中國自古以來，有三項地緣政治環境的特點：「週邊國家數量眾多」、「週邊國家和地區在政治、經濟、文化、幅員、國力等方面呈現出複雜多樣的特點」及「與不少大國為鄰」，基於以上三個地緣政治環境的特點，自古以來，睦鄰外交、穩定週邊、與大多數甚至所有鄰國實現和平友好便成為中國改善其地緣政治環境、維護安全利益的最佳選擇。而睦鄰外交要成功，就必須以雄厚的國家實力來支撐，所以中共目前所採行的睦鄰外交戰略是有前提、有條件的睦鄰外交；前提就是有雄厚實力支撐，條件就是鄰國有意願接受且對、中共睦鄰外交有所回應，絕非無條件付出的睦鄰外交。 而一個國家所處的地理位置會制約其政治行為，也就是地理位置在一定程度上限制了國家對外政策的取向。從這個理論上分析，距離近的國家相對於距離遠的國家來說對本國的影響會大得多。就中共的戰略全局看，中國大陸週邊地區潛在的危機及可能造成的影響，是中共安全和發展環境的直接威脅。因而爭取較好的週邊安全環境是其地緣戰略優先考慮的關鍵因素，這個關鍵因素至少包括：邊界的安寧和邊境地區的穩定；週邊地區的穩定及地緣經濟考慮等三個要素。所以中共睦鄰外交戰略在運用上區分為「營造和平週邊環境」及、「改善和調整與大國間關係」兩個部份。 因此，中共在中國大陸的北部及西北部主要透過「上海合作組織」與俄羅斯及其它中亞國家發展睦鄰友好關係；在南部及東南部主要透過「東協加一」和「東協加三」的合作機制增進與東亞各國的友好合作關係；這兩個多邊組織是中共從單純的雙邊睦鄰外交關係發展至多邊睦鄰外交的成功典範。除了這兩個與週邊鄰國的多邊組織外，中共更透過各種雙邊合作性質的「夥伴關係」，以鞏固週邊地區的睦鄰友好關係。 關鍵字：睦鄰外交、中共外交、地緣政治、睦鄰外交戰略

中共自文革後鄧小平掌權起，開始調整國內外作為與態度，不再盲從於意識形態爭鬥，漸納入國際體系規範中，注重國家實質利益追求。在銳意於自身改革同時，如何塑造一個安全環境，凝聚一個俾利於經濟與國家建設發展氛圍，即賴於制定一套符合前述對外關係政策，此一為中共近年來積極推動「睦鄰外交」濫觴。而一個國家外交政策與涉外制度往往受該國傳統政治思想觀念影響，中國是具有數千年傳承古國，曾長期在歷史上有輝煌、重要地位，如何在過去經驗中尋找未來出路，似成為可能選項。 中國過去2000多年所成就在東亞區域之長期優勢與霸權維繫，多賴於儒術「仁道」、「尊王」思維衍生之「朝貢體系」外交政策，藉由國際義務承擔、經濟利益供給、文明教化傳輸與自我實力信任、展現等措施所構建成熟；對應現今中共睦鄰外交中所強調「與鄰為善、與鄰為伴」、「做負責任大國」、落實「睦鄰、安鄰、富鄰」等政策作為，在精神與策略上似與過去推動「朝貢體系」相關聯，本文即從朝貢的體系架構與理論，就中國歷代施行「朝貢外交」在政治、經濟上的發展與難處，對應中共「睦鄰外交」之意涵與實踐過程，試圖觀察、探究這項涉外關係轉變對中共國家利益影響之可能性，並期預想睦鄰政策實踐中將面臨何種問題與困境。 / Chinese Communist Party after the Great Cultural Revolution Deng Xiaoping is in power,starts to adjust the domestic and foreign, achievement and the manner.The Chinese Communist Party which does not follow blindly in the ideology battle,gradually integrates in the international system standard, and pays great attention to the nationally essence benefit pursuit.While having firm will in their own reform, how to mold a security environment, and how to condense one to enable the economical and the national construction development atmosphere to be favorable, namely, in formulating a complete set for conforming to the fore-mentioned foreign relation policy. This is the positive impetus for the Chinese Communist Party in recent years to push “good-neighborly diplomacy” source.But a national foreign policy and the foreign system will often be influenced by this national traditionally political thinking. China is a country which has quite an inheritance of long history for several thousand years, and owns for a long time magnificent as well as the important position in the history. Then, how to seek an outlet in the future from the past experience seems to become the possible option. For more than past 2000 years, China