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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

拍賣網站經營者就商標侵權之法律責任 - 以歐盟法為中心 / Trademark Infringement Liability of Online Auction provider

彭建仁 Unknown Date (has links)
線上購物之便利、迅速及不受地域限制之無遠弗屆,促使利用網路平台消費之人口極速增長,網路世界之法律問題自應為傳統民事法律所規制,然網路虛擬之特性終非以實體生活為對象之民法理論體系架構所能完整涵蓋,本文所論之線上拍賣服務提供者對使用者所為商標侵權之法律責任即為著例。   商標權人捨直接侵權人而向拍賣網站經營者請求之訴訟在我國境內雖有發生,法院卻未直接闡述見解,而於美國及歐盟境內之德國、比利時、法國、英國等處均有法院作成判決,歐盟所屬之歐洲法院對此亦表達意見,學說則早自1990年代末即有所討論,近年更是漸趨熱烈,各式見解相互爭辯激盪,足供我國未來發展參酌。   本文自拍賣網站與使用者之關係出發,依序探討、羅列可供適用之民事法律法規,以及國內外法院判決處理,綜合參考國內外學說見解及實務發展經驗,總結於我國法之適用,分為責任成立、侵害除去及預防可能之檢討,以及對未來制訂一般性免責條款三方面討論,冀望得以作為尋求電子商務發展、權利人保障與兼顧使用者便利三贏局面之參考。
12

商標設計之視覺元素分析 / Analysis of visual elements for logo design

陳柏銘, Chen, Po Ming Unknown Date (has links)
商標是一種藉由圖像或是混和圖像與文字存在的標誌,經由特定的符號或是顏色所組成,利用圖像的組成、配置、形狀、顏色、混合、字體、字體顏色等視覺元素將會帶給人們不同的視覺感受。 過去的研究中,對於視覺元素在商標中扮演的角色偏向質化的探討,通常多利用使用者測試的方法找到設計元素與商標的相關度,較少應用電腦視覺對於圖像量化分析的方法,本研究的目的在於利用各種視覺特徵的計算方式,分析各種商標中視覺元素的組成,包含商標中圖像的複雜度、和諧度、組成重複度等相關量化指標。 藉由大量透過網路上收集的商標進行分析後,可發現商標普遍具有低複雜度、高和諧度、低重複度的設計特性,本論文最後試著以商標獨特性指標代替商標辨識度以驗證本論文設計的分析方法可行性。由於在電腦視覺領域中相關於商標美學的研究並不常見,本論文亦希望能對電腦視覺分析應用在設計或美學的領域進行先導性的研究。 / A logo is a mark composed of graph or a combination of text and graph. Typical visual elements in a logo design such as layout, shape, color (foreground and background), composition, and typeface. The graphical mark can exhibit interesting properties by mixing the elements in creative ways. Most previous researches regarding the role of visual elements in logo design are of qualitative nature. In this thesis, we propose to incorporate visual feature extraction and analysis algorithms commonly utilized in computer vision to compute proper index and investigate key visual elements in logo design, including complexity, harmony and repetition. After analyzing large amount of logos collected from the internet, we find out that most logos are of low complexity, high balance and exhibit some degree of repetition. We propose a new measure of “distinctiveness” and investigate its relationship with to the aforementioned properties. We hope that the results obtained in thesis serve as a catalyst to motivate further research in applying computer vision methods to the area of aesthetics and design.
13

