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韓非政治思想研究荊知仁, Jing, Zhi-Ren Unknown Date (has links)
一、韓非是戰國時代有名的攻治思想家,集先秦法家之大成,其學有足述者。韓非子
一書乃我國古代政治學名著。本文討論韓非政治學說:共分七章,約八萬餘言。第一
章至第三章為韓非行狀、時代背、景思想淵源及其學說之基礎,第四章至七章為韓非
學說之主要內容,最後附以結論,以簡單說明其學說對後代政治之影響。
二、第一章分為兩節。第一節敘述韓子之身世行並附兩點討論,以說明其為法術之士
而泰使件秦之目的及其人格。思想乃環境之產品,而政治思想必有其時代使命,故第
二節由戰國大勢、韓國的處境與政情及當時流行的思想,以說明其學說之時代背景。
三、第二章討論韓非思想之淵。源戰國是我國學術思想上之黃金時代,諸子並起,百
家爭鳴,而以儒墨道法四大學派最有勢力。在此千巖競秀、萬壑爭流的奔放時代,思
想界相互激盪,勢所難免。法家學說較晚出,韓非集法家之大成,其思想之精神與內
容,總不免含有其他學派的影響。本章第一節討論韓子學說之人物淵源,分為從政之
法家與學理之法家二目;第二節為學派淵源,分為儒道墨三家,以說明其學說淵源由
自。
四、第三章討論韓非學說之基礎,分為歷史哲學與人性論兩節。其歷史哲學的精義,
只是『論世之事,因為之傋』八個字。其目的在攻擊儒墨復古守舊的主張,而提倡變
古維新。他的人性論在說明人性之『好利惡害』,以建立其用刑賞的法治主義。
五、第四章勢論。韓子學說中的勢,乃是近代政治學中的主權。韓非主張法治,勢乃
行法的混籍,在其學說中佔有非常重要的地位。不過他主張主權在君,這種主張發揮
到極端,便造成了君主專制。
六、第五章法論,乃韓非學說之中心。共分六節,第一節至第五節討論法之意義、作
用、立法原則、行法之態度與方法及法治之目的。第六節兩點討論,在指出韓非法治
學說中立法權不能獨立與缺乏監督之力量的兩缺點。
七、第六章術論在說明韓非所言的各種治術。術乃行法之手段。全章分為六節,第一
節至第五節敘述術之內容,第六節為結論,討論術治之得失。
八、第七章刑賞與農戰,乃韓非法治主義之兩項具體政策依韓非的主張、推行法治有
賴刑賞,富國強兵有賴農戰。刑賞是手段,富強是目的。
九、結論旨在簡單說明韓非學說對於後代政治之影響。本文所曾指陳者,約有二端:
第一為集權專制,第二為漢代宰相制度。前者包括君主之至尊無上與思想上之排他獨
占兩點,後者著重於宰相之簡選。最後並說明法家思想,尤其是韓非學說盛極而衰,
在秦漢以後失去顯學之地位,不能與儒家相抗衡之原因。
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在電腦施測情境中,促發、警告、時間限制對降低社會期許之效果 / Reducing social desirability bias of personality scale in computer administration mode: Effects of priming, warning, and time limit張軒正, Hsuan-cheng Chang Unknown Date (has links)
本研究欲探討在模擬甄選情境中,情境因素對降低社會期許之效果。本研究採三因子2×2×2受試者間之實驗設計,所操弄的三個獨變項為: 1.促發(priming)受試者誠實作答的傾向之有無 2.測謊題警告之有無 3.作答時間的限制之有無;依變項為社會期許正、負向題分數與三個人格測驗向度(適應性、親和性、審慎性)的分數。本研究分為研究一、研究二兩階段進行。研究一之受試者包括企業應徵者81人與國小實習老師92人,研究結果顯示:三個獨變項中,只在有「測謊題警告」情境下能顯著降低社會期許正向題的分數。「時間限制」則在無「促發」之情況下,會提升「親和性」人格之分數。針對研究一的結果,研究者改變「促發」與「時間限制」的操弄方式,其它研究程序相同,進行研究二。研究二之受試者為503位大學生,研究結果顯示:「促發」會提升社會期許負向題的分數,且在有「時間限制」、無「警告」的情況下,亦可提升「適應性」分數。「測謊題警告」可降低社會期許正向題的分數,並有降低「親和性」分數之趨勢。「時間限制」仍然沒有任何效果。
研究者分別就研究一、研究二之結果加以討論並提出可能的解釋。此外,研究者亦嘗試驗證與討論社會期許量表中正向題與負向題之建構。最後研究者檢討本研究之限制,並對未來之研究方向提出若干建議。 / The influence of three situational factors on reducing social desirability bias under simulated selection context was investigated in 2 studies. A 2×2×2 experimental design was used in these 2 studies. The three independent variables were: 1.’’Priming’’ the honest responding tendency. 2.Warning of having a lie scale. 3.Time limit for each question. The dependent variables included: 1.Two dimension scores of social desirability scale (positive keying items and negative keying items). 