兩岸發展競爭力消長，最近數年來尤為明顯。據瑞士洛桑管理學院(IMD)2007年全球競爭力評比，台灣排名自2005年之第11名滑落至2007年之第18名；中國大陸則由31名提升到第15名，首度超越台灣。彼長我消之因素頗多，牽涉問題亦深且不易解。例如兩岸的統獨之爭，國內的內閣更迭波潮不斷，及政局穩定度、政策一致性、社會凝聚力，以及投資誘因力道等表現相對脆弱。相對於中國大陸，則是彼岸發展處於強勢有利時期，正所謂對岸屬「政經和諧」時期，台灣則處於「政熱經冷」時期，而兩岸間亦依舊停留於「政冷經熱」階段。對岸目前所走的路線恰好是台灣三、四十年前以「經濟為導向」的發展途徑，此為兩岸政、經發展消長最明顯的地方。縱使台灣在自由民主、發明專利、通膨水準、高科技產品、科技人才仍占有優勢，亦或政府大力協助廠商布局全球，如果兩岸未能和諧發展，則仍將難於突破當前困境，或競爭力將持續陷入每下愈況的困局。 本論文研究目的主要針對台灣與中國大陸國力發展之消長過程與趨勢，及兩岸互動對台灣是威脅或是機會，探討台灣發展新思維及應採措施，亦即如何趨吉避凶，乃為本論文研究之預期目標。本論文首次引用決策模式──層級分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP），將兩岸複雜問題系統化，以簡易之結構化思考架構下，由不同層面給予層級分(析)解，讓決策者迅速研判台灣之兩岸發展之優選策略，或據以實施。首先以過去有關兩岸政治、經濟、國防、外交等政策文獻，作為構思研擬台灣當前與未來急需優先採行的重大策略後，隨即親訪產、官、研專家，擬訂AHP層級分析法問卷調查所需問題界定，構建層級結構。即第一層為全方位優選策略，第二層為政治和諧(I1)、經濟發展(I2)、國防安全(I3)與全球化(I4)等四大主題，第三層為各主題內之各子(次要)項(各細分五子項，合計20子(次要)項)。 AHP層級分析法略以總群(組)體(total)、偏經濟專長大於40歲（eco>40）及小於四十歲(eco<40)、偏政策專長大於40歲(pol>40)及小於40歲(pol<40)等五個分類組別，輸入計算軟體結果分析比較得知，不論總群體組或不同各次群組，即不分何種專長、年齡層都以經濟發展(I2)為首選指標，其餘三大主題(項)依次為國防安全、全球化及政治和諧，但彼此權重之高低卻在伯仲之間(詳本論文第四章第三節結果分析)。足見且印證了經濟發展是當前兩岸發展中台灣之首要任務，亦為國內人民、企業界和國外世界級跨國管理大師之共同關注焦點。 本論文採用文獻及當前問題趨勢分析，配合訪談及應用「層級分析法」結果，顯示層級分析法是一種簡易又便捷的優選決策工具。不但可免去一般繁複卷數、人力之累，且其分析結果雖僅具少數專家卓見，卻能充分反映多數人的看法和企求目標，也頗符合「二八法則」管理關鍵原則，值得推廣應用。本論文研究之結論與建議事項，或可提供有關當局施政之參考。 / The rise and fall of competitiveness between China and Taiwan has fluctuated dramatically in recent years. According to the latest IMD World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2007 (published on May 10th 2007), the ranks of Taiwan dropped from 11th in 2005 to 18th in 2007. On the contrary, China’s rank increased from 31st to 15th in the corresponding period of time. This is the first time China’s ranking overtook Taiwan. There are a lot of factors involved of the rise in China and the fall of Taiwan; the problems involved are complicated and hard to solve. There are numerous examples, such as the disputes about Taiwan’s cross strait status, the frequent change of the cabinets in Taiwan, as well as the political instability, policy inconsistency, the social cleavage, and the lack of attraction for investment in Taiwan. These problems have only improved a little when they are compared to China’s progress. China is in the stage of fast development, and both of the political and economical circumstances are in harmony. In contrast, the Taiwan government has focused on political issues rather than how to solve economical problems in the recent years. In addition to this, the cross-strait issues focus more on economical than political issues. Now, the road taken by China, happens to be the road that was taken by Taiwan government, which emphasized “economical-oriented policies” 30 to 40 years ago. This is the most noticeable aspect of the comparison of political and economical development across the strait. Taiwan has the advantage in freedom, patents, the inflation situation, high-tech products, and technology elites. The Taiwan government also spares no effort in assisting companies’ global layout. If the cross-strait situation cannot be improved, the current situation will be difficult to solve. In the end, the competitiveness of Taiwan will worsen. The target of this thesis lies on analysis of the process and tendency of rise and fall of national power across the strait, as well as discussion about whether or not cross-strait cooperation is a threat or an opportunity for Taiwan. It discusses the new thinking and measures of development that Taiwan should take. In other words, how to make good decisions and avoid bad policies is the goal of this thesis. This is the first time the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is adopted to systematize complicated problems cross strait. By using simplified structural