本研究旨在探討臺北市國民小學教師心理契約、教師幸福感與學校創新經營之關係，採用問卷調查法，以臺北市國民小學教師作為研究對象，共發出600份問卷，回收421份有效問卷，問卷回收可用率為70.17%。資料處理統計方法採用描述性統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析(ANOVA)、Pearson積差相關及多元逐步迴歸分析。本研究分析結果分述如下： 一、臺北市國民小學教師心理契約屬中高程度，以「體察教師使命」最高，「接受學校期望」最低。 二、臺北市國民小學教師幸福感屬中高程度，以「樂觀表現」最高，「身心健康」最低。 三、臺北市國民小學學校創新經營屬中高程度，以「課程與教學活動創新」最高，「行政管理與環境創新」最低。 四、不同「年齡」、「服務年資」之教師知覺心理契約的整體或分層面上有顯著差異。 五、不同「性別」、「年齡」與「學校規模」之教師知覺教師幸福感的整體或分層面上有顯著差異。 六、不同「性別」、「年齡」、「年資」與「學校規模」之教師知覺學校創新經營的整體或分層面有顯著差異。 七、臺北市國民小學教師心理契約、教師幸福感與學校創新經營呈現中度正相關。 八、臺北市國民小學教師心理契約、教師幸福感對學校創新經營具有預測作用。 / The purposes of this study was to explore the relationships among teachers’ psychological contract, teachers’ well-being and school innovative management in elementary schools in Taipei City. The questionnaire survey method was applied. Elementary School teachers in Taipei City were adopted as the research objects.600 questionnaires were sent out. Valid questionnaires of 421 were collected. The validity of the responded questionnaires was 70.17%. The data was analyzed by using statistic method of descriptive statistics, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product-moment correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The conclusions of this study are as follows: 1.Elementary schools teachers’ perception of teachers’ psychological contract is above average, in which the item “observe the teacher mission” was the highest, and “accept school expectations” was the lowest. 2.Elementary schools teachers’ perception of teachers’ well-being is above average, in which the item “positive cognition” was the highest, and “Physical and mental health” was the lowest. 3.Elementary schools teachers’ perception of school innovative management, in which the item “innovation of curriculum and teaching activities” was the highest, and “administrative management and environmental innovation” was the lowest. 4.There are significant differences in the elementary schools teachers’ perception of teachers’ psychological contract in terms of age and the length of service of school. 5.There are significant differences in the elementary schools teachers’ perception of teachers’ well-being in terms of gender, age and the scale of the schools. 6.There are significant differences in the elementary schools teachers’ perception of school innovative management in terms of gender, age, length of service of school and the scale of the schools. 7.There is a positive correlation among the teachers’ psychological contract, teachers’ well-being, and school innovative management. 8.Teachers’ psychological contract and teachers’ well-being have a predictive effect on school innovative management.