論公司名稱之保護

洪裕翔 Unknown Date (has links)
公司是現今社會上最重要的營利主體之一,在日常生活上,一般大眾與公司經常會發生交易行為。而公司名稱,乃是表彰法人主體,俾與他公司相區別之重要標誌。雖然公司名稱就如同自然人之姓名一般,但因為公司為營利法人,其以從事商業活動為法人存續目的,故當公司在經營業務時,勢必與眾多交易相對人及消費者發生法律關係。為避免他人使用相同或近似的公司名稱而造成社會大眾混淆,進而破壞交易秩序,吾人在分析公司名稱權之性質,以及探討其保護時,便須跳脫單純「姓名權」之角度,轉而以防止他人冒濫使用而造成大眾混淆等不公平競爭的觀點來思考、防範,才能達成規範上之效果。此尤其在公司名稱已達著名程度時,如遭他人仿冒濫用其名稱,不僅侵害原公司之商譽,消費者亦將因此受到混淆,轉而與仿冒行為人進行交易。由於仿冒人之行為,已非單純侵害原公司之姓名權,還包括破壞競爭秩序和侵害公眾利益,故在此情形,如何保護公益免受混淆誤認,便成為立論上之重要課題。 有關公司名稱的規範,我國以往都是由公司法第十八條進行第一線的把關過濾,以保護既有公司名稱免受他人仿冒侵害。然而,此種通案審查之方式,不但理論上並無堅強依據,實務運作上也屢生爭議,以致審查逐漸流於形式化,而無從達其規範功能。因此,我國立法者在權衡各項因素後,乃在民國九十年公司法修正時,就公司名稱之使用登記,限縮其規範範圍僅限於同名之審查,若有涉及不正競爭情事時,則交由公平法與民法等相關規定來處理。自此,公司法對公司名稱之規範,僅有單純賦予公司名稱權之功能,而不再有防範不公平競爭之旨。 有鑑於在現制下,公平法之相關規定已成為保護公司名稱之最主要規範,所以本文在編排上,乃特別針對公平會所處理過有關公司名稱之重要案例,以【案例一】到【案例二十八】之接續方式來加以歸納、整理,以檢視公平會在實務上對公司名稱所涉及爭議問題之態度為何。此外,日本法上對於公司名稱所提供之保護規範由來已久,在實務上亦有相當多值得參考之案例,因此在比較法方面,本文將以日本法為中心,就我國法在實務運作或規範有所不足之處,能夠加以借鏡、比較,以期得到更合理之結果。而經本文從理論和學說的探討中可知,雖然公平法第二十條以及第二十四條等相關規定應可有效保護著名公司名稱,但實務之運作上卻有許多缺失之處。主要理由在於,早期公平會為避免公司法與公平法在適用上有所扞格,所以個案上若公司已取得名稱登記,公平會多半尊重該公司使用其名稱之權利。亦即,當經濟部認為系爭公司選用之名稱並無仿冒使用他人相同或類似之名稱時,公平會在過去常常也會採取尊重立場而持相同見解。但如此一來,反而使不肖業者經常利用舊公司法第十八條第二項中「二公司名稱標明不同業務種類者,其公司名稱視為不相同或不相似」之規範缺漏,而大行攀附知名公司名稱之行為,造成我國現有公司下,以「華碩」、「味全」、「長榮」、「台塑」為特取名稱之公司到處林立。公平會以往之作法,雖然可達成法規適用之調和,但此是否符合公平法之立法意旨,值得商榷。所幸,隨著公平法第二十條修正後改採「先行政後司法」之法律效果,加上公司法第十八條修正後已成為單純之行政管理法規,而不再有防止不正競爭之意旨,公平會已逐步使第二十條之適用回歸正常化,並開始以之來做為處分攀附知名公司名稱之依據。對於公平會已逐漸擺脫謹慎立場,就個案上公司名稱之使用所產生狹義混淆的情形已不再迴避第二十條之適用,值得肯定,如此也才能讓第二十四條真正回復補充規範之功能。 另外,實務上另一重大爭議問題,即為公司名稱與商標間之適用關係與衝突。其中最為常見的情形,就是將他人公司名稱註冊為商標,或使用他人商標中的文字來登記為公司名稱等。對此,本文認為由於舊商標法並未明確指出其保護法益為何,以致學說和實務所產生之爭議繁多,而作為維護競爭秩序之公平法,也經常代替商標法而成為規範此等不公平競爭行為之主要依據。惟,民國九十二年新修正之商標法,已從「防止混淆誤認」之角度來妥適調和二者關係。故而,此部份之爭議應可回歸商標法之規範,而公平法之適用餘地,將會大幅減少。 有關公司名稱侵害之救濟與責任部分,我國法院通常會在判決主文命行為人「變更公司名稱登記」,以達到排除侵害之效果。至於公平會所做之處分,都只是命行為人停止個別的不當使用公司名稱之行為,從無以職權來撤銷該冒用之公司名稱。此種作法,實難徹底除去侵害。雖有論者認為,個案上可否進一步要求被處分人不得使用其公司名稱,並非公平會所能置喙。但經本文之分析,公平會處以變更公司名稱之作法,應為公平法第四十一條所賦予公平會之權力,公平會若做出此項處分,於法有據,並無違反依法行政之精神。未來,希望公平會對於侵害著名公司名稱之情節重大者,能依公平法第四十一條所賦予之職權做出「命當事人變更公司名稱」之處分,才能達成保護公眾免受混淆誤認,以及有效制止不公平競爭之效果。
14