thinking, different levels of problems are analyzed by the AHP. This way, policy makers can judge what are strategies are better to take for cross strait development, and may put them into practice in the future. In the beginning of this thesis, documents concerning cross-strait political affairs, economy, national defense, and foreign affairs were used as references to design major strategies that needed to be solved presently and in the future in Taiwan. Later, experts from industries, the government, and the research field were interviewed to design questions in the survey according to the AHP, and to make the structure of different levels. The first level is about policies in priority in every aspect. The second one is about political stability (I1), economical development (I2), national security (I3), and globalization (I4). The third level is about sub-items of each item (five sub-items of each and 20 sub-items in total). The AHP was divided into five groups: total, those with the specialty over 40 years of age (eco>40) and under (eco<40), those with the specialty of policy-making over 40 years of age (pol>40) and under (pol<40). After the five classified data was analyzed by computer software, the result showed that both the total and different sub-groups, people in different ages and with different specialties, all chose economic development (I2) as their choice in priority. The other three selective items in order were national security, globalization, and political stability. However, the differences among them were very slim (Please refer to the results and analysis in Chapter 4.3). This proves that economic development should be the primary mission in current cross-strait development. It is also a common concern by the people, companies, and international masters of management. In this thesis, documents and the current problems according to the AHP were adopted. With the interviews and results from the AHP, it showed that AHP is an easy and convenient tool to make prioritize policies. It not only can save the time and efforts of giving out large numbers of the survey, but the result can truly reflect opinions and goals pursued by the majority, even though only the opinions of a limited number of experts were taken. This also meets the 80/20 principle of the crucial rule of management. Meanwhile, it can also draw conclusion and suggestions in this thesis in providing policy-making references to the government. It shall be promoted and applied with great exertion.

知識管理是近年國內外公、私部門甚為流行的管理方法，無論在學術與實務界，對於知識管理已有相當豐富之研究與實務經驗，包括知識管理的導入、實施策略、知識分享、知識創新、知識管理系統的設計等。惟在當前知識管理的文獻中，鮮少針對公部門知識利用現況與影響知識利用因素進行深入探究。本研究認為，知識管理的最終目的在於將知識付諸實現，始能產生知識的價值，而非僅是知識的累積。基此，本研究以公部門知識利用作為深入探討的焦點，藉由文獻分析法及檢視個案知識利用現況，歸納影響知識利用之因素，試圖建構公部門知識利用之模式。同時，經由對個案成員進行之深度訪談，深入瞭解個案成員對知識利用的認知及實際應用知識的行為。希冀藉由本研究發現公部門利用內、外部知識可能存在的問題，並提出具體建議供個案或其他公部門參考，俾使知識管理得以務實、有效且永續地發展。 本研究經文獻檢閱，將影響公部門知識利用之因素分從組織文化、組織成員、知識內涵及知識利用技術等四大面向探討，並輔以深度訪談與個案分析後，有以下發現： 一、影響公部門成員知識利用的因素：1.組織文化面向，包括開放性、同儕與主管影響、合作信任氛圍、管理者的授權；2.組織成員面向，包括知識接受者的態度、判斷能力、人際關係、任務性質、時間、習慣、知識提供者的可近性；3.知識面向，包括相對優勢、相容性、複雜性、可觀察性、可試驗性；4.技術面向，包括知識系統的易用性、相容性、輸出品質（儲存、更新及呈現的形式）、知識庫存量及整合性、知識社群的效能、工作者整理知識的技術。 二、知識利用的現況：整體而言，利用組織內部的知識是成員必備的認知、能力與習慣，且透過機關提供之知識利用管道大致能找到日常工作需要的知識。另外，對於與業務有關的外部知識亦趨重視，惟不同單位對外部知識之重視程度則有不同。 本研究最後按所歸納之四大面向，分述個案在知識利用上存在的問題，並提出具體改進建議。 / Recent years, knowledge management (KM) is a very popular way of management in the public or private organization domestically and internationally. Whether in the academic field or practical area, there are abundant research and experience, including introduction of KM, implementing strategy, sharing and innovation of knowledge, design of knowledge management system and so on. Currently, public sectors do not have enough research to find out what are the factors influencing the knowledge utilization. My study acknowledges the ultimate purpose of KM is to put knowledge into practice, and to create the true value of the knowledge, instead of merely accumulation of that. My study focuses on the utilization of KM by public sector through document analysis and case study, induces factors for knowledge utilization, and attempts to build a model of knowledge utilization in government organization. In the meantime, by thorough interview with individuals in the case, we can understand the members’ acknowledgement and practical behavior of knowledge utilization. I hope my study would find out problems while exploiting internal or external knowledge in public sector and provide concrete advice to individual in the case study and different government authorities for reference resources in order to develop a more practical, effective and continual knowledge management. Through reviewing document, this study discusses factors that influence the knowledge utilization from four areas: organization culture, organization members, knowledge contents and modern technology. Through the thorough interview and case study, my study discovers the following conclusions. 1.The factors influencing the knowledge utilization: (1) organization culture: including openness, the influence of coworkers and managers, atmosphere of cooperation and trust, and empowerment of managers; (2) organization members: including the members’ attitude of accepting knowledge, good judgment, interpersonal relationships, the nature of the mandate, time, habits, accessibility of knowledge providers; (3) knowledge contents: including relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, observability, and trial ability; (4) modern technology: including ease of use, compatibility, the output quality (storage, update and displaying forms), a rich stock of knowledge base and integration of the knowledge systems, the effectiveness of the knowledge community, workers’ techniques of organizing knowledge. 2. The current condition of using knowledge: generally speaking, every member of the organization requires having the ability and habit to utilize the internal knowledge. The members are capable to use the information provided by the organization and develop the necessary knowledge to find the appropriate approaches to accomplish their daily work. In addition, job related external knowledge will get more emphasis, except the different departments look at the importance of external knowledge differently. Finally, according to this study, problems can be identified in the knowledge utilization of the case from the above-mentioned four areas that I have summed up, and offer suggestions for improvement.

本研究之目的為設計一應用框架供建置投資策略之用，其方法是自一般投資活動中整理出常用的投資方式，再自投資方式中萃取出抽象化之結構，並以標的模型為基礎，將其轉換為應用框架。本研究之貢獻為投資人可建置各式各樣之投資策略於框架中，並且透過框架達到自動化執行投資策略。除了定義投資策略框架結構與投資策略建置流程，本研究也透過建置三種不同性質之投資策略來驗證其適用性。 / The purpose of this research is to design an application framework for the use of constructing investment strategies. The research method is to sum up the whole ordinary investment types, generalize the structure of those, and transfer them into application framework based on object model. This application framework can assist investors flexibly constructing their investment strategies and executing it automatically. This research not only defined both the structures and construct procedures of investment strategies, but also tested the application framework with three different investment strategies in order to verify applicability. Finally, this research has imitated the layout of system when constructed.