開放政府資料能帶來龐大的經濟效益以及達到透明治理的理念，已成為電子治理最重要的議題之一，各國政府如美國、英國、加拿大無不積極推動開放政府資料政策。我國行政院亦將政府資料開放列為第四階段電子化政府計畫的項目之一，中央機關與地方政府將分別建立開放資料平台，並要求將機關所擁有之資料逐步開放予社會大眾使用。在此背景下，財政部財政資訊中心預建置財政資訊共享服務平台，來達到資料開放政策的目標。本研究目的在於該平台的推動在實務上面臨了哪些困難，後續還有哪些地方需要克服，這樣的經驗能帶給其他行政機關哪些啟示。 本研究首先整理國內外開放政府資料的文獻，其次介紹創新擴散理論，作為財政資訊中心推動財政資訊共享服務平台的階段基礎，並以訪談法蒐集相關資料。本研究最後以議題設定與配對階段、再定義/再建構階段、闡述階段及例行化階段為主軸，分別探討各階段的推動工作與困境。 本研究發現，推動財政資訊共享服務平台的主要工作與困境包括溝通策略、法律規範、分工方式、業務單位的抗拒與資料的價值。財資中心在政策規劃面、組織管理面以及法律規範面仍有改進空間，包括改變同仁的觀念態度、提出明確的評估報告、團隊成員的代表性、訂定行政規則以及與相關單位共商修法議題。未來有意推動相關政策的機關，除了前述財資中心應該改進之處，尚須注意組織文化以及公民參與的部分，讓政策推動的阻力降至最低。 / Open government data (OGD) can brings great economic benefit and promotes more openness in government, it has become one of the most important issues in e-Government around the world. An open data policy was enacted by the Executive Yuan at the end of 2013, both central and local governments should gradually release their possessed data to the public. In the context of open data policy, Fiscal Information Agency, MOF tries to establish an open data platform of Ministry of Finance. However, the open data policy in Taiwan is still in a stage of sprouting, it is an innovation policy and brand new notion to many governments, the objective of this research is to analyze what obstacles does Fiscal Information Agency, MOF meet when promoting the open data platform of Ministry of Finance, and how could this experience be learned. First of all, the research introduces the literatures about open data. Secondly, quoting the Innovation Diffusion Theory as the conceptual framework and conducting interviews. The analysis about the works and obstacles is individually based on the phase of agenda setting, matching, redefining/restructuring, clarifying and routinizing. The results show the main work and obstacles including the strategy of communication, legal norms, division of labor, resistance of agency and the value of data. There are still areas of improvement for Fiscal Information Agency, MOF, such as changing the concept of colleagues, providing a tangible report about open data and the representativeness of group. The lessons from this study are expected to provide insights to the Taiwan government when it tries to engage the open data policy.

物聯網概念逐漸成熟之下，舊有產業知識與概念被顛覆，智慧化發展開啟產業新時代。台灣近年來以微型創業盛行，不需要太多資本，簡單的設備就可成立一家餐廳，也因此創業門檻大大降低，造就餐飲業以每年2-3%的比率增加，而大多數餐廳中必備且關鍵的設備-ＰＯＳ機台，卻還停留在舊有思維，不僅佔了不少花費在創業者初期成本以外，也會需要較長時間將成本回收，更因為ＰＯＳ機台為固定成本，後續折舊及保養問題也是餐飲業創業者需要多費心力的重點。 結合雲端技術的ＰＯＳ機台雖需耗費較多時間研發，在概念驗證、場域驗證及商業驗證上也需要比傳統POS系統更縝密的考量，但與傳統pos相比，雲端POS不論在介面的易用性、資訊的即時性及改善工作場域的效率上，皆有顯著改善。除傳統ＰＯＳ注重的技術升級外，雲端POS提供更多面向的整合式解決方案，大大改變了整個產業的商業模式。 本研究以iCHEF為個案，目的為探討新產業環境之下，企業如何創造新的商業模式，推動產業典範移轉。本研究所得之結論為：雲端ＰＯＳ系統成功的商業模式中，雖然產品技術研發能力仍為關鍵因素之一，但其中企業的創新能力、社群操作力等軟實力的培養更是決定能否維持長期競爭優勢的根基。 關鍵字：雲端ＰＯＳ系統、商業模式創新