福爾摩莎的糧食民主: 台灣有機食品自耕農的問題與前景 / Food Democracy in Formosa: Problems and Prospects for Independent Farmers in Taiwan’s Organic Food Sector

辛介石, Peter Singer-Towns Unknown Date (has links)
研究目的主要是根據參與有機事業的觀點更進一步了解台灣有機領域的狀況。 訪問七位於北台灣的有機領域的參與者進行非正式訪談:有機農戶、店家、有機商品認證機構回答相關有機領域的問題和消費者問卷調查。研究結果顯示獨立有機農戶所面臨一些挑戰和台灣糧食民主機制下運作的潛力—獨立有機農戶處理大部分財團的競爭和有機標誌混淆消費者的狀況下。由於真正問題並非在食物的品質本身於是焦點可轉向對於有機農戶或其他獨立生產機構有利的狀況。最後,本研究將提供一些建議給未來的研究以及提供目前問題的可能解決方法。 / The purpose of this study is to further the understanding of the state of the organic food industry in Taiwan with special consideration given to the perspectives of those participating in it. Seven participants in the organic foods industry in Northern Taiwan were selected for informal interviews. Farmers, store owners, and an organic food certification authority answered questions about the organic food industry, and consumers were surveyed as well. The findings uncovered several challenges that independent organic farmers face, and that the rate of Food Democracy in Taiwan is operating below its potential, as independent farmers deal with competition from dominant corporations, while the organic labeling system confuses consumers. Since the problem is not with the quality of the food, focus can be shifted toward ensuring a level playing field for farmers with smaller independent operations. Finally, this study gives several suggestions for avenues of future research and offers possible solutions to the problems uncovered.
15

論TRIPS協定中的地理標志保護制度 : 兼述對我國的影響及應有的對策 = On Geographical Indications Protection System in TRIPS Agreement : with concurrent discussion its impact on China and our proper countermeasures / 兼述對我國的影響及應有的對策;"On Geographical Indications Protection System in TRIPS Agreement : with concurrent discussion its impact on China and our proper countermeasures"

季播 January 2009 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Law
16

新通用頂級域名(New gTLDs)爭議之研究-以商標權之保護為中心 / A Study on New gTLDs Disputes- Focused on Trademark Protection

程映瑋 Unknown Date (has links)
2011年6月,「網際網路名稱與號碼指配組織」(The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, ICANN)董事會核准新通用頂級域名申請人指導手冊(Applicant Guidebook)並正式展開新通用頂級域名計畫(New gTLD Program),該計畫容許頂級域名申請人自行選擇作為網址字尾之字符串,並成為該頂級域名之註冊管理機構。在第一波申請名單中,ICANN陸續通過了700多個申請案件,包含了一般通用名稱類型、品牌及商標類型、地理名稱類型等新通用頂級域名,也因此對於網際網路帶來巨大的影響與變革。由於新通用頂級域名與商標法中禁止私人擁有通用名詞與透過國家疆域、商品與服務類別分流之原則產生本質上的衝突,相較於新通用頂級域名大幅開放所帶來的正面效益,亦引起贊成與反對意見的討論。 惟新通用頂級域名既已開放,本文將討論焦點聚焦於新通用頂級域名計畫整體制度介紹,以及新通用頂級域名開放後,對於傳統網域名稱爭議所產生之新的網域名稱爭議型態質變以及新爭議型態如何適用現行法律之評析,藉此分析新通用頂級域名之開放對於商標權人權益之影響與提供商標權人相關維護品牌價值策略之擬定。另一方面,本文亦自國家之角度,探討新通用頂級域名對於我國網域名稱政策之影響以及應有之政策藍圖規劃。希冀透過本文之分析,對我國商標權人因應新通用頂級域名之浪潮與政府形成網域名稱政策有所助益。
17

