法第180條第4款規定之規範目的為何於討論上素有爭議,且常招來違反當事人間公平正義之指摘。本文欲賦予民法第180條第4款之規定正當性,故從探究規範目的與建構本款規定適用上之例外事由著手,並輔以法史學、經濟學、社會學等方法加強論證。   本文認為於公、私法緊密接軌之法現實下民法第180條第4款規定應以「一般預防」作為規範目的,並基於其法律效果有造成人民財產權受到侵害之虞,而須以比例原則建構相關例外事由,俾民法第180條第4款之規定不僅能增加強行規定或公序良俗等規範之實效,又能貼合憲法保障人民基本權利之要求。
2

經濟犯罪被害人財產權保障之救濟--從憲法觀點論刑事附帶民事訴訟之修改方向 / The remedies for the victims protection of the economic criminal property right—the legislative revision opinions upon adhesionprocess in our criminal procedure code from the constitutional viewpoint

黃士元, Huang, Shih Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
我國經濟犯罪之範圍,係由司法機關(司法院)與行政機關(法務部) 分別以作業性之行政規則頒訂,仍以侵害個人財產法益之金融犯罪為 規範對象。 就經濟犯罪所得,由於其性質屬於準不當得利之衡平措施,自應予以 追繳或抵償(再發還被害人或充公收歸國有)以修復正義,該行為只要 與法規範對立矛盾(即具有不法構成要件該當之違法性)即足,無庸探 究行為人之罪責要件。我國將犯罪所得規定為從刑,須待行為人(即 被告)受有罪科刑判決方能併宣告沒收,緩不濟急。 建議將犯罪所得追繳後發還被害人之個別法律,移置於刑法總則一體 適用,定性為強制處分,並將沒收、追繳、追徵或抵償自從刑之規定 刪除,另於刑事訴訟法宣示判決之條文增加發還被害人或得請求損害 賠償之人,且得由法院依職權或依檢察官之聲請權單獨宣告。 我國附帶民事訴訟受請求之被告,不限於刑事訴訟進行中之被告,尚包括「其他依民法應負賠償責任之人」,刑事庭法官遇有此種情形,因對渠等並無確定刑罰權有無及範圍之權限,在刑事訴訟程序的操作上格格不入,有仿襲德國刑事訴訟法第403條規定,被請求人應以刑事被告為限。 由於附帶民事訴訟規範之目的在避免雙重工作負擔及二次裁判,惟依 現行刑事訴訟法之規定,法官除刑事判決外,另需製作一份民事訴訟 判決,如此顯違反前揭附帶民事訴訟規範之目的;故正本清源之道, 乃無庸另製作一份附帶民事訴訟之判決,就犯罪不法利得,逕於刑事 判決主文中諭知發還被害人或給付若干金額予被害人。 被害人與加害人間共同參與之修復式司法近年來在世界各國實務及 學說均肯定其實踐層面之重要性,為具體落實憲法訴訟權應保障犯罪 被害人公平且有效的權利救濟途徑及程序主體性之地位,本文建議在 審理刑事案件之前階段即擴大強制調解及和解制度之運用,由被告及 被害人共同參與決定採取何種途徑最有利於促成實質修復正義之結 果,俾利被害人程序主體性之建立及擴大紛爭解決一次性之要求。 / Economic crime in Taiwan is defined by the administrative regulations of the Judicial Yuan and the Ministry of Justice, respectively. Such regulations are aimed at financial crimes that damage personal property. Because the proceeds of economic crimes are “quasi-kondiktionelle Ausgleichsmaßnahme”, the courts should seize the profits, and then use them to either compensate victims or confiscate them in the name of serving justice. So long as this offense is contradictory to criminal law (i.e. constituting the penal code and finding no specific legal cause for that offense), the courts need not review the problem of offender's guilt. As ill-gotten gains are stipulated as “Nebenstrafe” in the Taiwan penal code, the courts cannot confiscate those gains unless there is a simultaneous conviction, which seems too slow. The following suggestions are presented. The individual laws regulating “Verfall” and compensation to the victims should be reorganized in the penal code and characterized as “maßnahme”. The legal effect of these laws as “Nebenstrafe” should be deleted. The articles relating to the compensation of criminal proceeds to the victims should be increased as well. In addition, the courts should be allowed to announce verdicts either alone by its authority or according to the prosecutor’s request. In Taiwan, defendants accused during the adhesion process are not limited to being defendants in the process of criminal litigation, but also include other persons who should bear damages in accordance with civil law. When criminal court judges face this situation, since it is not certain whether there is a right to impose criminal punishment, or what the scope of punishment should be, there are inconsistencies in the operations of the criminal litigation procedure. There have been attempts to imitate Germany’s Criminal Litigation Law Clause 403, in which the accused should be limited to criminal defendants. The purpose of the rules on the adhesion process is to prevent a double workload and multiple judgments. However, according to existing requirements for criminal litigation, in addition to criminal judgments, judges must also make civil litigation judgments. This violates the aforementioned purpose of adhesion process rules. Thus, the way to rectify this situation is to create another adhesion process judgment based on the proceeds of crime, in order to assign restitution or to pay a certain amount to the victim, inside the main text of the criminal judgment. Restorative justice, in which the victim and offender jointly participate, has recently been affirmed in its importance, both in theory and in practice, all over the world. In order to concretely realize the principle that constitutional litigation rights should protect crime victims, as well as provide fair and effective remedial paths and procedural subjectivity, this study suggested that in the stage prior to judging criminal cases, there should be expanded use of enforced arbitration and mediation systems, in which the defendant and the victim jointly participate, in order to determine the best course for promoting restorative justice, to satisfy the demand for victim procedural subjectivity, and to expand the one-time character of dispute resolutions.
3