近年來，軟體產業的成長快速，引起了政府、創投注目，要成功的管理新產品發展過程，公司應維持高適應性和彈性的方法。波動和創造性的混沌是必要的。這些論點都說明了文化對於創新的重要性。本研究欲以軟體產業為探討對象，了解其文化的作法。 本研究以個案訪問為主要研究方式，訪問了三類（game、CAI、影像處理軟體）六家公司，來探討「技術知識特質」與「創新組織文化」之關聯性。本研究之發現如下： 壹、不同的軟體廠商間具有不同的技術知識特質。 影像工具軟體廠商技術標準程度較高、技術知識較重深度、技術知識內隱性較低；遊戲軟體廠商及幼教軟體廠商技術標準程度較低、技術知識重廣度、技術知識內隱性較高。 貳、技術知識不同，創新文化不同。 一、技術知識標準程度 本研究發現當技術知識標準程度較高時，產品概念的提出需要專人負責整合，小組成員在概念上的貢獻多半在於功能性的建議及評估方案可行性。而且產品規格彈性較小，反之，產品概念的提出並不需要專人整合，此時小組成員也可以提出產品構念或者功能性建議、評估可行性。另外，產品規格彈性較大。 二、技術知識內隱程度 本研究發現當技術知識內隱程度較低時，溝通的風格上較不易產生爭執，且在團隊成員空間配置上不特別強調地理相近性，反之，溝通上易有爭執的情況產生，且空間上特別強調地理相近性。在易產生爭執情況下，有幾項管理上的作法來增進成員間的共識，包括：早期參與、原型、默契及鼓勵創造性摩擦。 三、技術知識深度╱廣度 本研究發現當技術知識較重深度時，外部溝通的主題傾向於集中，反之，外部溝通主題傾向於先廣泛後集中 參、軟體廠商中，在金錢式激勵方面以薪水與專案獎金為主；在非金錢式激勵方面，強調彈性式、多變化的激勵方式。 肆、當組織面臨變革時，需對員工做重大價值與小價值的調適。 第一章　　諸論 1-1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1-1 第二節 研究問題與目的 1-4 第二章 文獻探討 2-1 第一節 技術知識特質 2-1 第二節 創新的組織文化 2-6 第三節 技術知識特質與創新的組織文化之關聯 2-23 第三章 研究方法 3-1 第一節 研究架構 3-1 第二節 研究變項說明 3-5 第三節 研究設計與資料蒐集 3-8 第四章 研究個案彙整 3-1 第一節 U公司個案 4-1-1 第二節 N公司個案 4-2-1 第三節 S公司個案 4-3-1 第四節 T公司個案 4-1-1 第五節 I公司個案 4-2-1 第六節 B公司個案 4-3-1 第五章 個案分析與研究發現 5-1 第一節 軟體廠商技術知識特質分析 5-1 第二節 技術知識特質與創新組織文化分析 5-7 第三節 其它研究發現 5-38 第六章 結論與建議 6-1 第一節 研究結論 6-1 第二節 研究建議 6-5 參考文獻 附錄-1

網際網路蓬勃發展，使得全球創新種子不斷地萌芽，個人或公司可以運用自身的知識能力，透過網際網路，將創新成果呈現在大眾的面前，創造出極高的創新價值。進一步分析網際網路創新的產生，會發現網路上任何創意都必須透過網路技術來加以實現，因此本研究探討組織如何整合技術合創意，結合不同專業的知識，產生創新價值。 本研究從知識管理的理論基礎出發，以台灣兩大搜尋引擎蕃薯藤、奇摩推薦網站以及專業評估選網站”人間煙火”評選的中文推薦網站為研究對象，挑選出台灣經營網路事業具代表性的公司，嘗試從成功企業的經營模式中歸納出台灣網路事業的創新類型以及公司在知識整合機制上的作法。研究發現： 一、網站創新類型可分為漸進式創新與跳躍式創新 二、知識特性不同，公司採用之創新類型不同，知識異質度高，網路創新傾向採用跳躍式創新，知識異質地低，網站創新傾向採用漸進式創新。 三、網站創新所需的知識特性不同，公司所採用的知識整合機制不同 3-1 網站企業所需的知識整合機制包括方向／目標、順序／流程、例規、共同語言、多元專業個人、對話／開會，區分為組織機制、介面溝通機制、多元專業個人機制、團隊運作機制四種類型。 3-2 網站創新所需的知識複雜度高，且知識異質度高，組織傾向採用介面溝通機制、多元專業個人機制與團隊運作機制整合不同專業的知識，介面溝通機制複雜度較高。 3-3 網站創新所需的知識複雜度高，且知識異質度低，組織傾向採用多元專業個人機制與組織機制整合不同專業的知識。 3-4 網站創新所需的知識複雜度低，且知識異質度高，組織傾向採用團隊運作機制與組織機制整合不同專業的知識。 3-5 網站創新所需的知識複雜度低，且知識異質度低，組織傾向採用多元專業個人機制與介面溝通機制整合不同專業的知識，介面溝通機制複雜度較低。 / The relationship between knowledge integration and innovation on the World Wide Web -By Ruo-Jun WUAdvisor: Dr. Se-Hwa WuKeywords: Internet innovation, knowledge heterology, Knowledge integration , mechanisms of knowledge integration 1. Background Internet industry grows rapidly. According the Internet report of Mogan Stanley company, new businesses that are created by or for Internet marketplace will grow very rapidly, at an estimated CAGR of 38% from now until ths year 2000. One of the important factor in the Internet's on-going growth is that there are many original innovations in the Internet. One person or a small company can create high innovative value by their own knowledge through the World Wide Web. Innovation becomes an important ubject i2. Purpose According to the research background ,the research objective of this study are four points: (1) To find the innovation on the World Wide Web and the categorization of innovation on the World Wide Web.(2) To explore the characteristic of knowledge with the innovation on the World Wide Web. (3) To explore the relationship between the characteristic of knowledge and categorization of innovation. (4) To explore the relationship between the characteristic of knowledge and the mechanism of integration knowledge?3. Conceptual FrameworkThe literature on organization knowledge and learning has explored the role of organizations in the acquisition, processing, storage, and