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中國人的內團體偏私行為-從「關係」角度探討社會認同理論許正聖 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的主要目的是要透過「關係」的角度,團體(同一團體)偏私(In-Group Bias)行為上的表現,區別西方學者以社會認同理論(Social Identity theory)來作為解釋同一行為之內在機制的不同。
在西方學者以社會認同理論解釋內團體偏私行為基於社會心理學所具有的文化及地域性的特徵,以社會認同理論來解釋中國人此一現象的普遍性原則頗令人懷疑。所以研究者從中國人的社會文化背景下的「關係」角度出發,藉此闡釋「關係」對中國人內團體偏私行為可能的影響。
在研究一中,研究者認為純粹以西方的社會認同理論來解釋中國人的內團體偏私行為是不足的;其次,欲證實中國人的團體是建築在「自家人」的觀念上。研究者透過熟人與否及團體類別兩個變項的相互組,設計成四組受試者參與研究。從來自於政治大學的學生,所得到的結果發現,受試者對熟人有較大的偏私行為出現;以及對內團體成員亦出現偏私行為,結果支持研究者的假設,中國人的偏私現象除以社會類別化歷程解釋外,「有熟人關係」的偏私原因也必須考慮。而研究二中,則以情境故事的方法,將大學生受試分成二組實驗組,與一組控制組參與研究。透過變異數分析的統計程序,以證實研究一所得結果的真偽。同時,讓受試者從分配者、旁觀者及被分配者的身份去回答問卷上的問題,以了解受試者在這三種角色下的分配行為。結果發現與研究一有一致性的結論,即內團體偏私與熟人偏私的現象同時存在。
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群際接觸對登陸台灣人當地化之影響:以東莞及上海為例 / The Impacts of Intergroup Contacts on the Localization of Taiwanese Immigrants in China: The Study of Dongguan and Shanghai蔣逸青, Chiang, Yi Ching Unknown Date (has links)
登陸台灣人在中國大陸與台灣兩地的跨界生活,形塑了兩地的生活空間及社會網絡,本研究的問題意識在於,個人層次的接觸、互動與熟識,是否有助於個人在社會互動情境中親身認識及了解他人,減少以類屬性的刻板印象去看待外團體成員,因此可以降低族群偏見、促進移民的當地化?經過2007年及2008年兩次的田野調查,在東莞及上海地區深度訪談三十位當地台灣人之後,本研究初步發現,在接觸的第一階段,當台灣人接觸愈來愈多的大陸人之後,將消除原先的偏見,形成心理「基模」,一方面,部分受訪者表示其原先持有的偏見獲得證實,亦即台灣人對大陸人的偏見消除了,但因而產生負面態度,反之,有些受訪者破除其對大陸人的偏見,進而對大陸人抱持正面態度;到了接觸的第二階段,一旦個人的心理基模形成,其乃決定繼續接觸或阻絕接觸大陸人的關鍵;最後,來到接觸的第三階段,繼續接觸大陸人的台灣人,逐漸同情理解當地文化,反之,阻絕接觸大陸人的台灣人,始終無法融入當地人的社交網絡。 / The theory of intergroup contact maintains that the key to reduce intergroup prejudice is through contacts between the groups under optimal conditions. The main concerns of this dissertation are as following: Would it be possible for Taiwanese to reduce their prejudice toward Chinese through intergroup contacts? And, would the intergroup contacts help Taiwanese immigrants integrate into local community? Grounding on these two questions, this dissertation examines the impacts of intergroup contact between Taiwanese and Chinese through field study in Dongguan and Shanghai from 2007 to 2008. After interviewing thirty Taiwanese immigrants, my empirical research suggests that the contact process can be divided into three stages. First, at the earliest stage, by contacting more and more local residents, Taiwanese immigrants would reduce their prejudice and thus cultivate a sometimes positive and sometimes negative attitude toward Chinese. At the second stage, the attitude cultivated in earlier stage turns into the schema and then plays an important role in conditioning sequent contacts: those who have a positive attitude would open up and get along with local Chinese while those who have a negative attitude would refuse to get in touch with Chinese. At the third and final stage, those who open themselves up would have sympathetic understanding of local culture and adapt to local community gradually while those who refuse to contact Chinese would have difficulties integrating into local community.