公法上溢領金錢返還之法律問題- 以公務人員法為中心

吳美儀 Unknown Date (has links)
行政機關因撤銷違法授益之行政處分,導致原來依據該違法授益行政處分而受有的利益形成無法律上原因之財產損益,即公法上不當得利之情形。又法律為了平衡利益,制定一利益衡平制度,賦予利益受有損害之一方請求權,稱為公法上不當得利返還請求權,又稱公法上之返還義務;權利受有損害之一方,得向受益之他方行使返還請求權,而他方具有返還義務。 實務上常見案例如核課稅額有誤、行政機關誤發給與或薪資核給錯誤等情形,態樣多元不一,且因行政機關須遵循依法行政原則及法治國原則,須依法進行追繳,以符法治,導致實務上常見諸多爭議案件。 至於該違法授益行政處分得否撤銷?授益行政處分撤銷並涉及除斥期間等因素;以及撤銷後失其效力之日期是否溯及既往?抑或撤銷機關得另訂失效日期?而撤銷授益行政處分後形成公法上不當得利所生之請求權,其公法上不當得利返還請求權之效力、時效、範圍為何?學說及實務上亦有爭議,請求權人若為行政機關且他方若為人民者,人民是否得主張信賴保護之適用,其亦影響執行機關之行政作為,本文將研議近年實務與學說相關法律問題並嘗試予以釐清。
4

違約金之酌減

邱毓嫺, Ciou, Yu Sian Unknown Date (has links)
違約金酌減並非一個自行運作之制度,而必須與其他制度相配套方能妥善運作,故本文首先進行違約金類型認定之說明,以期與比較法上有抑或是沒有違約金制度之國法加以相較,如此方更能說明我國法沒有如同英美法之違約金法則(penalty rule)之原因,換言之,違約金之認定與酌減,並非是二個獨立之制度,研究國內外之法會發現,二者是相牽連的制度,故僅單獨進行違約金酌減制度之說明,不足以完整敘明,必定要兼明辨如何認定違約金之類型。 再者,違約金條款之酌減在實務上遭遇的問題甚多,本文將先提供思考面向的五個層次(權利主體、發生要件、行使方式、斟酌因素、舉證責任),再以實體面以及程序面加以分析細部問題,實體問題最為重要者,即為法院為酌減時應審酌之諸事項,亦是本文強烈建議立法的部分;而程序部分最為重要者有涉及處分權主義之發動權限問題,以及涉及辯論主義(協同主義)的舉證責任事項。希冀在有體系之研討下,可以作為實務遇有違約金酌減相關問題時之參考。 此外,違約金過低是否應酌加,抑或有其他配套可供解決,亦是比較法上饒富興味之疑問,本文亦將會說明解決方法。
5

我國核課處分程序重開之探討 / The remedy of tax administrative:Recommence the tax administrative procedure