application of knowledge(Argyris and Schon 1978,Levitt and March 1988,Ribertwon and Swan and Newell 1996). Demsetz(1991) proposes that efficiency in the acquisition of knowledge requires that individuals specialize in specific areas of knowledge, while the application of knowledge to produce goods and services requires the bringing together of many areas of specialized kGrant's(1996) observations of mechanism of integrating knowledge imply that the difference of knowledge characteristic will influence the method of knowledge management and Lyles and Zander(1992) propose the structure of organization knowledge would play an important role in searching the strategic opportunity. Based on the literature review in the preview paragraph, this study proposes the following framework (shown in figure 1), which is made up of two dimensions: knowledge heterology and knowledge complexity as the variables and in order to discussing the company how to integrate different individual's knowledge and to produce innovation on the World Wide Web. 4. MethodologyThe data were collected through research in both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were then collected about the web site project by contacting directly one of the members of web site team and requesting an interview. Search engine is considered the representative product in the Internet and so six project was picked through the recommendation of search engine to show the operation of successful companies on the World Wide Web5. Conclusion(1) The categorization of innovation in Internet industry included incremental innovation and radical innovation. (2) Organizations are more likely to adopt incremental innovation when the degree of knowledge heterology is low and adopt radical innovation when the degree of knowledge heterology is high. (3) Organization will take different mechanism to integrate knowledge when the characteristic of knowledge with Web innovation is different. 3.1 Organizations take "Rules and Directives, Routines, Sequencing, problem solving, dialogue/meeting, multiskilled individual " as the mechanism of integrating knowledge. These mechanisms can be categorized by four mechanism patterns-Organization mechanism, Team mechanism, Individual mechanism and Communication mechanism. 3.2 Organizations will take Team mechanism, Individual mechanism and Communication mechanism, when the degree of knowledge complexity is high and the degree of knowledge heterology is high. The degree of common language is more complex. 3.3 Organizations will take Organization mechanism and Team mechanism, when the degree of knowledge complexity is low and the degree of knowledge heterology is high. 3.4 Organizations will take Organization mechanism and ndividual mechanism, when the degree of knowledge omplexity is high and the degree of knowledge heterology is low. 3.5 Organizations will take Individual mechanism and Communication mechanism, when the degree of knowledge complexity is low and the degree of knowledge heterology is low. The degree of common language is less complex.