2.Scores of three personality dimensions (adjustment, likeability, prudence). Subjects of study1 were 81 job applicants and 92 elementary school interns. The results indicated that “warning of having a lie scale” could reduce the scores of positive keying social desirability scale. “Time limit” increased the scores of “likeability” under “no priming” situation. According to the results of study1, the author modified the manipulations of “priming” and “time limit”, and conducted study2. The subjects of study2 were 503 college students. The results indicated that “priming” could increase the scores of negative keying social desirability scale. “Priming” also increased the scores of “adjustment” under “time limit” and “no warning” situation. “Warning of having a lie scale” could reduce the scores of positive keying social desirability scale, and also had the trend to reduce the scores of “likeability”. “Time limit” still didn’t have any main effect on dependent measures.
Base on the results for study1 and study2, the author discussed the effects of 3 situational factors on reducing social desirability bias, and also tried to clarify the construct validity of two-dimensional social desirability scale. The author also discussed the limitations of the present research, and made some suggestions for future research.
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「不成長就會被淘汰」一位幼師生命運轉之敘說分析彭佳宣 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣早期的幼教發展,於政府長時期疏於管理下,導致現今幼教界存在諸多糾結複雜的問題,這些客觀外在環境條件所產生的問題,直接衝擊幼教核心之一「教師」角色的生存空間。在高師資流動性特質之幼教場域中,那些資深專業工作者如何能夠在所處的社會情境脈動中,長時期持續朝向自我選擇之幼教職業道路推進,為本研究的核心關注。透過一位資深幼教工作經歷的園長之生命視窗—她的工作經驗世界,理解幼師職業生涯運轉歷程的樣貌;並從主體生命故事敘說之縱向歷史回顧中,理解其中透露的重要社會結構變遷訊息。
本研究採取質性研究方法中的傳記研究取向,以德國社會學者Fritz Schütze所發展之「敘述訪談法」(narrative interview)進行資料採集工作,訪談一位具有二十九年幼教工作經歷的幼兒園園長。訪談結果整理為敘述文本後,並參照Fritz Schütze所提出的理論建構分析方案,對文本進行結構描述以及概念抽象化分析的整體形塑,以回應欲探究的問題。
經過資料分析過程,逐漸釋出本研究主體—杏芬園長「不成長就會被淘汰」的生命信念意涵,文本透露出自我完成性在主體生命開展歷程中,為一種突破環境限制與期望朝向更好的動力,促使主體一再超越現實環境的限制,萌生其積極性意義。「不進則退」生命觀於時間流動中架構出主體的生活經驗世界,形成生命能量內塑與外推之上揚動力,於接受工作挑戰與追求成長歷程中蛻變。於是可以看出,環境或自我本身的未確定性,雖然帶來了限制,卻也充滿無限可能性。最後,研究者就文本解析之內容,提出「公私幼消長生態下幼師的生存處境」議題進行探討;並且參照Csikszentmihalyi創造力系統論觀點,建立一個類似的系統原型,從個人、學門及領域三個面向,闡釋研究主體長期安身立命於幼教職業工作中的可能因素。 / “Either growing or eliminating”—
A description analysis of a kindergarten teacher’s life revolving
Due to the lack of management by the government in Taiwan in early years, there are many problems that exist in the field of early childhood education. Those impact the survival of the key personnel, the teachers, in this field directly. In the social context of high turn over ratio of the teachers in this field, how senior teachers keep standing fast at the post and moving forward is the center concern of this research. By interviewing a senior teacher’s working experience, the researcher gets to know the different patterns of the career of a kindergarten teacher; further more, to comprehend the transition of the social structure from reviewing the history in which the story happened.