RFID(無線射頻技術)產業發展一直政府所支持與關注的重點，隨著近年來我國政府持續執行RFID 公領域推動辦公室及2008 RFID 加值應用旗艦示範計畫，再再顯示政府重視RFID 產業發展成效，並將RFID列為政府施政重點，如何有效推動產研合作、落實技術開發、移轉成果予產業界，進一步透過技術創新，提升我國RFID產業持續發展與落實成果效益，是本研究主要的研究課題。 本研究藉由文獻探討之回顧，從RFID 技術介紹、全球RIFD 產業現況分析、我國RFID 產業現況、我國RFID 公領域推動辦公室計畫、各國 RFID 創新應用實例介紹，進而討論各國RFID 產業推動政策，最後，以未來我國RFID 產業發展機會與政府推動政策建議為結論。 本研究針對RFID 全球、區域、日本、我國市場分析，並將美國、歐盟、日本、韓國等各國RFID 產業推動政策彙總整理，探討RFID 台灣未來發展機會，進而提出未來我國政府RFID 推動政策之主要問題與挑戰，作為後續我國RFID 產業發展之參考。 / The government always supports and concern about the development of RFID industry. Recently, RFID promotion office of public region and Value-added application of RFID flagship model program in 2008 are main projects of our government. Obviously, the government pays much attention to the RFID industry development, and regards RFID as a policy focus. However, how to promote collaboration between research institutions and industries effectively, the implementation of technology development, through technological innovation to enhance the sustainable development of RFID industry and the implementation of the outcome of effective are main topics in this paper . According to the literature Review, we discuss the RFID technology, global RFID industry analysis, domestic RFID industry analysis, domestic RFID promotion office of public region, global RFID innovation case study. Moreover, we discuss the RFID policy of all over the world. Finally, we offer the conclusion that is the opportunity of Taiwan RFID industry development and the recommend of government’s policy in the future. This research is aimed at the analysis of RFID’s global market. and combine with the RFID industry policy in America, European Union, Japan, and Korea to discuss the opportunities of RFID industry in Taiwan for the near future. Pointing some main problems and challenges of the RFID industry policy that could be useful f domestic RFID industry development in the near future.

檔案管理之終極目標，是在於將經過專業化管理之檔案提供於使用者應用，以能充分發揮檔案所具有之歷史、真實憑證和資訊價值。在資訊化社會時代，檔案公開、政府資訊開放與個人隱私權的保護已成為現今民主社會的重要共識，然而個人隱私權和檔案公開政策的衝突卻一直是我國檔案開放應用實務的主要問題，而不利於促進國內檔案管理事業及檔案應用服務的推廣。 本研究藉由分析國內外主要檔案典藏機構之檔案開放應用規範，以及透過深度訪談法蒐集檔案管理人員及檔案使用者對於個人隱私保護相關法令、檔案開放應用法令與檔案應用服務之實務或使用經驗，探究我國個人隱私保護法令和政策對於檔案開放應用實務所造成的影響及問題。結果發現，目前個人隱私保護法令使國內檔案實務界對檔案開放應用的標準產生分歧、且對於涉及隱私資訊檔案的開放作法亦相對保守，加上具重要價值之機關檔案並未落實移轉、而仍分散於各機關之中，將使個人隱私保護標準更難以統一，究其根本原因後也呈現出《檔案法》之規定因過於廣泛有待修正的問題。 本研究建議，國內檔案實務需針對個人隱私保護標準建立共識、並以「通則開放」概念提供檔案之開放應用，而未來國內檔案實務界也須逐步改善機關檔案未落實移轉的問題和《檔案法》的修訂，以能符合使用者需求並充分公開具有珍貴價值之檔案資源。 / The goal of the archival management is providing the archival public access for users and to bring full play of archives’ values. Protecting rights of the archival public access, freedom of government information and information privacy are important principles in information society. However, policies of information privacy are severely impeded applications of archival public access in Taiwan, and may turn against the archival management. For this reason, this study analyzes contents of policies of archival public access from main archival institutions all over the world and collects archivists and users experience to find out the influnences of impact between information policies and aechival public access. The search result shows that there are no unified standards for providing private information from main archival institutions in Taiwan. Also, the over conservativeness of archival repositories to provide archives and the non-complete transfers of national archives become main problems. On the other hand, undefinite rules of the〝Archival Management Act〞in Taiwan are the prime reason that caused the problems. According the study, it suggests that the main archival repositories should to be more open and need define standards for providing the archival public access, and the National Archives Administration should promote the effect about transfering the national archivaes. Moreover, the〝Archival Management Act〞also needs to be revised so that policices of archival public access will be more effecient to fit the users’ needs.