Keywords: intergroup contact, localization, social identity, Taishang Study
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獨在異鄉為異客:中國大陸台、港商身份認同的比較研究梁廣榮 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣、香港均和中國大陸有同文同種、密不可分的關係。1978年中國大陸改革開放後,台港商陸續前往投資,近年來在全球化的浪潮下,人數持續增加。
本研究的問題意識在於:中國大陸的台港商與大陸當地接觸時間長,互動頻繁,其是否有可能降低對大陸的偏見?是否可能導致台、港商身分認同的轉變?
本研究在2008年針對東莞地區的台、港商進行田野調查的結果,發現「投資地的社會文化」對台港商造成不同的影響。若投資者與投資地擁有相同的語言和文化,會使得「交截分類狀態」產生作用,進而產生「歸屬感」,導致投資者逐漸認同當地的現象。因此,由於港商與廣東東莞地區的語言文化相近,使得港商對大陸的偏見逐漸降低,身分認同也開始轉變;而台商則與大陸人之間存在明顯隔閡,致使台商無法融入當地人的社交網絡,仍舊維持著「台灣人」的身分認同。 / Taiwan and Hong Kong have close kinship with China. After Chinese reform and opening in 1978, Taiwanese and Hongkongese investors have invested in China and their numbers increased due to the globalization.
The main concerns of this dissertation are as following: Would it be possible for Taiwanese and Hongkongese investors in China to reduce their prejudice toward Chinese and to change their identities because of their interaction with society in China?
Through the field study in Dongguan in 2008. After interviewing Taiwanese investors and Hongkongese investors in Dongguan. This thesis indicates that “the culture of invested place” would cause different effects to Taiwanese and Hongkongese investors. The same language and culture create the “cross-categorization” and the sense of belongingness toward local community. Therefore, due to the close language and culture with Hong Kong and Dongguan, the Hongkongese investors reduce their prejudice to China. The phenomenon causes the identities of Hongkongese investors begin to change. Thus, it is difficult for them to integrate into local community. For that reason, they maintain their “Taiwanese identity” still.
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外在環境對女性性別歧視與工作家庭衝突的影響陳雪君 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文探討外在環境和女性支持性別歧視的關係,透過實驗室的操弄和現實情境的測量進行了解,並探討可能的機制。此外,本論文也探討女性知覺到的負面環境、女性自身的性別歧視和工作家庭衝突的關聯性。根據社會認同威脅理論和Fischer(2006)的研究發現,本論文預期當外在環境對於女性的態度為負向時,女性較支持性別歧視。在實驗室情境中(研究一),藉由訊息價值和訊息來源的操弄,以了解正負面環境和態度來源差異對於女性性別歧視的影響,並透過負向狀態解除和女性次類別評估,探討女性支持性別歧視的可能原因。在現實情境中(研究二),我們請女性填答工作環境量表以測量受試者知覺到的負面環境,並檢驗女性負面環境和性別歧視之間的關係。此外,也檢驗負面環境與女性所經歷的工作家庭衝突有何關係。除了探討女性支持性別歧視的現象與機制外,本論文亦檢驗性別歧視與女性經驗工作家庭衝突的因應策略有何關係。
總結來說,本論文有兩個研究。研究一透過實驗法探討女性因負面環境而支持性別歧視的現象,並關心負面來源的影響,藉此檢驗外在環境對於女性支持性別歧視的影響。並透過兩個可能機制:負向狀態解除和女性次類別評估,以了解女性支持性別歧視的可能原因,其中受試者為223位大學女學生。實驗操弄女性受試者得知男性(或女性)對女性的正向(或負向)評價,並經由三種不同作業探討兩種機制,即採2(訊息來源:男性、女性)× 2(訊息價值:正向、負向)× 3(作業:控制組、負向狀態解除、女性次類別評估)實驗者間設計。結果顯示控制組的惡意性別歧視受訊息價值和訊息來源影響。當得知女性對女性有正向評價時,受試者較不支持惡意性別歧視,而善意性別歧視不受訊息價值和訊息來源影響。根據次類別評估作業,本研究發現相較於正向評價組,負向評價組的受試者會貶抑無能力、負向且非典型的女性次類別。此外,透過對女性次類別的評價,受試者的性別歧視不受訊息來源和訊息價值的影響。
