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產業部門能源需求與碳排放之驅動力與效率的實證研究 / Empirical Analysis on Driving Forces and Technical Efficiency of Energy Demand, Economic Growth and Carbon Emission單珮玲, Shan, Pei Ling Unknown Date (has links)
本研究包括3個研究議題。第1個議題旨為估算不同部門別(包括農業、工業、服務業與運輸業)的能源燃燒產生CO2排放之組成因素的貢獻量,係藉由拉氏指數法和算術平均迪氏指數法之加法型態,拆解5種不同的因素(包括:碳密集度、部門結構、能源密集度、人口及經濟規模等),觀察其對於CO2排放變動之影響。本文採用台灣1992-2008年的各部門別的資料作為分析的基礎,研究結果顯示,以上部門的經濟規模對於CO2排放的貢獻呈現巨幅的正向效果;人口因素則呈現微幅的正向或負向的影響;而碳密集度對於CO2排放減量有正面的影響,並發現此乃是構成改善能源結構並導致CO2排放減量的最重要因素;能源密集度因素的影響,除服務業以外,其餘部門均呈現負向影響,此一結果顯示,大部分部門要進一步改善其能源效率頗為困難,是以未來致力於減排的努力,應著重於使用乾淨能源,尤其是以再生能源作為替代能源 (Liaskas et al., 2000);此外,值得注意的是,部門結構因素對於大部分的產業,如農業、工業和運輸業的CO2排放減量有正向的影響,據此可推論,我國的部門結構已漸趨向於低耗能產業(如服務業)發展。另外,本文採用近似不相關迴歸模型,探討各項政策工具(如環境稅、進口關稅)與經濟變數(如貿易條件及時間趨勢等)透過以上5種不同的組成因素,對於CO2排放變動的影響效果作一分析,其實證結果可供決策者制定減排政策的參考。
第2個議題係為建立節能減排的有效政策工具,須先詳實掌握各項政策工具對節能減排與經濟成長的影響,乃深入回顧相關文獻之理論與實證方法,據以建立適合台灣的3E聯立模型,並進行實證分析,藉以推估多項政策工具(如環境稅、關稅等及能源價格等)與經濟變數(如貿易條件、所得等)對於節能減排與GDP的影響。實證分析結果顯示,台灣之能源消費、CO2排放、及GDP對於各項政策工具與經濟變數之彈性不僅各異其趣,而且有些彈性並非固定不變,可隨時間經過動態調整。
第3個議題係利用台灣1992-2008年之農業、工業、服務業與運輸業等部門別的panel data,仿照Battese and Coelli (1995)提出之隨機邊界(Stochastic Frontier Analysis, SFA)模型,建構隨機生產邊界函數 (stochastic production frontier function)與隨機能源需求函數 (stochastic energy demand frontier function),利用最大概似法估算出各部門的GDP與能源需求之隨機邊界與技術效率 (technical efficiency, TE),並據此實證結果提出政策建議。 / The thesis includes 3 issues of research. The first research aims at identifying the factors that have influenced change in the level of various sectors (agriculture, industry, service and transport) CO2 emissions from energy use. By means of both Laspeyres index method and the arithmetic mean weight scheme expressed separately in the additive form, the observed changes are analyzed into five different factors: CO2 intensity, structural change, sectoral energy intensity, sectoral employing population and output level. The application study refer to 4 sectors of Taiwan between 1992 and 2008. The obtained decomposition results indicate that the examined sectors the value calculated for the output level effect present the highest value appearing positive contribution of CO2, and the contribution from population is slightly increased or decreased, while CO2 intensity has beneficially influenced the reduction of CO2 emissions, as well as the improvement of fuel mix found to be the most important factor that lead to the reduction of emissions. In most of the examined sectors for the energy intensity factor present positive effect on CO2 emissions, the only exception is service sector showing negative impact on CO2 emissions, which can be stated as Liaskas et al. (2000) that as further improvements in energy efficiency in most sectors become more difficult, efforts to reduce CO2 emissions will be predominantly directed towards the use of clean energy forms and especially towards the deployment of renewable energies. It also should be noted that structural change has positively influenced the abatement of CO2 emissions for the most sectors such as agriculture, industry and transport. We conclude it shifts towards less energy-intensive service sector, due to have negative influenced the observed decrease in CO2 emissions for higher energy use sectors (industry and transport) and agriculture,. In this article, we also use a seemingly unrelated regression to further investigate the policy tools how to change in CO2 emissions level by the five different factors. The results indicate that policymakers may reduce emissions considerably through various policy instruments.