由於全球化營運的趨勢，許多企業皆邁向跨國的經營模式，組織的層級與規模隨業務需要逐漸擴大，導致對於整合與控制企業資源、企業流程和資訊系統的需求日益增強。不但必須了解國內外企業的所有資源與營運狀況，還需將所有資源加以整合，並整合上下游成為一個完整的供應鏈模式，以能即時提供對企業有利的資訊供決策之用。而企業經營面對的競爭也是全球性的，更快速地反應市場及客戶需求，或是更流暢地與上、下游廠商溝通，都是企業必備的條件，但這樣的理想便需要透過作好組織內部的企業資源規劃（Enterprise Resource Planning，ERP）來達成；亦即良好的企業資源規劃為供應鏈有效運作之基礎。 因此國內企業也逐漸體認企業資源規劃系統的重要性，尤其面對全球化競爭、組織扁平化、產業知識快速擴散與新科技對企業的衝擊，國內各企業無不全力投入提升企業競爭力的行列，對於企業資源規劃系統的需求也就日益增加。但目前國內尚無適合台灣企業本土化的導入方法，可作為企業資源規劃系統導入實施的步驟依據，故而提出一套能適合國內企業導入企業資源規劃系統的方法實為當務之急。 有鑑於此，本研究透過文獻探討蒐集彙整的方式，以瞭解成功導入企業資源規劃系統之方法；接著，利用模式推導方式，提出一適合國內企業導入企業資源規劃系統的參考模式及建議；再者，本研究將以半導體產業之IC製造業為例，對事先選定的個案公司透過深入訪談、實際觀察、文件及檔案資料收集等方式，輔以非結構化問卷進行個案研究；最後，藉由個案研究所得之結論，針對之前所提之參考模式加以修正，以供國內半導體產業之IC製造業的借鏡，並作為未來導入企業資源規劃系統之參考。 / For the trend towards global operations, the business models of many enterprises become in international style, and the organizational hierarchies and sizes of these enterprises are also becoming expanded. Therefore it extraordinarily needs to integrate and to control the business resources, processes and information systems of an enterprise to overcome these changes. To reach this goal, an enterprise must draw up the right enterprise resource planning (ERP). And also, a right enterprise resource plan is the basis to integrate its upstream and downstream as to be an efficient and effective supply chain. To face the worldwide competition and new information technologies striking, many enterprises in Taiwan are growing to realize the importance of implementing ERP systems to enhance their competition capabilities. Although the demand of implementing ERP systems is becoming great, it lacks a model of implementing ERP systems for the enterprises in Taiwan. Therefore, to provide a suitable model for the Taiwan’s enterprises is a task of the urgency at present. In this research, firstly we survey the existing models for the implementation of information technology applications and ERP systems. Secondly, we study the operating characteristics of the enterprises in Taiwan, and propose a preliminary model of implementing ERP systems for the enterprises in Taiwan. Finally we analyze the