研究二採問卷調查,以32名已婚且有工作的女性做為研究對象,探討在現實情境中女性知覺負面環境與其性別歧視間的關係,以及知覺負面環境、性別歧視、與女性工作與家庭衝突的關係。有別於研究一使用訊息價值的操弄作為負面環境的激發,研究二使用工作環境量表來測量負面環境。研究結果顯示女性惡意性別歧視與負面工作環境間並無顯著關聯。然而,結果顯示性別角色態度在女性工作環境與善意性別歧視間扮演調節的角色:具有傳統性別角色態度者,其善意性別歧視與工作環境的關聯較不傳統者高,也就是說,性別角色態度較傳統者,知覺越負面的工作環境,其善意性別歧視也越高;性別角色態度較不傳統者其知覺的工作環境與善意性別歧視則無關聯。而在探討負面環境對於工作家庭衝突的影響時,我們發現越知覺負面工作環境,受試者感受的工作與家庭衝突壓力越大。
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團隊情感氛圍的前因、動態改變及後果變數之研究 / Exploring the antecedents, dynamics, and consequences of group affective tone紀乃文, Chi, Nai-Wen Unknown Date (has links)
過去研究雖然發現團隊情感氛圍 (group affective tone)能有效預測團隊成員的助人行為、團隊創造力、團隊缺席率與離職等重要變數,但在概念上或是理論上仍有許多未釐清之處。因此,本研究擬針對下列的文獻缺口加以探討:(1) 探討影響正/負向團隊情感氛圍形成的前因變數,釐清有哪些變數會影響團隊情感氛圍的形成;(2) 探討不同時間點正/負向團隊情感氛圍的動態改變及情感事件的干擾效果;(3) 探討正/負向團隊情感氛圍與團隊績效的因果關係;由於單一研究不易同時兼顧上述三個研究目的,因此本研究將以三個研究分別針對上述目的加以探討。
在研究一,本研究以101個學生團隊做為樣本 (523位成員),路徑分析的結果發現,團隊成員的年齡、教育背景多元化,會透過負向影響群體認同、進而強化負向團隊情感氛圍。此外,知覺團隊間競爭、成員的迎合、自我表現印象管理策略,則會透過正向影響群體認同、進而強化正向團隊情感氛圍。在研究二,本研究則以44個大學部、碩士班學生組成的團隊做為樣本 (和研究一的樣本獨立,成員為215人),階層線性模式分析的結果指出,正、負向團隊情感氛圍在跨時間點確實會產生動態改變,且前期的正/負向團隊情感氛圍均能顯著影響後期的正/負向團隊情感氛圍。且前後期間發生的負向情感事件,亦會減弱前、後期正向團隊情感氛圍之間的正向關係。最後,在研究三,本研究以81個高科技產業研發團隊做為樣本 (包括259位團隊成員及81位主管),交叉延遲貫時性分析 (cross-lagged panel analysis, CLPA)的結果指出,前期的正向團隊情感氛圍對後期團隊績效有顯著正向影響,而前期團隊績效對於後期正向團隊情感氛圍,也有顯著的正向影響。整體而言,本研究之假設大多符合理論預期,而研究結果對團隊情感氛圍、團隊多元化、以及印象管理研究的理論意涵與實務貢獻,亦在文中一併加以討論。 / Extending previous research on group affective tone (GAT), three studies were conducted to examine the antecedents, dynamics, and consequences of GAT. In study 1, 101 student teams (523 members) were chosen as the sample. The results of path-analysis showed that team age and educational background diversity decrease group identification, which in turn increases negative group affective tone (NGAT). In addition, perceived intergroup competition, members’ self-promotion and ingratiation impression management tactics increase group identification, which in turn increases positive group affective tone (PGAT). In study 2, 44 student teams (215 members) were selected as the sample, and the experience-sampling method was used to capture the dynamics of GAT (i.e., 6-time repeated measure). The results of hierarchical linear modeling analysis revealed that the T-1 PGAT positively predict T0 PGAT over time; while T-1 NGAT positively predict T0 NGAT over time. Moreover, the negative affective event occurred during T-1 and T0 attenuates the positive relationship between T-1 PGAT and T0 PGAT. In study 3, 81 research and develop teams (259 members and 81 supervisors) were chosen as the sample, and the cross-lagged panel analysis (CLPA) was used to examine the causal association between GAT and team performance. The results of CLPA showed that T1 PGAT has a positive effect on T2 team performance. Additionally, T1 team performance has a positive effect on T2 PGAT. These result suggest that the presence of a reciprocal relationship between PGAT and team performance. All three studies support the proposed theoretical framework.