The second issue focuses on initiating effective policy to save energy and reduce emission, one needs to reasonably capture the potential impacts of various policy instruments on energy consumption, CO2 emission and economic growth, the second research, after extensively reviewing the literature, builds a locally ideal empirical model that facilitates the estimation of various policy elasticities. The empirical results indicate that policy elasticities may not only differ from one to the others, but also change dynamically, implying the 3E impacts of some policy instruments might be weakening over time.
The main goal of the third article is to provide a detailed analysis of productivity and efficiency measurement for panel data on four different sectors from Taiwan over the period 1992-2008. We use a stochastic frontier model set by Battese and Coelli (1995) to build a stochastic production frontier function and a stochastic energy demand frontier function, which are estimated by maximum likelihood to obtain a stochastic frontier of GDP and energy demand, as well as technical efficiency. On this empirical results, we suggest that policymaker may simultaneously make top-down policies (green tax reform, increasing environmental tax etc.) and bottom-up policies (fuel price in line with prices of gas in global markets) to increase energy efficiency in different sectors.
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台灣電影產業環境與競爭力研究 / The study of the Taiwan film industry environment and its competitiveness葉軒晨 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要研究台灣電影產業環境及其競爭力,並透過研究給予電影產官學界在電影產業發展上的建議。研究方法是透過市場集中度瞭解目前台灣電影三大部門──製作業、發行業及映演業的市場集中情形,確立台灣電影產業之產業結構;再者,以麥克‧波特提出之產業環境類型檢視,瞭解其產業環境現況;最後以前兩步驟之結果為基礎,再經由鑽石理論之六大構面分析台灣電影產業在各項分析面向上的優、劣勢及可能的發展機會,彙整出台灣電影整體產業發展中,政府擬定政策、業者思考經營決策及電影產業學術研究上未來可行性的建議。 / The main scope of this research is to study the environment of film industry in Taiwan as well as its competitiveness. Also, throughout the research, opinions towards the film academia in the film industry shall also be elucidated. The research is carried out via acquaintance of concentration ratio of the three main parts in a film industry—production, distribution, and exhibition; furthermore, to clarify the production structure of the Taiwan film industry. Also, the current industry environment is evaluated by Michael Porter’s survey method. Lastly, based on the two aforementioned procedures of results with the application of the diamond theory altogether, a detailed analysis of the Taiwan film industry regarding the advantage and disadvantage and the relevant topics shall be further discussed.