商標符碼消費行為之實證研究 / Empirical Study of Symbolic Consumption Behavior of Trademark

陳淑貞, Chen, Shu-Chen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要探討商標符碼消費行為的影響變數,試圖了解消費者進行商標符碼消費之動機及意圖,研究發現:消費者自我表達消費動機.消費者自我認同達成度.消費者社會化學習程度.品牌偏好度...對商標符碼消費行為有顯著影響.
18

手機產業併購活動中之智財整併-以明基整併西門子手機事業為例 / Strategic IP Structuring in M&A of Mobile Phone Businesses-Utilizing the BenQ-Siemens Merger for Case Study

張淑貞, Chang,Aileen S.J Unknown Date (has links)
西元2005、2006年間,臺灣數家知名手機代工業者,或是從手機代工兼跨經營自有品牌的手機業者,透過與國內、外企業所進行之整併活動,上演多幕併方與被併方商業資源之切割、位移與重新整合的戲碼,而除決意退出賽局的企業不論,其他繼續競逐的業者,似正利用整併活動,快速囊闊並整合企業繼續成長壯大所需的商業資源。 其中,在明基整併西門子手機事業案例中,併方明基集團明確指出,透過整併,希望能取得被併方手機相關之智慧財產資源,包括核心專利、有限期的商標使用權及人員、技術等。且併方亦表示,取得被併方手機相關核心專利與品牌使用,是該整併案中重要標的,更是決意整併與否的關鍵因素,故在本件整併,併方對於取得被併方手機相關核心專利與品牌使用,顯然有高度之期許與重視。 讀到上開資訊,腦海中所伴隨著的問題意識,包括:究竟台灣手機業者透過整併活動,取得知名手機大廠所擁有之核心專利,其商業目的為何?倘若取得此等核心專利,有其商業價值,依據併方擬達到之商業目的,併方應於整併前,進行何等相應評估與規劃作業?此外,在取得國外知名手機廠商授權商標使用權能部分,此等商標使用權能之取得,究竟併方商業目的何在?倘併方看中的是,被併方商標具有品牌價值,那麼奠基手機品牌價值之價值活動為何?且併方應透過何等途徑,才能順利位移被併方之品牌價值到併方身上,並讓併方據此更佳蓬勃? 本論文以上開問題意識出發,於論文各章節中,進行相應之探討。而明基整併西門子手機事業之案例,恰好提供豐富的商業基礎事實,故本論文援引此一案例,作為研究與論述基礎,並藉由實際案例所提供資訊,讓學術討論更具意義。 經本論文研究結果認為:倘若併方將被併方核心專利與商標使用權能之取得,列為整併重要標的,在進行此等整併作業時,併方應依據所設定之商業目的,事先應有一套完整的評估作業(本論文嘗試提出評估作業架構圖),亦需規劃後續相應配套執行作業,如此,始能提高商業目的既遂的機率,並且避免讓『大機會』變成『大風險』,而且,在併方取得被併方商標使用權能部分,併方應先明辨商標與品牌之不同,併方於使用被併方之商標,也應事先確定其具品牌價值且無嚴重的負面印象存在。 基於以上研究結論,筆者進一步提出幾項建議如下,作為本論文研究成果: 一、併方整併被併方智財資源之具體標的,倘在於核心專利取得。建議併方應於整併前,對所取得之專利是否為核心專利先予驗明正身,而且必須設定取得核心專利之明確商業目的,後續也應依據商業目的,具體規劃相關評估與執行作業。 二、若欲讓整併目的既遂並降低相關商業風險,整併前之評估作業,至為關鍵,建議未來進行類似整併案件之併方,務需於雙方拍板定案簽約前,即投入相當人力物力資源進行評估與資訊情報蒐集作業,而不是於拍板定案後,才臨機應變並見招拆招。 三、併方取得被併方之核心專利,本質上存有有哪些風險,建議併方亦需清楚臚列評估,並應於雙方併購合約中透過合約約款之設計,讓併方之商業風險有效控制與降低。 四、在取得被併方商標使用權能部分,建議併方事先應評估被併方商標是否具有品牌價值,並找出奠基被併方品牌價值之因素,且併方應明確區分品牌價值與品牌知名度之不同,進而仔細評估被併方品牌究竟是有真實價值,還是徒具知名度而已。 五、確認被併方商標具品牌價值後,若欲將被併方品牌價值真實位移到併方體內,建議併方應將被併方企業價值活動盤點,並進行去蕪存菁作業,進一步將有價值之企業活動加值,亦需將雙方企業活動整合與融合,如此被併方之品牌價值始能真實位移,而不是曇花一現。 六、又,不論併方品牌策略之操作,是採單一品牌或雙品牌操作模式,如果被併方授權商標使用是有期限的,併方應考慮到使用期限屆至後,儲蓄在被併方商標上的品牌價值應如何順利位移承接到併方商標上,以及在採行雙品牌策略後,當併方之品牌脫離了被併方之品牌,要如何自立不受影響。 / In 2005 and 2006, several renowned mobile phone OEM or branding companies in Taiwan were merging, sinning off and/or restructuring through their local or foreign affiliates. Except some were intended to exit the market, most were utilizing the merger and acquisition to combine various resources to grow in their sizes. In one of the cases, the merger of mobile phone business units of BenQ – Siemens, BenQ clearly indicated that through the merger, BenQ intended to acquire the intellectual property resources from Siemens including the essential patents, license of trademarks, technical supports and know-how, etc. BenQ also indicated that the acquisition of licenses of Siemens’ essential patents and brand name usage regarding mobile phone business would be the major target in the merger deal, as well as the turning point as to whether the merger should proceed along. In that case, therefore, BenQ highly expected to obtain licenses of Siemens’ essential patents and brand name regarding mobile phone business. The foregoing paragraph raises certain issues: what is the business purpose of a Taiwan mobile phone company to obtain the essential patents from other renowned and sized mobile phone branding companies? Assuming such business purpose is found, what kinds of evaluations and feasibility studies the merging company should conduct before the merger closing, in order to warrant the business purpose? Besides, what is the business purpose for the merging company to acquire from the renowned company a license to use the trademarks? If the merging company views such trademarks not as merely trademarks, but largely focuses the branding value added by the merged company with such trademarks, one would ask a question: where are the activities that have created and supported the mobile phone branding value? Through what ways, the merging company is able to successfully transfer the branding value from the merged company to the merging company and develop its business prosperously with