properties of IC manufacturing industry and visit an IC manufacturing enterprise as to be our real study case to get its implementation experience, and use this information to revise our preliminary model. The model proposed in this thesis could be used as a reference model for the IC manufacturing enterprises to implement their ERP systems.

資訊科技在90年代被認為是提昇企業競爭力最有效的工具，而日前在各界引起廣泛注意的國際網際網路(Internet)更是企業界眼中的新寵兒。自從1991年美國解除商業應用管制，允許企業在國際網際網路上從事商業活動後，出現在網路上的企業數目日漸增多。根據SRI International的數據顯示，在網路使用最高的三種類別：教育、商業、政府單位中，商業單位的成長率佔居首位(92%)；另外依據Internet Group最新的資料顯示(1995)，商業部門的數量己超過教育單位；列名Fortune 500的企業幾乎皆是Internet的經常使用者。究其原因，無非是使用國際網路的企業藉著國際網際網路迅速、便利、經濟及無遠弗屆等特性，使得已連線的企業與未使用國際網際網路的企業相較之下，具有相對的競爭優勢。因此Internet對於各種不同類型和規模的公司而言都是一項誘人的投資，促使著尚未使用國際網際網路的企業紛紛跟進。 　　雖然數以千計的企業現已了解網路資訊的重要性，然少有成功使用Internet獲得競爭優勢的例子。主要原因在於許多企業未能認知與Internet連線並不保證企業即可獲得成功，企業必須妥善應用Internet的資源，視Internet為一重要的策略工具，以因應變動的競爭環境及不確定的客戶需求。另外不同的產業對於Internet的應用方式必然有其差異存在，企業如何權衡自身的情境，擬定一合適的應用策略，獲取其競爭優勢，將是企業必須慎重考量的問題。 　　對於企業如何使用國際網際網路獲取競爭優勢，由於在文獻上尚未發現有學術性的著述，故本文採取描述性的研究方式(Descriptive Research)，經由文獻整理出網際網路的特性及企業競爭優勢。並研究實際的企業應用網際網路成功個案，形成命題，加以論證得出下列的結論： 　　1. Internet開放的全球連線、高速傳輸特性及多媒體通訊能力，提供企業一符合成本效益的外部通訊工具。 　　2. Internet開放的全球連線、高速傳輸以及多媒體通訊能力，有助於企業間的結盟與合作研發。 　　3. Internet開放的全球連線、高速傳輸以及多媒體通訊能力，有助於企業內部通訊。 　　4. Internet開放的全球連線及豐富的網路資源，對企業市場佔有率的提高有顯著地影響。 　　5. Internet開放的全球連線、高速傳輸以及多媒體通訊能力，可顯著減低企業銷售與行銷成本。 　　6. Internet開放的全球連線、高速傳輸以及多媒體通訊能力，有助於企業強化客戶支援與服務。 　　7. Internet開放的全球連線、高速傳輸以及多媒體通訊能力，可使企業員工的工作績效不受工作位址更動所影響。 　　8. Internet開放的全球連線及豐富的網路資源，提供企業一可獲得競爭資訊的環境掃瞄工具，而能擁有對企業競爭環境的敏銳知覺。 　　9. Internet開放的全球連線、高速傳輸以及豐富的網路資源，可使企業利用有價值的稀有資源而得到利益。

「寬頻」為網際網路基礎建設，透過”頻寬”的配合，將使網路經營獲得正面成果。固網電信市場的開放，不僅帶動寬頻設施普及，對於網路服務供應商(ISP)產業生態或經營模式亦投下新的變數。衝擊最大的莫過於所衍生的加值服務，將改變產業間態勢消長。 　　緣於頻寬價格因競爭不斷下壓利潤空間，ISP深切體會惟有轉型發展「加值服務」，方能於激烈市場中立於不敗之地。然而「加值服務」森羅萬象，諸如：提供各種豐富的資訊、線上購物、協助企業資訊系統規劃、網路資料中心(IDC)、應用軟體租賃服務(ASP)、電子交易市集(e-Marketplace)…等，以ISP業者有限的資源，如何選擇能在短期內佈建成功且兼具效益的附加價值服務，進而整合服務創新經營模式，實為ISP獲利關鍵。 　　本研究以目前資訊委外所衍生之新興網路服務產業：網路資料中心(IDC)、應用軟體租賃服務(ASP)、電子交易市集(e-Marketplace)，作為ISP評估轉型的選擇。 　　由於網路資料中心(IDC)、應用軟體租賃服務(ASP)、電子交易市集(e-Marketplace)三者具有相當程度的延伸性，且均需倚賴網路完成交易，”頻寬”遂成為服務品質的關鍵。