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從價值網絡觀點探討新創事業策略選擇評估 / To assess the strategies of new business from the value-net perspective黃勝桓, Huang, Sunway Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在藉由Brandenburge & Nalebuff (1995)的『價值網絡』(Value Net)模型來探討企業之新創事業如何在所屬的『價值網絡』中,依其策略性定位採取與同一網絡中的其他價值競逐者或合作或競爭的合縱連橫,以遂行其為事業創造顧客價值之目的。
企業在其所屬事業的『價值網絡』中,或藉由靈活地調整自身策略定位,或藉由提昇自己的附加價值、壓抑對手的附加價值,或藉由改變競爭規則、競爭範疇等,以形塑其事業的競爭優勢。
研究發現,新創事業即使在『價值網絡』中具有相對於其它競爭者更不對稱的優勢,若無法為事業創造高於所投入成本的價值,並將所獲得的價值價格化,則所具備的是不具價值的優勢。亦即,新創事業若無獲利能力,則再好的事業構想、再好的商業模式,也無助於新創事業的超越失敗。
企業對於已難以超越失敗的新創事業之進退所採取的策略選擇,固然會受到客觀的退出障礙及理性的策略性考量影響;但,企業對於所屬事業前景的主觀看法及經營者的心理素質更會左右對事業殘局的評估及其因應策略的選擇。
經營具充滿不確定性風險的新創事業並非參加一場僅是一次行動的比賽。因此,企業除了要熟稔其事業在『價值網絡』的定位、靈活運用各項要素以遂行其創造顧客價值的優勢外;對於不如預期之新創事業,更應理性地面對事實及客觀地評估與選擇或進或退之策略,避免因無謂的資源消耗而陷入僵局;也避色因陷入僵局而使得企業失却其它再興的新局!
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新創公司創業成功因素之探討-公司內部與外部互動關係之觀點許家榮 Unknown Date (has links)
創業研究是近年來頗受重視的研究課題,尤其台灣科技產業的創業行為造就了台灣的經濟奇蹟。回顧文獻上對於創業的研究早期多針對創業領導者的背景、創業動機、人格特質以及領導風格等,在90年代末期有關創業團隊的研究才逐漸的受到重視,隨後有關產業環境的影響因素也納入了創業研究的範疇。在本研究的研究過程中,發覺創始股東與董事會的組成與參與程度,亦是決定創業成功與否的關鍵之一。由於過去學者並未對創業領導者、創業團隊、股東與董事會以及產業環境等四個影響構面進行整合性的互動分析。因此,本研究遂以探討四個構面之互動關係對創業成功因素的影響為本研究之研究目的。
本研究針對在台灣成立迄今六年內之生物科技與網路公司為訪談對象,採用深入訪談的方式,分別針對四家公司進行兩次的訪談。經過歸納整理之後,發展以下之相關命題與建議,以供後續研究參考:
一、創業領導者方面之命題:
命題1:網路產業之創業領導者的創業動機,不受學經歷背景的影響,而與過去的工作經驗有關。
命題2:創業領導者擁有相對多數的股權,有利於對團隊運作的控制力。
命題3:創業領導者具有積極樂觀、責任感、工作狂以及永不放棄的特質,有利於創業成功。
3-1:創業領導者積極與工作狂的特質,有利於對市場機會的掌握。
3-2:創業領導者積極、不放棄以及責任感的特質有利於吸引優秀的創業團隊成員與創業股東。
3-3:創業領導者選擇與本身的人格特質相匹配的團隊成員,有利於團隊的互動與和諧。
命題4:創業領導者以身作則,並且適當地授權的領導風格,有利於產生良好的團隊績效,以促成創業成功。
命題5:創業領導者擁有描繪願景的能力,有助於凝聚團隊成員的共識。
二、有關創業團隊方面的命題:
命題6:高科技創業團隊組成與互動,會影響創業績效。
6-1:創業團隊技術比例高有利於資金募集。
6-2:創業團隊互動良好,有利於創業領導者策略的制訂與執行。
6-3:以功能互補性與人格特質為創業團隊組成之考量,有利於產生良好的團隊績效。
6-4:創業團隊良好的溝通,有助於團隊共識的形成,產生良好的團隊績效。
命題7:新創公司高階管理團隊,若由創業團隊轉換成功能完整的經營團隊將有助於公司的成長。
三、有關股東結構方面之命題:
命題8:隨著公司的成長,新創公司董事成員由創業團隊成員轉變成專業之內外董事有利於創業績效。
命題9:新創公司具有良好股東結構有利於創業成功。
9-1:新創公司若擁有相關產業之領導公司擔任公司股東,有利於吸引優秀人才與新股東加入。
9-2:新創公司若擁有相關產業之領導公司擔任公司股東,有利於公司事業網絡與政府關係之連結。
9-3:新創公司股東對領導者充分授權與協助,有利於領導者策略定位的成功。
四、有關產業環境部分之命題:
命題10:產業環境越不明確,新創公司越需要仰賴創業領導者特質的發揮,以吸引創業團隊與創始股東。
10-1:產業前景不明確,容易造成投資人投資意願降低。假若創業領導者愈能夠展現積極與不放棄的特質,將有助於資金的募集。
10-2:產業環境越不明確,造成優秀人才加入意願降低。創業領導者若擁有積極、狂熱與負責的特質,將有助於吸引人才加入的意願。