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台灣地區人民對兩大政黨與政策的認同取向-社會認同理論的驗證 / The political identity of Taiwan area people - A demonstration of social identity theory高恒信, Gau, Handsome Unknown Date (has links)
近幾十年來的台灣,政治舞台上一直是由兩大政黨扮演主角。然而,兩大政黨支持者意識形態的嚴重分歧,導至在政黨政治的發展過程中,蒙上一層情緒化、不理性的陰影。本研究乃選擇了社會認同理論(Social Identity Theory)做為論文的理論依據,企圖探討這些問題。本研究目的是探討國內兩大政黨的支持者,如何形成其政黨認同,以及對政策的判斷是否受認同團體的影響而有所偏差。研究方法的使用,除了設計一問卷,來了解兩大政黨不同的意識形態,並企圖驗證台灣地區人民對於政策好壞的判斷,是否受其政黨支持屬性所左右。另外,在文獻的探討過程中,也對兩團成員的認同發展,做了一些探索與推論。前一部份符合心理學科學實驗的典範,後一部份則檢示歷史的發展,偏重於邏輯的推理。在實徵研究方面,分成兩個部分。研究一是使用一份自編的政黨意識形態問卷,施以大樣本問卷調查,比較兩大政黨支持者所具有的不同意識形態,以及不同的族群自我定義。研究二以一個實驗操弄來驗證內團體偏私現象。研究結果發現,新的族群分類方式正在取代原有的省籍分類,一種抽象的族群自我定義:「台灣人是台灣人」和「台灣人是中國人」的二分法,將台灣地區的人民劃分為兩個新族群。這兩個新族群恰與兩大政黨意識形態相符。另外以本省人和外省人為主的省籍情結並未消失,它只是轉化為上述的兩種抽象定義。因此,省籍的背景,加上個人對中國文化的信仰程度,決定了一個人的政黨認同取向。而一個政黨意識形態較強的人,在對政策的態度上,常常不知不覺的受到己團體意見所左右,而不能客觀地判斷政策的優劣。尤其以民進黨意識形態者所產生的這種內團體偏私較強,國民黨意識形態者的內團體偏私現象則較不明顯。最後,根據本研究的結果,對台灣政治生態發展所做的建議是,唯有將台灣意識或中國意識視為一種文化意識,而非族群意識。台灣地區人民才可能將族群認同與政黨認同分開
,並發出理性的政黨認同,與團結的國家認同。 / There are two major political parties that play important roles in the scene of Taiwan politics. The KMT have government Taiwan area over fifty years, which came from mainland China. Being a minority group as opposed to the KMT, the natures of the DPP supporters are not as same as the members of the KMT. Their ancestors have lived in Taiwan for hundreds of years. Consequently, the ethno identity and the political identity are confused with each other for most of the people in Taiwan. Someone would choose suort one political group not because their cognition to politics, but because most their ethno background. It is to say, one whose fathers came from mainland china would mostly support the KMT than the DPP. One whose fathers were birth in Taiwan is mostly support the DPP than the KMT.The purpose of research is to find out the difference of ideology between two political groups. Besides I will utilize the real-
life intergroup relationship for proving in-group bias. Two
methods of research were adopted. One is historical research, and the other is an experimental method. The results reveal that there were different ideology in two groups. The KMT supporters usually have more conservative attitudes about politics. The DPP supporters have more open attitudes with their opinions. The ethno backgrounds usually display the role of accentuation. On the other hand, The in-group bias phenomenon has been partly proved. It means that there is a vivid in-group bias phenomenon in minority group. Someone who supports the DPPave a higher rating with the statement that talked by the DPP member. The conclusion of the research also reveals something. There were two opposed opinions rising to explain someone's identification for their sense of belonging. What opinions someone may choose
are usually decided by their political identity. One who
supports the KMT choose more likely the opinion "Taiwanese is also a Chinese." One who supports the DPP accept more likely the opinion "Taiwanese is just a Taiwanese." Because the two opinionsre abstract definition, so they are not decided by someone's descent. That is to say the traditional manners of ethno category by dialect are broken. The new manner of ethno category is not imposed by someone's descent. I am not optimistic about the phenomenon. The rise of the new ethno definition does not only completely displace the old system of category but also confused with each other. It must have the Taiwan people divided into more small groups. So I predict in the future, The ethno identity of Taiw people would be more complicated .
