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紐約三部曲，顧名思義，是三個關於後現代資本首都，紐約，的故事。然而，作者並未著重描繪後現代城市，迥異於後資本觀點如：物化、戀物癖、時尚、為主的敘事，而著重於描述身處於後現代空間主體如何因應、如何遭遇挫折、心態如何變化的現代啟示錄。 空間形塑主體，主體也反之形塑空間。現代空間所帶來的整齊清潔的身份認同童話已然消失，代之而興的，是後現代破碎、曖昧、精神分裂、主體消失的超現實空間，在這個獨特的空間場域裡，本論文試圖分析紐約人在紐約此一獨特空間之作為：透過行走、書寫、命名、記憶、偵察、地圖認知等方式來定位/重新定位/喪失定位的過程。 悲劇在於，籠罩於後現代的的烏雲下，雖然現代主義式英雄早已是一條死路，但提不出任何新的突破之路的主角們，終究不由自主地，以舊式現代主義英雄式的方法去探究、去找尋，去試圖重整秩序，緊接著便是，在這做玻璃之城裡，去失望、去挫折，去瘋狂，去死亡。 / Space is an influential, even determining factor to establish concerning subjectivity, and vice versa. The modern space and its fairy tale-type ordered/reasoned/omniscient city dwellers and detectives have already proved to be just an illusion. The world is no longer a comprehensible and legible universe. The omnipotent position the humans believe they firmly stand is just an ideological illusion. What exists in New York now is a hyperspace with ambiguity, contingency, self-dislocation, schizophrenia, and pastiche. Even though Auster’s texts are frequently regarded as postmodern, the Postmodernity is delineated and constructed not upon the illustration/configuration of the late urban capitalism logic which Jameson sees as the dominant features, but upon the textual characteristics of meta-fictionality and the self–deconstruction. But the New York tragedy is, facing with the mental crisis of the new age, the protagonists, or the heroes, the representative of every city dwellers living in the “mutation of the built space,” can’t propose any efficient and effective resolutions. The modernist efforts are proved to be a failure along with the changing of the city. Even though we know the condition is different, we still can’t have a new way to overcome our incapability and incompetents. This failure leads to various crises of subjectivity, ending in disappointment, frustration, disappearance, madness and death. So, in this dissertation, I will attempt to analyze the behaviors of New Yorkers and the way they take actions: through the ways of writing, walking, naming and remembering, they endeavor to orient/reorient/disorient themselves in this particular the biggest late capitalism metropolis.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第18711号 / 文博第669号 / 新制||文||613(附属図書館) / 31662 / 京都大学大学院文学研究科文献文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 平田 昌司, 教授 木津 祐子, 准教授 緑川 英樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DFAM

近一、二年來台灣的股市蓬勃發展，投入股市的群眾驟增。但究竟是什麼因素在推動 著股價的波動？在此，我們將探討除了一般之基本分析，技術分析所提供的訊息外， 還有什麼其他的因素可能影響股價？希望以總體的觀點出發，用各種不同的角度來討 討論影響股價波動的因素。 我們將所欲研究的內容分成四大部分，茲分述如下： Ⅰ、定期公佈的總體經濟變數（加：貨幣供給額、通貨膨脹率…等）之統計值，仍是 對整個經濟情勢的評估，亦是投資者據以做決策的參考。所以，我們希望研究這些經 濟變數是否有左右股價的力量？ Ⅱ、在這個資訊發達的時代，國與國間的關係日趨密切，連帶地各國股市的發展亦息 息相關。我們選擇了紐約、東京、香港等地，探討這些地區股價的變動是否會影響至 台灣的股價？各國間的相關程度如何？ Ⅲ、資產市價應該要能反應“基本價值”（FUNDAMENTAL VALUE ），而台灣股票的市 價似乎超過其應有的“基本價值”太多了。因此，我們想利用“泡沫理論”（BUBBLE S THEORY）來檢定台灣股市是否存在有這種“自我預期實現”的泡沫現象？ Ⅳ、最後，擬利用變異數區間檢定（VARIANCE BOUND TEST ）來檢定台灣的股價是否過度波動，而不是一個“效率性”的市場。 我們將利用計量經濟模型來探討這些問題。希望找出那些因素可以用來解釋台灣股價 變動的情形。