翁培祐, Weng,Pei Yu Unknown Date (has links)
租稅行政是一種侵益行政,核課處分更具有大量行政處分之特性,而人民對於租稅法律並不熟稔,因此,核課處分必須有一套完善的行政救濟,以盡保障人民權益之最大可能。   我國在2001年開始實施的行政程序法中,參考了德國聯邦行政程序法第48條、第49條及第51條等規定,植入了行政程序重開的制度。但是在該法實施後,各行政機關對於該項制度應如何運用並無定見,甚有誤引誤用者。本論文就此一課題,嘗試從德國行政程序重開制度由來、理念,分析我國行政程序法相關規定之定位,並以侵益之核課處分為客體,整理我國相關判決及釋令,就核課處分重開程序之現行法制加以檢討,期能繪製出稅捐稽徵所涉行政程序重開之草圖。 / The tax administration disposition is one kind of rendered en masse and burden administration dispositions. People are not familiar to the law of the tax, so nuclear lesson is that it must have one perfect administration remedy system even more than to punish, in order to ensure people rights and benefits most heavily and possibly to ensure.   The legislators enacting the recommence administrative procedure in the administrative procedure law that Taiwan began to implement in 2001 had consulted the article 48, 49, and 51 of the administrative procedure law of Germany. However, many administrative authorities were wrongly guided or persons misapply after this law was implemented. This thesis attempts to realize the origin and idea of the German recommenced administrative procedure, and analyse the recommence tax administrative disposition procedure of Taiwan . This thesis will also examine the current legal system of recommence the tax administrative dispositions by the relevant judgments and orders of Taiwan. Finally it is probable to draw out a better system of the recommence tax administrative disposition.
6

論全民健康保險法上之公共安全事故代位求償制度

陳介然 Unknown Date (has links)
全民健康保險法自民國83年8月9日公告並自民國84年3月1日施行,此一社會保險制度迄今已成為我國醫療保健系統重要支幹,然而,醫療費用每年約上漲8~10%,致使民國87年3月開始,財務已有入不敷出的情形,因此中央健康保險局(保險人)有一連串開源節流的政策 民國94年2月25日全民健康保險監理委員會第117次會議,委員發言多傾向支持擴大代位求償範圍。此外,全民健保公民共識會議之與會人員,一致認為保險事故如果係可明確歸責於第三人之事由所導致,全民健保之保險人於給付後,應該向第三人代位求償,以符公平正義原則,立法院爰於民國94年5月18日修正全民健康保險法第82條,增訂公共安全事故及重大之交通事故、公害或食品中毒事件為代位求償範圍,修正後條文為:「保險對象因發生保險事故,而對第三人有損害賠償請求權者,本保險之保險人於提供保險給付後,得依下列規定,代位行使損害賠償請求權: 一、汽車交通事故:向強制汽車責任保險保險人請求。 二、公共安全事故:向第三人依法規應強制投保之責任保險保險人請求。 三、其他重大之交通事故、公害或食品中毒事件:第三人已投保責任保險 者,向其保險人請求;未投保者,向第三人請求。 前項第三款所定重大交通事故、公害及食品中毒事件之求償範圍、方式及 程序等事項之辦法,由主管機關定之。」 修法之後,雖然擴大了健保局代位求償範圍,但限制仍多,且此次修法亦未明確釐清健保局在其他領域是否亦有代位求償權 本文首先敘述我國自民國84年正式實施全民健康保險時,尚有盈餘,然而自民國87年起首見保險支出超過保險收入,至民國96年時差額更高達新台幣136億元,除了繼續開發新財源與減少支出外,有無可能利用現有的制度切實實施,消除多數國民有「中央健康保險局將全國人民當成提款機的看法」,以及使實現加害者負其責任之公平正義,故本文針對於全民健康保險法第82條第1項第2款中中央健康保險局對公共安全事故強制投保之責任保險保險人代位權之相關問題加以探討,希望對於日益惡化瀕於破產邊緣之財務有所助益,接者大略簡介我國社會保險制度的演進,包括勞工保險、公務人員保險及其相關保險、退休公務人員保險、公務人員眷屬疾病保險、退休公務人員疾病保險、退休公務人員配偶疾病保險、私立學校教職員保險及其相關保險、農民健康保險與全民健康保險之演進與概況,之後於第三章再藉由歐、美等主要國家保險理論探討保險代位求償權之理論基礎以及人身保險適用代位求償權之理由,復接者討論保險代位求償權之性質、民法上行使代位權之限制、保險法上保險人代位權之性質與全民健康保險保險人之代位求償權;於第四章則討論目前我國中央與地方法規中有哪些場所或行業係屬須強制投保公共意外責任保險以及公共安全事故中全民健康保險保險人代位求償權之構成要件;於第五章則討論全民健康保險保險人可代位求償之金額尚須受到中央健康保險局實際所支出之醫療給付與強制責任保險之保險金額限制;於第六章則討論保險對象對於中央健康保險局代位求償權之保全有協助義務以及節妨礙代位之事由與代位求償權之消滅時效;第七章則是探討中央健康保險局行使代位求償權應注意事項;最後於第八章則是結論與建議。

Page generated in 0.0159 seconds