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以台灣不同族群之對日態度看台、中、日三角群際關係莊靜怡 Unknown Date (has links)
現在台灣的國家(族群)認同正處在一個不明的階段,不僅是族群間有對立的國族意識型態,對第三國-日本的態度似乎也出現族群之間的不同。本研究目的就在瞭解台灣的不同族群之間是否有不同的對日態度,以及族群認同的工具性是否涉入其中。抽樣295位台灣民眾所得的研究結果顯示,不同族群認同者確實有不同的對日態度。族群自我認同為「台灣人」者比起其他族群認同類別者給予日本比給予中國更多的好評,另外,他們也覺得中國比較沒有那麼親近,同時也對日本負面歷史行為做出更有利的歸因。此外,台灣人民的台灣意識為其「族群認同」對親日態度預測力的中介變項。研究結果以選擇性遺忘、建構認同及三角群際關係來加以解釋,亦即,後殖民時期台灣人民的對日態度為建構自身認同所展現的工具性態度,目的在對抗主要外團體中國,不能只是解釋為殖民主義的影響。 / This study was set to investigate how people in Taiwan perceive Japan and China differently in terms of their ethnic identities. Taiwan has experienced the Japanese colonial regime and the Nationalist regime consecutively each for about fifty years. Over the century, Taiwan has kept searching for its collective identity, and China remains the number one threat to its nation-building project. From 295 sampled Taiwan people, we found different ethnic self-identifiers showed different attitudes toward Japanese. Those who identify themselves with Taiwanese showed most positive attitudes toward Japanese, regardless of the fact that they are mostly offspring of people having been through Japan colonial regime. To be more specific, they tended to evaluate Japan better than China, to rate China less close, and to make more “Japanese-serving attribution” when reasoning about Japanese's historical brutality during the Second World War. Moreover, the correlation between Taiwan people's ethnic identities and their attitudes toward Japanese has been found mediated by Taiwan political ideology. The results were discussed by referring to instrumentality of ethnic identification and selective forgetting of collective history in order to reconstruct a new ethnic identity.