has maintained quite an achievement in the East Asian region of long-term superiority and hegemony; which depends in the Confucianist method “ humanity” and “the kernel said that”, “reveres the king”, the thoughts which give rise to the system of paying tribute for the foreign policy. China constructs its maturity in diplomacy by means of undertaking international obligations,supplying the economic interests, transiting the civilized enlightenment and confidence in its own potentiality as well as development and so forth.The correspondence nowadays in the Chinese Communist Party good-neighborliness diplomacy stresses “friendly toward the neighbour countries”, “the partners to the neighbour countries”, and “being the responsible great nation”, to carry out “good-neighborliness, stabilized neighbour, and the rich neighbour” and so on. Such policy achievements resemble in the spirit and the strategy the past impels which are connected with their “tributary system”.In this article, we are attempting to observe and inquire into how the China’s foreign relation transform will probably influence its national interest in view of the construction of its tributary system and theory in previous dynasties and its economical development and difficulty in execution as well as the meaning and practice process in present Communist China’s good neighbourly diplomacy. Also,we are expecting to predict what kind of questions and difficult position which their policy execution of good-neighbourly diplomacy will face.

1991年隨著蘇聯的解體造成前蘇聯地區國家歷經二十多年的政治、經濟和社會轉型，至今仍呈現政局不穩、區域政治和經濟合作步調緩慢、社會經濟關係的態勢緊張、內部種族糾紛及跨邊界衝突不斷等現象。尤其2003年開始，以喬治亞為首的玫瑰革命進一步表現出獨立國家國協國家去俄入歐的意識形態萌芽，歐盟面對現實政治的變遷，很難繼續迴避思考歐俄關係變局的因應策略。2004年起歐盟正式提出以自由貿易的睦鄰夥伴關係緩衝東擴效力的想法，企圖提高歐盟擴張質化效果。 　　歐盟睦鄰政策由歐盟執委會對外關係與歐盟睦鄰政策委員主導，以協議換取歐洲睦鄰國對政治、經濟、貿易及人權改革的承諾。本次研究選擇以中東歐國家做為檢驗政策效力的指標，東歐地區在地緣政治上被歐俄賦予緩衝區的期待，近年來伴隨歐盟擴張，歐俄雙方勢力在此競逐交涉，從俄羅斯2000年普亭外交政策觀之，俄方將東歐地區視為其地緣勢力及核心利益的一部份，俄羅斯對歐盟擴張至東歐地區的立場將逐漸從消極懷疑轉為積極對抗。

提 要 冷戰結束後的市場經濟與區域和平發展模式，型塑了中共與印度迅速崛起的有利機勢。在中共建構世界強權的戰略思維中，也從冷戰時期的軍事安全觀，轉變到以經濟發展為主軸，所建構的「睦鄰外交」新安全觀政策上，帶動了中共綜合國力的提升。另對印度而論，自從獨立建國半世紀以來，以其低廉的人力成本與科技產業的發達，建構了「立足南亞、面向印度洋、放眼全球」的戰略態勢。中印關係的發展也在這種國際局勢調整的環境中，形成了一種競爭與合作的詭譎氣氛，其間互動關係的影響，除將牽動各自的國家安全與戰略基礎外，更將延伸到南亞地區的穩定與發展。 綜上所述，本論文係以冷戰後的中印關係為基礎架構，因應世界格局的調整，首先從探討中印關係發展的歷史回顧為開端，循序探討六○年代因西藏問題與邊界爭議造成彼此以軍事對立的交惡時期，直至冷戰結束，中印雙方關係開始回溫。911事件後，基於反恐的需求，中印進而採取和平穩定、互利雙贏的模式持續加強經濟發展，尤其在2000年至2005年藉由雙邊貿易加速增長，以及在外交政策上基於和睦相處的原則，都作了較大幅度的調整，展現較靈活和現實的態度，並主張以國際組織參與及互信機制的對話代替對抗，此一調整，對增進雙邊關係實具催化的功效。 2006年中印雙方更在「中印友好年」的基礎上，發展政治、經濟、文教與軍事等各方面的交流互動活動，為兩國建構起和平穩定的發展模式，然在和平相處的背後，中印均有意藉由日益強大的經濟實力與軍事力量，期盼在世界舞台上扮演大國的地位。因此，中印經貿與戰略資源競合、南亞戰略利益競逐、中巴關係、核武發展、印美互動及邊界與西藏等問題，均將牽一髮而動全身，對南亞情勢與國際局勢影響至為深遠，這正是本論文所要探討的重點。