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權力與協作規劃:灣寶永續社區及公民環境主義的觀察與反思 / Power and collaborative planning : WanBao sustainable communy and civic environmentalism observation and reflection吳貞儀 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要透過縣政府提出後龍科技園區土地開發案的規劃過程中,首先,企圖從規劃典範的不同思考範疇背後的規劃價值進行對話,縣政府與民眾之間價值立場的不同,並詮釋不同規劃選擇價值的發展脈絡,進一步分析縣政府與灣寶社區之資訊與權力的關係,提出現今規劃制度和實際狀況可能面臨瓶頸和課題。其次,從民間社會的角度和立場,「為真實而規劃」的規劃價值核心,重視保留公眾決定「開放的討論」、問題與議題「框架」的界定,而不全然由規劃者(開發單位)決定議程與議題。因此透過協作規劃操作、慢城治理,以及公民環境論的架構之下,重新審思灣寶社區規劃趨向農村永續社區發展的可能。最後,在行動研究的動態過程中,依據研究者的行動研究結果和協作規劃的模式,提供灣寶永續社區的可行途徑,俾利提供永續社區發展其規劃的實踐和方向,總整所述:(一)、縣府在不同權力的展現方式與資訊誤導的面向,構成不同的障礙與限制,突顯在規劃過程的參與者不僅因錯誤資訊被誤導、溝通扭曲的現象,甚至受到政治力量的操縱,這個部分尚須要有嚴謹的監督機制應對和公民積極參與規劃方案,在溝通過程避免官僚術語並協助民眾解析規劃的重要課題,以及鼓勵公眾參與規劃方案進行評估和辯論,使規劃過程更民主和公開。(二)、「灣寶可以的未來」透過公民環境論之「參與者過程」、「社區規劃」、「環境教育」、「生態產業」、「環境正義」、「場域」等六個構面來引導灣寶社區的規劃藍圖和想像,有別於由上而下和技術主義為中心,以有限的權力下放,並強調公民有資訊和詢問政策的權利,顯現由下而上的協作規劃方式賦於社區多元治理模式,並結合慢城治理探索灣寶社區的多元性價值,提適合農村發展的另類社區治理模式,符合現今快速變遷社會和環境的挑戰。(三)、規劃是一種「動態、政治、空間、社會改革」的過程,在規劃教育過程應重視和重新認識整體真實社會的發展,將多元價值納入規劃的評估和考量,並尊重和學習認同在地的真實聲音,透過協作的合作模式一起思考規劃未來社區的藍圖。
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從學生和老師的角度來探討台灣國中英語課室教學中動機策略的應用 / The use of motivational strategies in the secondary EFL setting in Taiwan: teacher and student perspectives陳純鈴, Chen, Chun Ling Unknown Date (has links)
本研究之目的在探討台灣國中課室中英語教師動機策略應用的情形,此研究調查學生和老師雙方面對於在課堂中動機策略使用頻率的感知,比較其中差異。很少研究同時參考雙方面的意見,本研究透過問卷的方式詢問老師使用動機策略的頻率,也詢問學生對於相同教師策略使用頻率的感受,目的在找出何種動機策略最常被使用,也最常被學生體驗到。另一個目的是要收集學生對於課室內動機策略的觀點,以瞭解在學生的觀點中,哪些策略可以有效提升他們學習興趣。問卷收集樣本共有老師135人,學生216人。另外,研究者還進行了10堂課的課室觀察,期以觀察所得的資料與師生填寫的問卷資料做對照。
研究結果顯示,學生和老師大致上對使用頻率較高的策略有共識。在48個動機策略當中,老師和學生對各項的排序幾乎相同。前幾名分別是適當的教師行為、辨別出學生的努力、適當地呈現教學任務、提升學習者的自我信心、創造愉悅的教室氣氛等。但是程度上老師表示的和學生體認到的卻大不相同,以T檢定比較學生和教師問卷,發現大部分項目都達顯著性差異,教師表示使用的頻率高,但學生體驗到的頻率卻相對較低。在課室觀察的資料中,發現最常被觀察到教師使用的動機策略為:呈現教學工作、提供回饋、教師行為、提升學習者自主性,和提升與第二語言相關的價值,可能因為這些外顯行為的項目較其他容易被實際地觀察到。
此外,比較學生對不同策略重要性的看法問卷當中也指出,學生對於動機策略的想法的確和老師報導的使用頻率不相同。學生對重要性前幾項依序為:提升學習者的自主性、創造愉悅的教室氣氛、辨別學生的努力、適當的教師行為,和提升學習者的自信心。特別在提升學習者的自主性這個類別裡,老師和學生的看法就很不一樣。老師們最少使用這個類別的策略,但是學生卻認為這些是最有效於提升他們對學習語言動機的策略。 / The purpose of the present study is to find out the use of motivational strategies in secondary EFL settings in Taiwan. Questionnaires were sent to inquire teachers’ reported use and students’ perception of such use of motivational strategies. Few studies have included questionnaire results from both students and teachers. The present study elicited answers from both parties to find out which motivational strategies were frequently used by teachers and which were