This research adopts biographic study under the qualitative methodology, and collects the data with “narrative interview” developing by Fritz Schűtze, a Germany sociologist. After interviewing a kindergarten principal, Sin-feng, who has been working for twenty-nine years in the early childhood education field, researcher followed Schűtze’s theory construction and analysis to analyze and shape the structure description and abstract concepts.
After the process of data analysis, “either growing or eliminating” shows up to be Principal Sin-feng’s belief. The text shows that in one’s life process, self-completion is a motivation that can break through constrains of environment and head to a better situation. Therefore, we can see that although the uncertainty of environment and oneself can be constrains, it can also bring the unlimited possibility. At the end, researcher raised the topic of “kindergarten teachers’ subsistence in the growth and decline of public and private kindergartens” for discussion. Researcher revised and constructed a similar system from the creativity systematic viewpoint raised by Csikszentmihalyi, to explain the possible reasons, from personal, subject, and field aspects, that make the research object stay in the same career for such a long time.
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野性的媒介創業者:台灣有線電視系統先驅者口述傳記研究 / The Savage in Media Entrepreneur: The Oral Biographical Reconstruction of Cable Television Pioneers in Taiwan張煜麟, Chang, Yu Lin Unknown Date (has links)
本研究擬從經濟社會學和創業研究等觀點,對台灣有線電視系統先驅者所進行的媒介創業行動進行考察,嘗試說明早期有線電視系統業者媒介創業行動的行動邏輯,以及揭露其創業行動邏輯的社會根源。
通過媒介創業行動意涵的討論,並彙整當代創業研究的論述,以及參考場域、資本與慣習等概念,本研究將媒介創業行動的考察,聚焦在媒介創業歷程中文化資本、社會資本與象徵資本等不同類型的創業資本,如何進行交換的問題上。
關於研究方法與研究對象的選擇,本研究以口述傳記研究法來蒐集有線電視系統先驅者的媒介經驗,並以台灣選擇社區共同天線系統業者,作為研究的個案。通過對於研究個案的訪談與傳記資料的重構,以及口述傳記訪談法的應用,本文嘗試重建早期有線電視系統業者之媒介創業經驗的整體形貌。
經由對業者之媒介創業經驗的解析,本研究嘗試揭露早期有線電視系統業者所從事之媒介創業的行動邏輯,並推論出:「技術能動性的作用」、「情感互惠的中介」、「『報』的社會常規的應用」、「自尊與歸屬之創業情感的自我期望」等意義結構,是解釋台灣有線電視系統媒介創業行動的關鍵行動邏輯。
進一步,對於媒介創業行動邏輯的社會根源問題,本研究嘗試扣連台灣在地社會的文化傳統,發現在地社會中所強調「人情主義」、「義氣習性」與「技藝精神」等常民規範性,是驅動媒介創業歷程中「情感互惠」、「回報常規」習性與技術能動性的社會文化根源。
結語,本研究指出,受到創業冒險、自信與樂觀等情感因素所導引的台灣有線電視系統先驅者,他們實為一群具有「即興展演」的行動能力,並以文化常規中的「情義」邏輯,來進行創業行動的「野性」的媒介創業者。而相異於當代主流創業論述強調工具理性、資源有效運用的行動思維,這群「野性」的媒介創業者,他們勇於突破政策管制的困境,巧於利用技術物之功能的能力,是他們之所以能夠通過技術與市場的高度不確定性,以及媒體管制政策的壓力,成功進行媒介創業行動的能動性根源。
最終,扣連到傳播生態發展史的論述,本研究發現,這群帶有野性精神的媒介創業者,不僅具有啟動不同資本之交換行動的能動性,他們所具有的創新與創造性行動的力量,更是馴化新傳播的科技特性,使傳播科技得以轉化為日常生活之媒體的關鍵力量。 / This study aims to investigates media entrepreneurial phenomenon which caused by the rise of new communication technology by the viewpoints of economic sociology and entrepreneurship. Based on the unfolding of the oral biography from the cable television pioneers in Taiwan, this study illustrates the action logics of social exchange about media entrepreneurial activities in Taiwan.