the transferred branding value? This thesis starts with the above issues and discusses the relevant topics in various theories, using the ample business materials and facts in BenQ – Siemens merger as a base for case study so as to make the theory discussions in this thesis in a more practical sense. The research conclusion in this thesis indicates: If the major target in the whole merger deal is to acquire essential patents and trademarks from the merged business, the merging business must establish a complete feasibility assessment program in accordance with the intended business purpose (the thesis intends to provide a illustration charts for such assessment program) before the closing, and a well coordinated implementing procedures for post-closing operation, in order to higher the probability of meeting the intended business purpose while lower the possibility of spoiling a “great opportunity” into a “huge risk”. In addition and beforehand, the merging business should be able to tell the specific differences in nature between the brand names and trade marks. The merging business should also clearly identify the merged branding value, and further, ensure there is no negative impact in applying the merged branding in its business. Based on the conclusion stated in the preceding paragraph, the author thereby submits the following recommendations as a result of the research in the thesis: 1.If the specific target for a merging business seeking to combine intellectual property resources of the merged business is to obtain the essential patents from the merged business, it is advisable for the merging business to, before the merger, identify whether the patents proposed to be acquired are indeed essential patents in relevant industries, establish a clear business purpose feasibly achievable by acquisition of such patents, and establish an assessment program and a well coordinated implementing procedures operation in accordance with the established business purpose. 2.It is extremely imperative to conduct a solid and full-scaled pre-closing feasibility studies so as to reduce the business risks in merger deal. It is advisable for a merging business to devote considerable resources to conduct evaluation and information gathering before merger closing, and not to remedy and mitigate the case in post closing days. 3.It is advisable for the merging business to identify and list in detail the risks in acquiring the core patents from the merged business, and further structure through merger related contracts to effectively control and minimize such risks. 4.It is advisable for the merging business to clarify whether the proposed trademarks are having true branding value, find the factors within the merged business creating and supporting such branding value, clearly tell differences between branding value and brand popularity, and then carefully assess if the proposed brand name is powered with the true branding value or merely covered with a wide popularity. 5.After identifying the branding value of the proposed trademark, if the branding value is intended to be transferred into the merging business, it is advisable for the merging business to conduct a full examination on the previous branding value activities of the merged business, and adjust/develop the value-added items of new activities by continuing joint efforts of corporate businesses, not a flash show in the market. 6.No matter the marketing strategy is by single brand name or combined dual brand name, if the proposed trademark usage is limited by time expiration, the merging business must consider after the expiration, how to successfully transfer the branding value of the proposed trademark to existing trademark originally held by the merging business, and how to maximize or maintain the independent branding value of the existing trademark after the expiration.
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時裝設計產業智慧財產保護之研究 / A study on the intellectual property rights in apparel design industry