傳統Heckscher-Ohlin 理論認為要素稟賦之差異形成各國相對比較利益 貿易型態乃因而決定。綜觀國際經濟現況，技術創新對於國際貿易的影 響 益重大，本研究為納入此一論點，乃就傳統之H-O模型中，加入一R&D 部門試圖推衍一較完整之理論模型，可兼顧技術創新對國際貿易之影響與 一般衡之完整性：為顧及一般均衡，R&D 部門以預期值來處理，使得本文 得以用靜態分析來探討相關議題。在強調R&D 特性--外部性(外溢效果、 競爭效果)及不確定性之際，本研推導出納入研發部門時之一般均衡分析 ，並適時與傳統貿易理論相對照，觀察R&D 部門之影響程度。進而著重於 研發部門之討論，探究保護措施及他產業之特性對其規模之影響，以及各 國如何選定最適保護智慧財產權的策。

本研究主要乃針對我國汽車保險當前所面對市場規模逐漸縮小的問題，探討其癥結所在並試圖提出因應之道，雖然過去已有不少的文獻針對汽車保險行銷或商品創新分別提出，但以台灣車險市場實務運作之角度及實況為出發點做探討，加入更多不同元素，提出較切合實務因應對策的相關文獻實屬有限。 我國汽車保險之保費收入多年來均約佔產險市場之半數。因此，汽車保險之發展對我國產險經營有著不可忽視的地位，即因如此重要，以致市場惡意競爭，經營環境紊亂，加上近年國內經濟環境惡化，更突顯業者在汽車保險經營方針上的偏差；而長期以來國人對汽車保險之投保觀念仍嫌不足，亦導致我國產險規模及普及率始終無法與國際先進國家相提並論，其中任意車險投保率長期僅維持六成水準左右，即證明了國人對汽車保險的不重視。綜合上述原因，遂使多數產險公司在汽車保險經營上瀕臨無核保利潤甚至虧損之狀態，嚴重影響我國金融保險市場之發展。 在探討汽車保險整合行銷與商品創新的研究中，本論文以目前我國汽車保險業者所面臨的真實困境為基礎，並結合行銷的元素及排除不符合市場運作情況，除以消費者的角度重新思考外，同時加入我國產險業實際運作上所面臨的盲點，提出數點建議，以期探尋出適合我國汽車保險經營的行銷模式及商品設計，本論文所提的問題多為筆者長期身處市場觀察之實情，期許能為我國汽車保險經營帶來改革，扭轉目前越來越小的產值規模，兼達消費者及保險公司雙贏之目標。 / Due to the decreasing automobile insurance market in Taiwan, in this research I try to focus on the true situation which I observe during my career. Though a popular topic, this issue was seldom discussed in research papers in a practical way. That is why I try to explain this situation at a different angle with a combination of various factors. Automobile insurance premium accounts for over half of non-life insurance premium in Taiwan and has been an integral part. Because of its enormous market stance, all non-life insurance companies would expand their market share of it at any expense. In doing so, non-life insurance companies face a vicious cycle of increasing competition followed by decreasing premium rates and it proves them wrong to implement these strategies. Furthermore, a merely 60% penetration rate of automobile insurance, which is below the average of developed countries, shows that Taiwanese people do not take it seriously. In conclusion, the non-life insurance market has been hugely impacted. By clearing the blind spots of Integrated Marketing and Product Innovation, in this research I try to find a new way to improve the even worse situation of automobile insurance market in Taiwan. With my career experience in this field, I give some recommendations in the hope of reversing the situation in the future.