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你刪除了多少好友?探討太陽花學運期間的臉書使用行為 / Unfriend on Facebook: Exploring the Facebook user behavior during Sunflower Movement of Taiwan戚宇賢, Chi, Yu Xian Unknown Date (has links)
社會運動運用社群媒體成功達到政治目的之背後,並不全然都是正面效果,我們同時也得注意到社群媒體使用者在線上的衝突行為。本研究以太陽花學運期間的臉書狀況為例,探討影響臉書使用者做出「刪除好友」與「取消追蹤」行為的因素,以及這些行為影響臉書使用者較少暴露於不同意見的可能。本研究透過違反臉書社交禮儀程度、連結程度以及社會認同理論解釋臉書的衝突行為,並且探討臉書使用行為是否產生回聲室效果。
本研究結果發現,當臉書使用者感受到的違反聯書社交禮儀程度較高、臉書使用者與臉書好友之間的連結程度較低、以及臉書使用者與臉書好友之間的多重社會認同度較低,都會影響臉書使用者做出刪除好友與取消追蹤的行為;另外,研究結果也顯示了刪除好友行為會影響臉書使用者暴露於不同意見的程度較低。本研究期揭示臉書使用者面對不同意見之時,會有刪除好友以及取消追蹤的行為,並提醒我們思考此行為帶來的影響。
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團體認同與行為意向的探討 / Discussion about group identity and behavior intention杜瓊瑜, Tu, Chiung-Yu Unknown Date (has links)
「社會認同理論」(social identity theory)認為,人們會以所屬團體的身份或屬性來定義自己,是一種對歸屬團體的「團體認同」(group identity)。 所探討的是一個已經隸屬於某個低地位團體的個體,在獲得正向團體認同以維持自尊的動機下,思考使用哪一種提高團體認同的策略。
本研究結合了「計劃行為理論」中有關行為意向的概念,同時也將社會認同理論的應用範圍擴大,由此來了解人們是否會進入一個低地位團體的內在心理歷程,使更能清楚地預測該行為。本研究採情境實驗法,以情境模擬的方式操弄可滲透性、穩定性及能力高低三個獨變項,測量351位受試者對進入低地位團體的態度、主觀規範及知覺對該行為的控制感,再測量行為意向。
結果發現,在可滲透性高及穩定性低兩種狀況下,個體對進入低地位團體的態度較佳,同時知覺對該行為的控制感也較高;穩定性低時,其主觀規範較為正向。而且主觀規範、知覺對行為的控制感可以預測行為意向。
同時,個體在可滲透性高的狀況下會比可滲透性低時要傾向使用個人變動策略,而在穩定性低時會比穩定性高時更會使用社會改變策略。另外,除了實質上的策略之外,個體也會使用心理上的策略來獲得正向的團體認同。本研究也以徑路分析來了解及討論各變項間整體性的關係。
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臺灣民眾國家認同的發展:1895年到2000年 / The Development of People’s National Identity from 1895 to 2000羙雪倫, Medina, Sharon Paulette Unknown Date (has links)
國家認同指涉的是涵蓋傳統、語言與政治的整體國家文化,經過學者在各學術領域的討論,此一概念已經變得普遍。既有的研究主要則是對國家認同概念持續建構,以及瞭解個人、團體以及「國家」之間的複雜互動關係。本論文以臺灣為例,嘗試點出歷史與國家認同關係的重要性,並從1895年日本在臺灣開始殖民政策開始,到國民黨在臺灣威權統治期間,再到2000年臺灣的民主轉型之間,瞭解究竟是哪些因素,以及這些因素如何,與何時,對臺灣國家認同的發展產生影響等問題,提供重要的支持點點。其間重要的研究問題也包含究竟國家認同所指為何?以及歷史經驗,諸如日本的殖民統治時期、228事件、白色恐怖、國民當的威權統治,以及2000年之前的民主轉型等,會如影響國家認同的變化?本論文在一開始對認同發展的研究進行一總體式的回顧,接著討論社會、政治與文化認同彼此之間如何互動,以及這些認同如何與前述歷史經驗影響國家認同的發展。在此同時,本文也將評述其他學者對於1895年到2000年之間臺灣民眾國家認同發展的相關研究與論點。 / National Identity, the depiction of a country as a whole, encompassing its culture based on traditions, language and politics. This concept has grown to be common, lectured by scholars from various disciplines. Existing studies have fabricated piece by piece the definition of national identity, to comprehend the complex interaction within individuals, groups and a “Nation”. This paper seeks to provide the importance of the relationship of history on national identity, using the case of Taiwan, also known as the R.O.C (Republic of China). The importance of this research is critical to support how, when, and what variables during the time period of 1895 (Japanese Colonial Period) to 2000 (KMT Authoritarian Rule and Democratic Transition Period) were the main causes for Taiwan’s national identity to evolve. What exactly does national identity refer to? And how do historical experiences such as, the Japanese colonial era, the 2-28 and White Terror period, and KMT’s authoritarian rule and democratic transition before 2000, can systematically cause change? Prior to analyzing Taiwan, we first conduct a general review on the development of identity; the interconnection between the social, political, and cultural identities and how those identities along with historical experiences impact national identity evolution. At that juncture, we will question other scholarly works on the development of people’s national identity from 1895 to 2000 and its impact in Taiwan.
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