中國在計劃經濟體制下，政府強調一元化的管理，即由政府單一主體承擔政治、經濟、社會的職能。但隨著1978年改革開放、1992年社會主義市場經濟的建立和發展，到了二十一世紀重視科學發展的貫徹和實踐，全面、協調、可持續的發展成為發展策略，使得社會建設成為現代化建設的重要內涵，民生保障成為政府的重要工作。這就使得政府不僅要做好經濟調節和市場監管，更要履行好公共服務的供給，與此同時，在社會主義市場經濟的條件下，民眾對政府公共服務的需求日漸增加。 　　為了滿足民眾對公共服務提供上多樣化和複雜化的特點，中國政府開始關注社會組織在公共服務供給上的作用，近年來各地不斷推行政府購買社會組織公共服務的嘗試、探索和實踐，是中國創新社會管理當中最引人注目的改革，是政府推進轉變職能、加快社會體制改革、建構「小政府、大社會」治理格局的服務型政府的重要措施。中國公共服務購買的首例得追溯到1995年的上海。當年上海市浦東新區社會發展局向上海基督教青年會委託養老服務，是中國政府最早向社會組織購買公共服務的探索。 此後，中國各地區政府如廣東、江蘇、北京、四川、浙江等地紛紛都展開了政府向社會組織購買公共服務的推廣探索，公共服務購買的內容和範圍逐漸擴大到醫療衛生服務、教育服務、社區服務、培訓服務、就業服務、計劃生育服務等諸多公共服務領域。

人脈理論相關的文獻,尤以 Granovetter(1973)提出非常優雅的「弱連結 (weak tie)」一詞最為經典,他的論文發現經由弱連結介紹新工作的成功率高於 強連結,同時提出弱連結相較於強連結(strong tie)更多元,因此弱連結對宏觀世 界的效益必大於強連結。而後 Rogers(2006)也在創新的擴散中提出弱連結應 該屬於異質性連結,強連結則屬於同質性的連結,異質性不容易連結卻對擴散的 影響更大。因此本研究的動機將以弱勢的創業家為研究對象,探討弱連結擴散的 動機與擴散方法,並回答研究問題弱連結的擴散效益為何? 本研究發現弱連結的脆弱並不全然是異質性不易溝通之故,因為弱連結與強連結最大的不同是強連結靠關係遠近產生連結,弱連結則是自願性的連結居多,因此創業家的創夢才是真正點燃連結的起源,此外弱連結的橋樑特質是喜好轉介稀有性消息,產生消息經濟的效益而達到更廣泛的連結,因此研究者認為弱連結應用於創新擴散將有三點效益,第一點是弱連結因為自發性動機與可被信任的第三方而提高傳遞意願,第二點是弱連結以泛泛之交居多,他們喜好轉介稀有性消息,因此提高傳送廣度,最後發現所謂的六度分隔除了代表差異性人脈將造成平 均為六的結果外,也代表著六個人脈圈,本研究因此發現第一度的人脈差異將影 響網際網路時代的小世界接受率。 而對於創業家以弱連結來進行創新擴散,研究者認為實務上建立異質性創業 團隊將有助於進入不同特質的弱連結樞紐區,此外創業家勇於發表創夢的想法, 其心態越開放也有助於凝聚弱連結,因此創業家可以藉由社群網站或部落格等媒 體建立自行發聲的管道,將有助於幫助創業家位於樞紐中心,強化擴散的能力。 研究者在回顧文獻後也發現,弱連結在開放式網絡下的橋樑特質與效益被後來學 者忽略,同時隨著網際網路興起帶來多元的媒體與開放式人際關係,研究者認為 將更有助於觀察弱連結對創新擴散的幫助,本研究觀察 Apps 產業裡 Bonnie’s Brunch 個案後,經由八位訪談者與半年的網路社群媒體追蹤的結果,發現弱連 結的橋樑功能是資訊的聚集處,也是連結的捷徑,因此擁有對的連結的確是很重要的事,但是弱連結卻未必時常擔任善意的陌生人,因此弱連結的連結困難在於弱連結的自願性動機,因此研究者在理論貢獻部分提出弱連結的力量來源為自願性的動機,這股隱性的力量唯有受到單純動機的點燃才能爆發出來,因此創業家成功的方程式還有一項無法被操控的弱連結影響力,唯有創業家經過長期的耕耘,持續提供資訊交換,才能與弱聯結維繫關係。 / Among the personal network theory related literatures, the elegant term “weak tie” proposed by Granovetter(1973) is the most classic theory. His thesis paper finding shows that the success rate of introducing new jobs through a weak tie is higher than that of a strong tie. Hence, he believes that as the macroscopic view of the world’s weak tie is more diverse than the strong tie, the benefits produced after creating the tie are definitely greater than the strong tie. Rogers (2006) later proposed in diffusion of innovation that the weak tie is the tie of heterogeneity, while the strong tie is the tie of homogeneity. Heterogeneity does not easily produce a tie, but it has a greater impact on diffusion. Therefore, the weak tie diffusion motivation and diffusion method were explored in this study, and the research problem, i.e., the diffusion benefits of the weak tie, was answered. It was found in this study that the vulnerability of the weak tie is not entirely due to the communication difficulty of heterogeneity, because the greatest difference between the weak tie and strong tie lies in the fact that strong ties produce ties depending on the distance of a relationship, while weak ties are generally voluntary ties. Hence, entre- preneurs’ building of dreams is the actual source that triggers ties. In addition, the weak tie bridge is characterized by a preference to prefer rare news, Newsonomics, and achieve more extensive links. Thus, the researcher believes that there are three benefits when the weak tie is applied in diffusion of innovation. First, the weak tie enhances the willingness to convey messages due to its own voluntary motivation and trustworthy third party. Second, weak ties are generally formed by acquaintances. They prefer to refer rare news, thus the broader conveyance. Lastly, it was found that the so-called six degrees not only represents differential personal networks that result in the outcome of six on average, but also represents six network circles. It was therefore found in this study that the first-degree personal network will affect the small world acceptance rate in the Internet age. As for entrepreneurs, they engaged in diffusion of innovation through weak ties. The researcher believes that, in practice, the establishment of the entrepreneurial team of homogeneity is conducive to entry into weak tie hubs of different characteristics. In addition, entrepreneurs had the courage to express their ideas about building dreams, and their open-mindedness also contributed to the gathering of weak ties. Hence, it is suggested that entrepreneurs establish channels to voice themselves through communi- ty networks, BLOG, and other medias, which will help them stay in the hub and strengthen their ability to diffuse. Through literature review, the researcher found that the bridging characteristics and benefits of the weak tie in the open-type network had been neglected by subsequent researchers. At the same time, the rise of the Internet has brought about a diversity of media and open-type interpersonal relationships, which is believed to be more helpful for weak ties to contribute to diffusion of innovation. Through observations made on the entrepreneurs of Bonnie’s Brunch in the App industry, the results of interviews with 8 individuals, and long-term tracking of Internet community media, it was found that the bridge of the weak tie is a gathering place of information and it is also a shortcut of ties. Therefore, having the right links is indeed important. However, the weak tie is not always willing to serve as the stranger that displays goodwill. The difficulty in linking weak ties therefore lies in the voluntary motivation of the weak tie. In the researcher’s theoretical contributions, it was mentioned that the source of the weak tie force is the voluntary motivation, and this implicit force can only explode after igniting pure mo- tive. Therefore, the successful equation still possesses the influence of the weak tie that cannot be manipulated. Only through long-term cultivation of entrepreneurs and con- tinuous provision of information exchanges to maintain the relationships with weak ties.