perceived by learners in the foreign language classroom. Another purpose is to collect data from students about their opinion on the importance of various motivational strategies used in the classroom. The number of teacher sample is 135, and the number of students is 216. Besides, ten classroom observations were conducted by the researcher in order to complement self-reported questionnaire data.
The results of this study revealed that students and teachers generally agree on which motivational strategies were frequently used in class. The rank order of teachers and students were almost the same. The top ones, in the order of frequency, were proper teacher behavior, recognizing students’ effort, presenting tasks properly, promoting learners’ self-confidence, and creating a pleasant classroom climate. However, the frequency as reported by teachers and stated by students was very different. The data collected from teachers and students was examined by performing an independent sample t-test, and the result indicated that difference between them was statistically significant. Teachers reported that they frequently used the strategies, but students didn’t experience those strategies as frequently as teachers reported using. In the data collected from classroom observation, the most observable and frequently used strategies were: presenting tasks properly, providing feedback, teacher behavior, promoting learner autonomy, and promoting L2-related values. The fact that these domains appeared to be more prominent in the observation data may probably be associated with the nature of their being more observable.
In addition, the result from the student questionnaire asking about students’ expectation toward the motivational strategies also indicated that students’ perceived importance of them was different from teachers’ reported frequency of use. The rank-order of the ten clusters of students’ expectation were: promoting learner autonomy, creating a pleasant classroom climate, recognizing students’ effort, proper teacher behavior, and promoting learners’ self-confidence. As to the conceptual domain of “promoting learning autonomy”, it is viewed very differently by teachers and students. Teachers put this one on the last place, but students regarded this domain as the most effective strategy in promoting their motivation toward language learning.