越中兩國自古以來是山水相連、唇齒相依的鄰國、兩國人民間之文化交流與互動關系源遠流長、成為雙方傳統友誼之重要構成要素。越中兩國均為開發中國家、目前經濟均快速成長越中兩國是山水相連、唇齒相依的鄰國，越中兩國均為開發中國家、目前經濟均快速成長，其雙邊關系發展值得重視。第二次世界大戰以來，越中關係歷經友好合作、疏離及對抗時期，中國採行「睦鄰外交」政策、確實穩定了週邊環境、同屬社會主義共產黨領導的越中兩國關系也由對抗走向正常化、兩國高層領導人頻繁互訪、經由談判解決陸地邊界及北部灣劃界問題、並在經貿、社會文化等各方面加強交流合作。其雙邊關係發展值得重視。經過一段時間所發生不愉快對兩國與兩國人民之間而言這是一場衝突遺留給後代兩國、兩個政府一個準確地看法在兩國關係之間中。 另一方面，兩國自從把關係回係正常化以後也給了地區和國際社會作出不少貢獻。這也表示中國如何對鄰廊的外交政策、反而越南也如何去應對此政策讓此關係日後更加緊密。

針對外界流傳已久的中國威脅論，中國於2003年底開始推出「和平崛起」論述，主張中國以和平的方式崛起，並且旨在維護和平、以和平為目的。除了基於國際環境給予的動力與壓力之外，中國決策者對中國崛起的自信，以及期望建立一套新的國家發展論述促使和平崛起戰略的出台。中國建立了以和平崛起為目標的國家發展戰略，其中對外建構了一套和平崛起外交戰略，具體落實在大國外交、睦鄰外交、與發展中國家關係及多邊外交上。本研究自中國崛起的背景著手，從國際環境、國家實力與決策者認知理解中國提出和平崛起的原因、目的與特色，並觀察中國相應而生的具體外交作為。最後，本研究指出和平崛起外交戰略面臨到中美權力競逐與矛盾問題、中日安全困境與衝突利益問題、領海與資源爭議以及台灣問題的嚴格考驗。 / This dissertation focuses on the “peaceful rise” argument brought by China in the end of 2003. By contending that China will rise by peace, for peace, and peacefully, the so-called “peaceful rise” argument tried to counter “China threat” argument, which distributed for a long time. The making of China’s “peaceful rise” national strategy is motivated and forced by the international environment. On top of that, the confidence of Chinese decision-makers for a rising China provides power to the formation of the new national strategy as well as the expectation for a new national development discourse. Following the national development strategy which aims at a peacefully rising China, the “peaceful rise” diplomatic strategy was built by a series of concrete foreign policies, including “Big-power diplomacy,” “Good-neighboring diplomacy,” “Relations with developing countries,” and “Multi-lateral diplomacy”. This dissertation starts from the background of a rising China, comprehends the reason, goal and character of China’s “peaceful rise” by international environment, national power, and decision-maker’s cognitive approaches. Moreover, concrete foreign policies accompanying its national strategy are analyzed. Finally, this research finds that the peaceful rise diplomatic strategy needs to deal with certain challenges such as Sino-U.S. power struggle with conflicting issues, Sino-Japan security dilemma with conflicting issues, peripheral territorial sea and land disputes, and last but not least, the Taiwan problem.