本研究針對台灣IC設計公司，探討其創新資源、創新活動、創新能力與產品轉型能力的關係，本研究希望能從中找出因不同個案所造成的模式，提供IC設計業在選擇新產品開發策略的最佳模式。 　　本研究歸納分析研究如下： 　　【研究發現一】IC設計業的創新能力來源為知識的吸收、創造與蓄積，並以核心能力四個構面的知識和技能、實體技術系統、管理系統、價值觀和規範為平台。 　　【研究發現二】IC設計業的創新活動以原型試製之專案為主。 　　【研究發現三】IC設計業者可以創新能力區分為兩種：一為創新能力較高的市場領導者，另一為創新能力較低的市場跟隨者。 　　【研究發現四】IC設計業者的新產品開發模式，其技術路徑相依度較高者，新產品技術由公司自行開發，而區分為增加新產品線的多產品線產品轉型模式與精進原產品線的集中漸進產品轉型模式。 　　【研究發現五】IC設計業者的新產品開發模式，其技術路徑相依度較低時，新產品技術透過購買、合資、合作開發、購併與技術授權取得，而區分增加新產品線的為多元化產品轉型模式與轉換產品線的脫胎換骨產品轉型模式。 　　【研究發現六】市場龍頭者由於核心能力介面多、有較多之創新資源，故可採用集中漸進、多產品或多元化轉型方式，永續經營。 　　【研究發現七】跟隨者由於核心能力少、創新資源欠缺，故以集中資源方式，切入利基型產品之脫胎換骨的轉型。 　　【研究發現八】跟隨者由於核心能力少、創新資源欠缺，故以集中資源方式於現有領域，爭取市場龍頭而形成集中漸進式的產品轉型。 　　【研究發現九】IC設計公司可以取得授權或買斷IP，配合既有核心能力，快速使產品轉型。 　　【研究發現十】由於市場競爭，IC設計業者須先爭第一名才能賺大錢，最終目標才是多元化Diversification，增加產品線、擴大營運規模以分散風險。 　　研究結果發現，IC設計業者的創新管理是產品轉型的基礎，且四種產品轉型模式可提供IC設計業在選擇新產品開發策略的參考。因此本研究建議IC設計業者在做產品轉型時可依自身的條件選擇適合自己的新產品開發策略。 / This thesis is focused on the relationship of Taiwan IC design companies’innovation resources, innovation activities, innovation capabilities and products transition ability. Also hope to find a model based on different cases, and provide IC design industry an optimal model when choosing new product develop strategies. 　　We could summarize this thesis to the following findings: 　　(1) The innovation capability of the IC design industry comes from absorption of knowledge, creation and accumulation, and as a platform of the four construction (knowledge and skills, real technology system, management system, value proposition and regulation) of the core capability. 　　(2) The innovation ofIC design industries is focused on the projects of prototype pilot run. 　　(3) There are two kinds ofIC design industries based on their innovation capability, one is the market leader with higher innovation capabilities, and the other is the market follower with lower innovation capabilities. 　　(4) Regarding the new product develop model of the IC design industries, those companies with higher technology path dependence will develop their own product technology, and therefore separating into multi-product line product transition model and original product line central incremental product transition model. 　　(5) The new product develop model of the IC design industries, those companies with lower technology path dependence will get the new product technology by acquirement, joint venture, co-development, merge and technology transfer, and separating into adding new product line product transition model and revolution product transition model. 　　(6) Market leader have higher core capability and innovation resource, so they can use the method of concentrate incremental, multi-product or multi-way transition, and therefore their business could last long. 　　(7) The follower has less core capability and lack of innovation resource, so they use central resource way and cut in niche product transition model. 　　(8) The follower has less core capability and lack of innovation resource, so they use central resource way in the current field, and fight for the market leader position to become central incremental product transition. 　　(9) IC design companies accelerate their product transition by acquiring IP and with their own capability. 　　(10) Due to the market competition, IC design companies need to fight for number one to make money. The last objective is to reduce risk by diversification, add product line and increase operation scale. 　　The innovation management of the IC design companies is the base of product transition, and the four product transition models can provide references for choosing new product develop strategy. So this research recommends IC design companies to choose their own new product develop strategy based on their own condition when doing the product transition.