紐伯瑞獎為創設於1922年的美國兒童文學獎，每年頒發給最傑出的美國兒童圖書的文字作者。創設至今，培育出無數傑出作家及優秀作品。不唯為全美兒童文學獎項的權威，也是全世界相關領域的師法對象。本研究採取書目計量法，探索1922年到2015年美國紐伯瑞獎作者背景、作品體裁與題材分佈，並透過台灣NBINet及中國CALIS蒐集中譯本書目，以瞭解作品中譯本出版狀況。研究結果歸納如下，一、作者背景：(1)作者有279名，美國與紐約州出生者最多，女性是男性的2倍，平均壽命78.3歲；(2)集中在30到59歲首度獲獎；(3) 1次得獎者最多，Meindert DeJong及Laura Ingalls Wilder創下最高得獎次數5次。二、作品體裁與題材：(1)體裁最多的是小說、傳記、短篇；(2)題材最多的是歷史、現實、冒險。三、作品中譯本：(1)54%的作品有中譯本，最早的中譯本是1925年上海商務印書館《人類的故事》，由沈性仁譯自《The Story of Mankind》；(2)最多中譯出版社及譯者翻譯出版的是《The Story of Mankind》，中譯書名種類最多的是《The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle》；(3)作品的中譯出版社、中譯譯者、中譯書名三種數量高度相關；(4)中譯本與英文本平均出版時間間隔，繁體是17.95年、簡體是27.83年；(5)繁體中譯出版社有72家，主要出版社是智茂、東方。簡體中譯出版社有108家，主要出版社是新蕾、中國少年兒童、河北教育；(6)譯者有438組，主要譯者是趙永芬、鄒嘉容、趙映雪；(7)中譯出版社最青睞小說體裁，不青睞知識文藝及傳說體裁；(8)中譯出版社最青睞動物及現實題材，較不青睞神祇題材。 / The Newbery Award was named for eighteenth-century British bookseller John Newbery. It is awarded annually by the Association for Library Service to Children, a division of the American Library Association, to the author of the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children. Based on bibliometrics, this study explores the genres, subjects and author’s backgrounds of Newbery winners and honor books from 1922 to 2015. The study also collects bibliographic records retrieved mainly from NBINet and CALIS databases for the purpose of investigating overall publishing status of their Chinese translations. The results are summarized as follows. First,with regards to the authors’ backgrounds, it is observed that: (1)Among the 279 authors, those born in USA comprise the largest number. New York is the most common birthplace for these USA born authors. Moreover, female authors account for twice the number of male authors. Furthermore, the average life expectancy for the authors is 78.3 years; (2)The majority of these authors received the award between 30 and 59 years of age; (3)Most of the authors were awarded only once. Meindert DeJong and Laura Ingalls Wilder, having been awarded 5 times, hold the record for the most Newberys won. Second, with regards to the distribution of the genres and themes of these works, it is observed that: (1)In terms of genre, the majority of the works fall under fiction and nonfiction novels, biography and short story; (2)The subject of these works mostly center around history, realism and adventure. Third, regarding the publishing status of these works’ Chinese translations, it is observed that: (1)Chinese translations are available for 54 percent of the works. The first Chinese translation was “Ren Lei De Gu Shi” published by Shanghai Commercial Press in 1925, which was translated from "The Story of Mankind" by Shen Xing-Ren; (2)The works with the largest number of Chinese publishing houses, Chinese translators and Chinese titles are "The Story of Mankind", “The Story of Mankind" and "The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle" respectively; (3)The numbers of Chinese publishing houses, translators and Chinese titles of a book are highly correlated; (4)In terms of the average time interval between the publication of English original works and Chinese translations, it took an average of 17.95 years for a Traditional Chinese translation to be published, while a Simplified Chinese translation usually took 27.83 years; (5)The number of Traditional Chinese publishers is 72, with the major publishers being Wisdom World Publishing and Eastern Publishing Co.. The number of Simplified Chinese publishers is 108; major publishers include New Buds Publishing House, China Children Publishing House and Hebei Education Press; (6)There are 437 group of translators, among which ZhaoYong-Fen, Zou Jia-Rong and Zhao Ying-Xue are the main translators; (7)From the standpoint of genre, Chinese publishing houses prefer to publish translations for fiction and nonfiction novels, while nonfiction depiction of facts and works based on folk legends are less favored; from the perspective of subjects, Chinese publishing houses favor realism and works with animal-related, whereas works based on mythologies receive least attention from publishers.