Discussed on the contemporary communication phenomenon, entrepreneurship theories and economic sociology theory, this study illustrating the meaning of media entrepreneurship in history, figuring out the overview of media entrepreneurship study, describing the view of ‘media workers as media entrepreneurs’, discussing the meaning and types of ‘media entrepreneurs’, identifying three theoretical dimensions in media entrepreneurial processes, and summarizing the framework of analyzing the media entrepreneurial processes by using the concepts from cultural capitals, social capitals, and symbolic capitals.
According to the work of structural analysis of narration, case reconstruction, and concept crystallization, this study finds: ‘the function of technical agency’, ‘the intermediary of entrepreneurial emotion’, ‘the application of Pao from social codes’, and ‘the project of self esteem and belonging ’ are the core meaning structures about the action logics of Taiwan Cable Television pioneers.
About the problems on social origins of the media entrepreneurial process in Taiwan Cable Television pioneers, this study also finds: ‘the ontology of emotion’, ‘the rules of cultural Yi-Chi disposition’, and ‘the spirit of craftsmanship’ are the social origins from local culture in Taiwan.
In conclusion, this study points out that these pioneers afford the improvisation for the potential of communication technology, and they can domesticate the wildness of new media technology. Further, they can perform the innovation and creative power to encounter the technology-market uncertainty, and overcome the regulation from government.
Finally, this study name there pioneers in Taiwan Cable Television as the ‘Savage in media entrepreneur’, they possess the strong entrepreneurial agency, and they can build the new media ecology for future.
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戴東原學記鮑國順, BAO, GUO-SHUN Unknown Date (has links)
戴東原嘗分古今學問之途有三:曰義理、曰考證、曰文章。
本書分上下兩篇。上篇述東原之生平、著作與治學,下篇分論東原之學術。
上篇第一章:東原之生平。以東原年譜為主,並述其家世。
第二章:東原之著作。東原治學之範圍甚廣,舉凡經、哲、小學,以及天文曆算、地
理方志、機械物理等,無所不窺,故其著作,包羅宏富。失所憑依。本章搜集東原著
作,自撰者四六種,纂校者二十種,並附東原遺墨一種,計六七種,視前人所集者為
獨多。乃詳考各書之著作動機、經過、成書年代、以及版本。章末並附「東原著作互
見表」、「東原著作繫年」二表,俾便檢覽。又本書中費篇幅最多者,厥為水經注一
段,其書有關東原人格甚巨,故歷來正反兩面之辯論,極為激烈。
第三章:東原之治學。東原一生論學,可分為三階段。自其早歲持義理第一,考證第
二,文章第三之觀點頗力。唯此所謂義理,乃指程朱之義理而言。
下篇第一章:東原之經學。
第二章:東原之哲學。東原論學之依歸,厥在義理──經過訓詁考證得之六經孔孟之
義理,既已如前述,則義理固為東原學術之最具價值者可知,故近世治戴學者,大多
用心於斯,皆能深知東原學術之大本者也。東原哲學著作,以「原善」與「孟子字義
疏證」為最重要。其整個思想系統,即建立於「生生者化之原,生生而條理者化之流
」之認識上。
第三章:東原之小學。其論文字、聲韻、訓詁三者未始相離,且尤以聲韻為之樞紐,
建立清代小學之系統,而弟子相傳,更造成一代顯學。其論六書,一以許敘為主,謂
其次第名目當為指事、象形、形聲、會意、轉注、假借。又謂指事、象形、形聲、會
意四者,字之體也;轉注、假借二者,字之用也,所謂「聖人復起不易斯言」也,其
論至今猶有從之者。蓋東原以互訓釋轉注,雖嫌於泛濫無歸,而以引申解假借,則正
為許叔重「令長」之原意也。在古音學上,東原初分古韻為七類二十部,繼改為九類
二十五部。其說有下列三特點,第一:二十五部全用喉音字標目。第二:入聲九部之
獨立成部及其與平聲諸部之分配。第三:祭部獨立及脂微諸□去入之分配。
第四章:東原之天文曆算表。天算學在東原治學系統中,亦為基礎學科之一。故欲通
經明道,自不得不措意於此。
第五章:東原之地理方志學。東原之校水經注,乃生平大事業之一。
第六章:東原之文學。義理、考證、文章三者,在東原之心目中,文章始終未能超出
於義理、考證之上,此乃東原一貫之論學態度。
第七章:其他。本章所述,包括東原之校讎學與物理學。東原在校讎學上之成績,大
抵即表現於乾隆三十八癸已入四庫館以後所校成之官書上。