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從環境權論受污染土地整治及再利用 / A study to contaminated land remediation and revitalization from the prospect of environmental right洪淑幸, Hung, Shu Hsing Unknown Date (has links)
筆者於擔任環境保護署土壤及地下水污染整治基金管理委員會組長之過程中,因土壤及地下水污染整治法責任議題未能清晰於環境作用法中明確規範其範疇,致使被論列污染行為人之責任分擔產生公平性上之危機,亦深切感受到,執法過程諸多窒礙。本諸職責所在,於民國93年起開始著手研議土壤及地下水污染整治法修正草案,並辦理研商、座談與公聽會議,廣納各界意見,終於於99年1月8日完成二、三讀之程序,並於99年2月3日由總統公布施行。亦將過程中所收集到之資料,由實務及理論之角度切入探討現階段之實務困難以及學理上各國之理論納入可能性分析,再進而闡出落實受污染土地整治再開發之必要以及提出相關配套之修法建議,完成本論文。本論文共分六章,第一章緒論:主要交代研究動機、目的、範圍與方法,第二章為環境權之論述:由該權限發展之歷程、各國立法例之參酌以及我國實務上案例中附近居民及環保團體之主張,確認環境權存在之價值。第三章為國家對於環保之憲法義務:第四章為受污染土地再利用法制上之研析:針對國外立法例之褐地制度及規範統合成國內未來得以參酌之制度,第五章為我國受污染土地行政管制規定及相關問題之說明:除將土壤及地下水污染整治法行政管制之手段逐一作說明外,探討違反責任之論述,區隔狀態責任以及行為責任,並且援引國外立法例及我國實務上之判決釐清及說明責任歸屬,第六章為結論。
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在高度分散式環境下進行Top-k相似文件檢索 / Similar Top-k documents retrieval in highly distributed environments王俊閎, Wang, Chun Hung Unknown Date (has links)
在文件資料庫的查詢處理上,Top-k相似文件查詢主要是協助使用者可以從龐大的文件集合中,檢索出和查詢文件具有高度相關性的文件集合。將資料庫內的文件依據和查詢文件之相似度程度,選擇出相似度最高的前k篇文件回傳給使用者。然而過去集中式資料庫,因其覆蓋性和可擴充性的不足,使得這種排名傾向的文件查詢處理,需耗費大量時間及運算成本。近年來,使用端對端(Peer-to-peer, P2P)架構解決相關的文件檢索問題已成為一種趨勢,但在高度分散式環境下,支援排名傾向的相似文件查詢是困難的,因為缺乏全域資訊和適當的系統協調者。
在本研究中,我們先針對各節點資料庫作分群前處理,並提出一個利用區域切割的作法[1],將P2P環境劃分成數個子區塊後,建立特徵索引表。因此在查詢處理時,可透過索引表加快挑選出Top-k相似群集的速度,並且確保有適當數量的回傳結果。最後在實驗中,我們提出的方法會與傳統集中式搜尋引擎以及SON-based [1] 做比較,在高度分散式環境下,我們的方法在執行Top-k相似文件查詢時,會比上述兩種作法有較為優異的表現。 / On query processing in a large database, similar top-k documents query is an important mechanism to retrieve the highly correlated document collection with query for users. It ranks documents with a similarity ranking function and reports the k documents with highest similarity. However, the former approach in web searching, i.e., centralized search engines, rises some issues such as lack of coverage and scalability, impact provides rank-based query become a costly operation. Recently, using Peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures to tackle above issues has emerged as a trend of solution, but due to the shortage of global knowledge and some appropriate central coordinators, support rank-based query in highly distributed environment has been difficulty.
In this paper, we proposed a framework to solve these problems. First, we performed the local cluster pre-processing on each peer, followed by the zone creation process, forming sub-zones over P2P network, and then constructing the feature index table to improve the performance of selecting similar top-k cluster results. The experiments show that our approach performs similar top-k documents query outperforms than SON-based approach in highly distributed environment.
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Development of trace radiocarbon dating and its application : The radiocarbon age differences caused by shell species, tissues or collected locations and their application for reconstruction of paleoenvironment in Lake Biwa, Japan宮田, 佳樹, Miyata, Yoshiki 03 1900 (has links)
名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム報告
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澳門高中科學學習環境研究 / Study on Science learning environment in high school in Macau尹嫦春 January 2009 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Education
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