中國與東南亞之間有著深厚的地緣關係及無法切割的民族情感；但處於現今經濟快速成長的時代，在能源需求量急速擴張的競爭中，尋求能源供應、保護能源安全，已經是刻不容緩的手段，因此，利用各種外交方式及合作方案來達成此目的，是中國目前所採取的積極作為，冀望在最安全、便利的狀態下獲取、保護最大的能源需求及供應。 東南亞的能源儲藏及供應量，並非是中國能源需求的重要核心地區，但是它位處中國外圍，掌握麻六甲海峽的戰略要衝，以及豐富的天然氣存量，引發各國對此區域的爭奪。再面對此一局勢，中國便加速推動以「和諧世界」為理念，發展「與鄰為善、以鄰為伴」以及「睦鄰、安鄰、富鄰」的外交政策宗旨，進行能源外交及戰略，以爭取能源需求量和鞏固區域內的能源運輸安全及穩定雙方的合作關係。本文即從能源外交策略及作為的架構與理論，就中國對東南亞能源外交的挑戰與競逐做一研析，試圖觀察、探究從雙方的合作關係中所衍生出的問題及產生的困境，以及如何利用外交方式獲得解決之道，並營造出具有前瞻性的宏觀願景。 / Southeast Asia and China are closely connected to each other from the geographical and historical aspects. In the competitive time characterizing with fast economy growing and demands for energy expanded enormously, it has become an urgent measure for China to search for continuous energy supply and protect the energy resources. Today, the initiatives China seeks for is to achieve by means of diplomatic channels. It is hoped that the energy can be acquired by the safest and convenient ways, making sure the maxima energy supply can be assured. Frankly speaking, China did not deem the energy reserves and energy-provide ability of Southeast Asia seriously except that that area locates in the periphery of China, holds an important strategic point for the Strait of Malacca and its abundant natural gas reservoir, all of this attracting fierce competitions among nations. Being beware of this, China therefore based on the idea of “harmonious world” increasingly promotes the diplomatic policies, such as “Good-Neighbor Diplomacy” and “Good-neighborliness, Peaceful-neighborliness, and Prosperous-neighborliness,” engaging in energy diplomacies and strategies with an eye to expanding energy resources, fortifying energy transportation safety within the area, and stabilizing the corporative relationship with the area. Based upon application and theories of energy diplomatic strategies and actions, this thesis analyzes the challenges and competitions that China faces when carrying on energy diplomacy. By observing and exploring the problems and predicaments derived from the cooperative relations of the two sides, we hope that a workable resolution and a proactive vision on energy can be reached via diplomacy.

外交戰略屬於總體戰略下的一項分類戰略，而周邊外交戰略則構成外交戰略中的一環。當前中國的周邊外交戰略，是採「以鄰為伴，為鄰為善」為精神的「睦鄰外交」，屬於周邊外交戰略模型中「有所作為」的型態。睦鄰外交的內涵已由早期單純強調政治層面的「睦鄰」，擴充為今天同時兼顧經濟層面的「富鄰」及安全層面的「安鄰」，其特點包括了尋求與周邊國家建立合作夥伴關係、廣泛參與區域性多邊外交機制、以談判手段解決領土紛爭、加深與周邊國家的經貿聯繫、降低周邊國家對中國軍事威脅的疑慮等。影響周邊外交戰略形成的因素可分為內在的思維及外在的環境兩部分。中國周邊外交的戰略思維歷經了「和平共處」、「革命輸出」、「和平發展」、「和諧世界」四個階段，當前的周邊外交戰略思維，即是在這些概念下一脈相承的產物。中國周邊包括了東北亞、東南亞、中南及南亞四個次區域，而每個區域中的地緣政治因素、區域整合因素、以及美國的因素等，構成了影響周邊外交戰略的外在環境因素。在這些內、外因素的交互作用下，形成了今天的周邊外交戰略。透過中日的「暖春之旅」、中緬的新經濟合作關係、中俄的「和平使命」聯合軍演三個案例的印證，可幫助我們觀察及評估睦鄰外交戰略在政治、經濟、安全三個領域的發揮及成效。

冷戰結束後，中共在亞太地區及全球安全戰略格局中的地位逐漸上升。時空際會，當今國際秩序與全球化正值發展階段，因而出現一個有利於中共改善與周邊國家關係的國際環境，並提供一個穩定周邊良好的機遇。邁入21世紀之初，中共在第四代領導人集體審時度勢下，調整了對外政策，以「大國外交」與「睦鄰外交」為重要的外交戰略，在外交理念上堅持以互相信任為基礎，長期穩定為前提，睦鄰友好為保障，全面合作是紐帶，共同發展繁榮為目標，致力於大國及周邊國家的合作友好關係建立。 中共在「十六大」政治報告後，將「大國外交」與「睦鄰外交」列為對外關係的重要戰略。除運用元首出訪、經貿交流、軍事交流等外交作為，與美、俄、日、歐盟及印度等主要大國及周邊重要國家建立友好關係與傳統外交外，並積極參與或主導有關政治、經濟、軍事等具全球性議題的雙邊或多邊組織，以展現其對國際社會善盡義務，藉以塑造為體系中「負責任大國」與「睦鄰、安鄰、富鄰」友好鄰國之形象。 　 2003年中共胡溫領導人掌權後，在遂行「大國外交」、「睦鄰外交」時，係採取「韜光養晦、有所作為」具體行動，並倡議「新安全觀」、「和平發展」、「和諧世界」、「國際關係民主化」的外交理念，並強調「不對抗、不結盟、不針對三者」主張，逐步融入國際體系，積極從事國家經濟建設，以期與主要大國與周邊國家建構「平等、協作、互信、互利」的合作夥伴關係，目的就在創造一個安全、穩定的國際與周邊環境。 中共總體外交戰略是在謀求國家利益發展戰略，進而轉向與世界謀求共同發展與安全戰略。此一戰略轉變，是以經濟利益與區域安全為基點，以積極參與國際事務、加強國際合作為途徑，以拓展國家戰略利益、發揮負責任大國作用為目標。