古詩苹 Unknown Date (has links)
快速時尚為目前服飾零售業的主流經營理念,快速時尚服飾零售業者自時裝週伸展台上的華服汲取靈感,透過對供應鏈的設計與改良,縮短產品自設計、生產到上架的時間,販售高度客製化的流行服飾產品。同時,隨著網路購物市場持續膨脹發展,網路購物模式不斷新生,如團體合購與代買、代下標、連線等突破跨國購物障礙的中介服務。快速時尚的即時生產概念與暢通的網路通路,彷彿仿製時裝的雙翼,使之如蒲公英的種子般輕盈地飄落全球、遍地開花。   在仿製時裝的態樣及規模皆與過往顯著不同的當下,智慧財產權相關法律制度是否賦予原創時裝設計師保障?在專利權與商標權方面,由於時裝設計的流行性本質與新式樣專利之創作性要件有所矛盾,亦不易符合立體商標之識別性要件,且專利權與商標權須申請註冊獲核准始受保護,設計師得花費大量時間、費用及作業勞力成本,所費不貲,設計師與欲藉該二種智慧財產權維護其權益,既有難度也不適合。而在著作權方面,本研究一一檢視著作權取得要件後,則認為時裝設計為得受現行著作權法保護之客體,且不限於平面形式之時裝設計圖,立體形式同受保護,原創時裝設計師得依該法主張權利。   我國司法實務見解及近期行政函示亦肯定時裝設計受著作權法之保護,認定抄襲改作屬侵害他人時裝設計作品著作權之行為,就此本研究擇我國時裝設計侵權訴訟中的代表性案例,分析法院判決理由。本研究另挑選美國最新時裝設計侵權訴訟二案,進行個案分析,自該二案例顯見於法律並未明文保護時裝設計之情況下,訴訟並非有效對抗仿製時裝之手段。   最後,本研究以產業分析、法律分析及個案分析之研究結果為基礎,分別對政府與企業經營者提供建議:政府應釐清時裝設計產業政策走向,選擇較適我國之快速時尚服飾零售業扶植之,繼而朝有利發展快速時尚服飾零售業之方向解釋著作權法;我國快速時尚服飾零售業者應穩固基礎建設、善用網路通路,前進大中華市場;我國原創時裝設計師則應注意各國法制動態,提升商品與服務品質,並把握利用侵權訴訟宣傳行銷品牌之機會。

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