近年來隨著全球貿易自由化、科技進步帶來資訊透明化等因素，貿易商之生存空間不斷被壓縮；而此項「去中間化」之趨勢，對於專業貿易商而言，更是面臨到嚴峻的挑戰。專業貿易商乃基於跨國交易中介之地位，為客戶提供與貿易活動相關之服務；本研究即以專業貿易商提供之貿易服務作為研究主題，期能協助台灣專業貿易商進行貿易服務創新，提高於產業鏈中之價值、建立出差異化優勢，於「去中間化」之趨勢下，再度逆勢成長。 本研究依據相關文獻資料及目前貿易實務流程，定義出專業貿易商之貿易服務內容與項目，並以問卷調查方式了解台灣專業貿易商目前貿易服務競爭力與貿易服務提供情形，發現大部分台灣專業貿易商相較於市場上其他業者，其自認之貿易服務競爭力介於稍弱至普通之間，且普遍較擅長實體履行服務。本研究採用學者Hertog和Bilderbeek所提出之服務創新四構面模式，依據問卷調查結果，從新服務概念、新客戶介面、新服務遞送系統、技術選擇等四構面為專業貿易商提出可能採取之貿易服務創新模式，並建議專業貿易商可從附加價值較高之貿易服務，如交易創造服務、建構與掌握完善貿易鏈、提供完整貿易需求解決方案及諮詢服務等方向進行發展及創新。 / In recent years, liberalization of global trades and advancement of technology force trading companies in Taiwan to face a crisis of disintermediation and tough environment to survive. Trading companies function as an intermediation in cross-border transactions to provide their clients services about trading activities. This research focuses on topics involving trade services provided by trading companies, and from that, we expect to help trading companies in Taiwan engage in trade service innovation in order to establish different competitive edges and keep business growing in the crisis of disintermediation. In this research, we define the contents of trade services provided by trading companies according to literatures and international trading practice. We investigate the competitiveness of those trading companies in Taiwan in trade services and actual practice through questionnaire survey. We find that most trading companies in Taiwan think that their competitiveness of trade services are weaker comparably to other competitors or only fall around the average. We adopt the four-dimensional model of service innovation built by Hertog and Bilderbeek and the result of questionnaire survey to advance a model of trade service innovation for Taiwanese trading companies. We further suggest that Taiwanese trading companies can make innovation on the high value-added trade services, such as developing transaction-creating services, building a complete trading chain, or providing a total solution to satisfy their clients on trading activities.

團隊已經是普遍存在於組織中的一種工作型式，探討團隊效能的歷程研究還相當不足，了解也不夠。此外，就組織創新理論，團隊創新是其中之關鍵，要如何增加團隊創新效能也是重要研究議題，團隊創新是團隊各種效能表現中的一種。本文便是以團隊創新來研究團隊歷程。 團隊效能文獻主要以團隊I-P-O為主要模型，團隊效能是團隊投入因素透過團隊歷程活動後的產出。團隊歷程是影響團隊效能之主要因素，但是過去對團隊歷程研究卻較限制於橫切面研究，多未能探討團隊歷程之變動性。經由文獻探討，發現團隊合作能耐研究可以幫助了解團隊歷程。所謂的團隊合作能耐是指團隊合作的知識、技巧、能力、和其他特徵(KSAOs)，近期研究者如Ilgen et al.將團隊歷程三分為IM-Forming階段、MO-Functioning階段、OI-結束與下階段的循環，並歸納在不同歷程階段，有不同的主要團隊合作能耐因素，讓團隊歷程更清楚，但是Ilgen et al等研究者並未回答團隊創新歷程。因此，本研究是根據團隊效能、團隊創新文獻為基礎，將團隊創新二分為團隊創意和思考、團隊創新實現二個階段，並探討團隊合作能耐重要性在這二個歷程階段的變化比較。 研究結果得到，(1) 資訊交流和分享是被認為最重要的團隊合作能耐，團隊信心的重要性則最低；(2) 團隊合作能耐重要性的確在不同團隊創新階段會有不同；(3) 團隊信心、資訊交流和分享、團隊默契在團隊創意階段變得比較重要，團隊凝聚力、團隊學習和適應、團隊規範和共識則是在團隊創新階段變得比較重要。