自胡溫掌政後即積極與世界各主要大國與鄰近重要國家建立戰略性協作夥伴關係，目前與中共建立戰略夥伴關係的國家共有30個國家，從中共積極推動「大國外交」與「睦鄰外交」之戰略與手段觀察，事實上我們不難發現其為何一直在積極維護和創造有利於現代化的國際與周邊環境，並企圖拓展國家戰略利益的範圍和空間，不斷地擴大在國際間地位與影響力之目的所在。 關鍵字：大國外交、睦鄰外交戰略、新安全觀、和平崛起、和諧世界 / After the cold war, China is gradually gaining a raising status of military strategic position in the Asia-Pacific region as well as in global layout. International order and Globalization is at its developing phase, thus forming a advantageous circumstance for Chinese government to enhance its foreign affair status with surrounding countries also providing a chance to stabilize regional diplomatic pressure. In the beginning of 21st centry, 4th generation leaders of Chinese government carefully evaluated situations and adjusted their diplomatic policies, focusing their diplomatic strategies on foreign affair with powerful nations and surrounding countries, insisting their foreign policy to be based on trust with views of long-term balance. With the objectives of mutual growth, china is dedicated to build amicable relation with powerful and surrounding countries by bonding full collaboration and assured partnership. After the 16th Congress political report, china listed “Big-Power Diplomacy” and “Good-Neighborly Diplomacy” as their major foreign affair strategy. Besides building friendly relation and applying traditional foreign tactics with major nations such as USA, Russia, Japan, EU, and India, China’s foreign tactics also includes financial and military collaboration, visiting friendly soil by country leader(s), etc. China also actively leads and/or joins associtions/organizations with concern of global issues regarding political, economical, and military importance, in attempt to demonstrate the image of a powerful nation and to establish the good-neighborly figure in the international society. China’s overall foreign affair strategy is focused on gaining national benefits and later seeks global growth collaboration and international security. This change of strategy is based on considerations of economical benefits and regional security, achieved by actively attending international events, with clear objectives of expanding maximum strategical gain and developing the representation of an accountable country. Governor Hu and governor Wen had been actively building strategic partnership with major nations and vicinal countries. At present, there are 30 countries having strategic partnership with Chinese government. Examining china’s strategic means and diplomatic tactics, one can obviously notice how china is aggressively maintain and further create the circumstance which is most beneficial for extending its national strategic space and range, thus accomplish its goal of raised international influence. Key word：Big-power Diplomacy、Good-Neighborly Diplomacy、New Security View、Peaceful Rise、Harmonize the world

冷戰時期，東南亞區域發展受限於美蘇軍事力量的影響而互有對峙。直至21世紀初，隨著美、蘇兩國在東南亞部署的部分軍事力量移轉，加上中國大陸持續經濟成長與綜合國力的提升，使得在深化與東南亞周邊外交關係發展上，創造出有利條件，中共藉由經濟合作與軍事手段執行其在東南亞地區的睦鄰政策，以符合其在亞太地區周邊外交的戰略作為。 中共對東南亞國家周邊外交，主要係以政治和睦、經濟互利、安全互信等三個面向為基礎目標，試圖建構一個和平穩定的亞太周邊環境。首先在政治上，主要作法是強化與周邊國家政治關係，透過領導人出訪與各領域、各層級工作會議召開以及各國政治協定的簽署，全面提升與東南亞各國雙邊關係；其次在經濟上，主要在雙邊與多邊關係上加強與周邊國家的經濟合作，推動區域經濟一體化，並透過自由貿易區的計畫，次區域合作與經濟援助，強化在東南亞的影響力，藉成立「中國-東協自由貿易區」拉攏東協各國家；再者在安全上，加強解決與周邊國家解決在領土與領海主權上的爭議，與周邊國家建立雙邊軍事互信機制，參與多邊安全機制，如：參與「東協區域論壇」，及《東南亞友好合作條約》的加入等，藉以營造區域內負責任的大國形象。 中共在周邊外交戰略中，在東南亞區域議題是基於國家周邊安全與區域安全的考量，與中美大國關係的建立重要議題。