此論東原學術始末,最有見地,而「歸於自得」四字,尤為不易之論。大抵言之,惠
、戴之別,即在一求其古,一求其是,而「古」與「是」之間,高下遂分,戴學之優
於惠學,二百年來,固早有定評矣。然則數乾嘉學者,端以東原為首,可謂確論也。 /
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這一頁,我來說教師--國小初任教師專業認同之教育學傳記研究 / A biography research in pedagogy on the first elementary school teacher's professional identity凃柏章, TU,Bo-Chang Unknown Date (has links)
藉著聆聽教師的敘說,我研究的主要目的在於理解教師專業認同的歷程,及此歷程所彰顯的意義世界。以Mead談論的自我概念作為基礎,我認為教師專業認同的概念是一發展性的歷程,而不將其視為本質、本體或範疇。此外,個人的認同歷程在敘說中展現也是我所強調的另一個重點,也就是說,個人在向聽者敘說裡頭展現其生命經驗,而聽者得以藉著語言的力量理解敘說者的生命經驗。奠基於此,研究者(我)才得以理解教師(受訪者)的敘說。
我採用「教育學傳記研究」作為研究取向,並以德國學者Fritz Schütz發展的「敘述訪談」作為資料採取工具,蒐集而來的資料即是我所謂的「文本」或「故事」。訪談的對象是小卉 -- 一位成為國小教師五年左右、服務兩所學校的初任教師。訪談結果在轉錄成逐字稿後,依據Schütz所提出的文本分析流程進行文本結構描述,並嘗試詮釋以析出故事抽象概念。
經過文本結構描述和分析,逐漸呈現「選擇」、「在比較中了解自己」以及「愛與被愛」的教師故事圖像。然而,我並未只是停留在故事詮釋的階段,而更進一步和其它教師敘說進行對話,其目的在於企圖呈現「我們如何看待教師故事、發聲」的議題。最後,我反思本研究的價值以及教育學傳記研究的意義。 / The purpose of my research is mainly to understand the process of a teacher’s professional identity by listening teacher’s narrative. Also, I attempt to explore the meanings represented by this process. Based on Mead’s concept of self, I argued that the attribute of teacher’s professional identity might be better viewed as a developing process than essences, substances or categories. Furthermore, one’s identity process revealing from narrative is other key point in my study. That is to say, one displays his or her life experiences with a narrative to listener, and then the listener understands the experiences through the power of language. Therefore, according to the above-mentioned methodological basis, I (researcher) could make sense of the teacher’s (interviewee) narrative.
I adopt ”Biographic Research in Pedagogy” as my research approach, and collected raw data called “text” or “story” with “Narrative Interview” developed by Fritz Schütz, a Germany sociologist. After interviewing the first teacher, Little-hui, who just has been working about five years in two elementary schools, I followed Schütz’s procedures of text-analysis to describe the structure of the text and attempt to catch abstract concepts in hui’s story.
After the process of structure description and interpret, “choosing”,”knowing self by comparing with peers”, and “to love and to be loved” gradually showed up to be images of Little-hui’s story. However, I didn’t stay right in the position of story-interpreting. Moreover, I situated these images a dialogue with another inquires of teachers’ narratives, and attempted to raise the issue of “how have teachers’ stories, voices, or narratives been viewed and treated in the context” for discussion. At the end, I reflected on the value of this research and the meaning of “Biography Research in Pedagogy.”
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西漢呂后研究 = A study on the empress dowager Lu in Former Han dynasty / Study on the empress dowager Lu in Former Han dynasty周灔燊 January 2017 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities / Department of Chinese
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