ISP以其豐富的網路服務經驗暨客戶資源，跨足IDC、ASP、e-Marketplace自有利基。然因三者市場均有來自不同產業之眾多競爭者，ISP應審視市場外部環境之機會與威脅，配合己身的優、劣勢，推衍出整體性策略，發揮資源、管理、行銷上的綜效。 　　另一方面，IDC、ASP及e-Marketplace所延伸之加值服務體系，已然由單純的價值鏈拓展為同步運作之價值網，因此策略思維亦需從生態考量，運用網路新經濟外部性的形勢力量，推動價值網網網運作，方能締造報酬遞增的營運佳績。 　　在摸索過程中，就現今經濟情勢的瞭解，將有助於順勢而為，導出經營加值服務的方向，冀望以此創新之經營模式，為電信事業再創另一個春天；同時也為此期間蓬勃的B2B電子商務發展作一記實。

經濟學上有所謂先進者優勢 (First-mover Advantage) 的這個概念，認為一個產業的先驅公司，相較於後進的競爭對手，應該存在著許多優勢，例如: 可在對手未出現前先搶下大塊地盤，對市場定價的擁有主動權，以及在產業標準制定過程上的影響力及品牌知名度等等。 但是當先進者能處於原有市場之市場榮耀之際，很可能因為沉溺於舊有的成功，而對產業的新技術視而不見，或是低估新產業的崛起速度導致喪失先進者先機而兵敗如山倒。 處於典範轉移時代，產業的變遷速度已非舊有經驗可以預測，以往企業營收創新高都是大肆慶祝，但最近看市場領先者，如國內的宏碁電腦或是國外的諾基亞，均是在營收創新高時被調降企業評等，發出警訊。如近期宏碁電腦在PC市場已邁向全球第一名挑戰惠普HP之際，卻發生毛利下降，並警覺在智慧型手機市場已落後宏達電一大截，且現有產品線也難有競爭優勢而陣前換將。再看諾基亞，2007年營收或穫利都創新高，但到2011年市值僅Apple的7%，連續十四年的手機市佔率第一名也被三星超前;由於大部份都是低階手機，手機獲利狀況也僅Apple的三分之一。反之，後進廠商由於尚未形成經濟規模或商業模式，透過模仿式創新或破壞式創新，反而更容易動態調整策略去因應變動的環境或發現尚未被滿足的市場。在典範轉移時代，成功不是沿用舊有成功方式，而是需要想像力來找到創新的機會。而一個新進的軟體廠商，該掌握哪些競爭優勢，才能迅速搶佔市佔率? 本研究以導航產業為例，來看導航應用軟體的發展趨勢並比較先後進者優劣勢。導航產業由2003年神達電腦推出第一台結合GPS導航晶片的PDA Mio 168以來，迅速在市場上熱銷，並帶來台灣市場導航產業的一片榮景。但由於市場飽和，及受到車機與智慧型手機的雙面夾擊，使得原本的明星產業迅速在市場萎縮，2010整體台灣市場的數量一年已不到20萬台，較之2005年已萎縮了四分之一，且平均售價下降至USD 100，毛利率從40% 掉到8%。為了突破便攜式導航機PND(Portable Navigation Device)市場衰退的重圍，研勤科技在2008年創新推出第一套在iPhone上導航的導航軟體，後進者勤崴國際科技的「導航王」手導航軟體緊接著在2009年推出，在短短一年間，賣出一百萬套軟體，此數量是傳統導航機硬體三年的市場總和，軟體銷售量為先進者研勤科技的兩倍。在推出落後於現有廠商之下，後進者是透過哪些策略取得70%導航軟體市佔率? 本研究研究問題如下: 1. 後進者的軟體廠商其策略及競爭優勢為何? 2. 配合進入時機，後進者軟體廠商該採何種競爭策略? 3. 市場變動快速時，是否後進者更有優勢? 4. 本個案研究的策略優勢，是否可提供給硬體廠商參考，增加產品區隔性? 本研究將以導航產業為例，透過幾家導航產業公司領導者訪談及次級資料蒐集等進行研究，並藉由研究結果給現有軟硬體產商提出未來競爭優勢之建議。 本研究建議: 本研究透過各學者所提之先後進優勢比較，並利用Hamel(2000) 的新事業發展模式四大要素，來比較兩個個案在先後進優勢與事業經營策略，並以此兩個個案來看後進者具有那些競爭優勢。 本研究發現結論如下: 1. 在先後進優勢與事業經營策略之比較下，以此兩個個案看來，後進者修正了先進者所犯之錯誤，並有學習及鎖定策略的目標，較先進者有優勢。 2. 在進入時機上，在市場快速變動時，由於先進者尚未建立產業標準，故很容易被後進者取代，而在動態賽局環境下，能隨機應變的後進者更有優勢。 3. 除了先後進優勢，事業經營的策略也主宰了公司的走向及成功與否的主要關鍵因素，先進者縱有品牌網絡優勢，但策略錯誤，也反而被網絡優勢所害，在網路時代被大量散播產品或公司形象劣勢，造成負向循環。 4. 先進者研勤公司也因急於在2009上市，推出過多產品線，反而造成本身資源不匹配，無法支援產品更新，無考慮到公司資源，並作最適分配。 5. 其他先進領導導航機品牌，更是陷入管理惰性，過度依賴過去成功經驗，面對替代性產品出現卻無法跨足軟體市場，喪失新市場機會。 Keyword: 後進者優勢，先進者優勢，應用軟體，事業經營策略

University of Macau / Faculty of Education