在2009年美國總統歐巴馬上任之後，宣示美國「重返亞洲」企圖，並啟動多項亞太政策，著墨於區域多邊途徑，其政策亦正逐步落實中，美國對亞太區域發展影響力隨之增加。然而因美國在亞太長期的戰略影響力，重新關注東南亞地區，並以東南亞為軍事戰略重點，也使得中共在制訂對東南亞區域戰略過程與考量，須同時考慮美國影響因素的存在性。 同時，在中國大陸本身國家安全戰略考量之下與東南亞各國家合作，將有利於其國家整體發展與國家核心利益的維持，然中共在東南亞區域的整體戰略，同時牽動中共整體的周邊外交戰略。 / During the Cold War Era, the development of Southeast Asia region was limited and caused confrontations because of the influence of military power posed by Soviet-American arm race. Not until the beginning of 21st century, Soviet Union and United States’ transition of parts of military deployment in Southeast Asia region, couple with Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) continual economic growth and developing overall national strength, have created favorable conditions for CCP in developing and deepening diplomatic relations within Southeast Asia region. Moreover, through economic cooperation and military means, CCP carries out neighborhood policy in accordance to its diplomatic strategy in Southeast Asia region. CCP’s good neighbor foreign policy in Southeast Asia region mainly focuses on political harmony, economic common benefits as well as security and mutual-trust. All the above are fundamental goals in order to construct a peaceful and stable Asia-Pacific region. First, to start with politics, CCP strengthens political relations with neighboring countries through Key leader engagements, working conferences in all fields and levels as well as signing political agreements to enhance bilateral relationship among Southeast Asia countries. Second, followed by economics, in bilateral or multi-lateral economic cooperation with neighboring states, to promote regional economy integration and strengthen the CCP’s influence in Southeast Asia by plan of free trade area, sub-regional cooperation and assistance of economy. Also, CCP establishes ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) in order to win ASEAN over. Third, in terms of security, CCP endeavors to resolve territory and maritime territory disputes with neighboring countries, sets up a bilateral military mutual trust mechanism, and participates in a multi-lateral security mechanism. For instance, CCP’s participation as a member of ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) is able to create an image as a responsible rising power in the region. In CCP’s strategy of neighboring diplomacy, the issues are based on national and regional security in Southeast Asia region and how to built Sino-American relations. After the inauguration of Barack Obama in 2009, he declared the intention of pivot or rebalancing towards the Asia-Pacific region, and launched several Asia-Pacific policies describing the regional multilateral approach and gradually implementing policies as result of increasing of United States’ influence in Asia-Pacific region. However, the long-term strategic influence of United States of America in Asia, US’s pivot to Southeast Asia region, and military strategy focusing on Southeast Asia force CCP to consider the factors of influence of United States when CCP formulates Southeast Asia region strategies. In the meantime, under the consideration of CCP’s national security strategy, to cooperate with Southeast Asia countries is beneficial CCP’s overall national development and in maintaining national essential interests. In short, CCP’s overall strategy in Southeast Asia affects its neighboring diplomatic strategies simultaneously.