現今企業為因應科技不斷創新及產業結構之快速變動，當顧客需求變動更加快速，且顧客個別需求差異又大時，企業要如何快速因應？本研究探討的主題以顧客導向、顧客關係與共創價值為理論基礎，探討顧客與企業共創價值的新商業模式；並透過行動通訊產業的實務驗證，對顧客與企業共創價值的流程、概念與互動關係進行研究，肯定此新商業模式之價值。研究目的包括：探討企業與顧客共創價值之相關理論、發展企業與顧客共創價值之新商業模式以及藉由行動通訊產業實務驗證此商業模式之價值。 延續共創價值理論、顧客關係管理以及網路外部性與行動通訊價值鏈等前人研究與理論基礎，本研究所提出的新商業模式概念以企業經營利潤的提升為目的，就顧客與企業合作之創價路徑以及時程演進進行探討描述。透過產業研究驗證得到，創價路徑分為價值創造互動點、關鍵樞紐公司、經驗環境平台以及價值轉運機制等四個階段。而時程演進則分為引誘期、維持期、成長期與更新期四個階段。而研究結論包括：此新商業模式創造獨特價值、新商業模式能夠協助企業因應產業變化以及行動通訊產業為新商業模式之應用先驅。建議企業在應用新商業模式上先就企業本身的產業定位及優勢進行全面性檢討，才能夠發揮本身的優勢，以發展平台整合目標資源，透過價值轉運機制即時迅速地提供關鍵顧客獨特價值。 / The thesis focuses on new business model based on co-creating value with customers. It provides an overview of distinctive features of the unique value creating by corporate and customer. The specific purposes of the thesis are to define the co-creating value with customers, to develop a new business model based on that, and to enhance the value of the new business model in conjunction with mobile communications industry. Based on the researches regarding to co-creating value, customer relationship management and network externalities, this thesis analyses the key players and interactions that form part of co-creating value between corporate and customer, providing a foundation for future strategic analysis and drawing on some of the key factors that may influence the take-up of the new business model---including value creating process (value-creating interactive point, key nodal company, experience platform and value-transferring hub) and timeline developing (inducing period, preserving period, growing period, and renewing period)---the thesis also provides predictions regarding the future of industrial applying. A field experiment was conducted in mobile communications industry. The experiment reveals that the new business model has unique value, the new business model can facilitate the corporate adoption to the variation market and the mobile communications industry is found to be the first mover in terms of the implementation in this new business model. The importance and managerial implications of the new business and follow-up research are also discussed.

1996年來，《紐約時報》緊跟數位科技發展，跨媒體經營網站，其內部新聞室也出現轉折，以產製數位新聞目標，逐步調整新聞產製的內容與方式。本研究從新聞產製取徑出發，分析《紐約時報》自1996年到2016年間的新聞室數位化轉型歷程，剖析產製數位新聞與工作常規轉變之間的關聯性。經文獻回顧所整理的分析架構，將研究個案的分三階段探討：第一階段變革（1996-1999）、第二階段變革（2000-2007）、第三階段變革（2008-2016），文獻分析法，系統性地整理現有歷史資料，剖析研究個案在不同階段的轉型歷程。 研究發現，《紐約時報》在各階段數位科技發展中從未缺席，甚至積極擁抱改變，拋棄過往歷經百年的印刷報紙產製流程，以求市場領先地位。其歷年來的數位新聞服務多元，儘管過程中有些服務宣告失敗，但經營者與高層主管總有獨到見解，積極投入資源，內部新聞從業人員也總能快速因應，不斷招募新的數位科技人才，設立新職務，打造不同以往的新聞產製流程與工作常規。相較於過去，《紐約時報》網站與報紙新聞室之間的關係已經反客為主，從「網路優先」概念進展到「行動優先」，並持續在新聞室中拓展不一樣的新聞工作常規和產製流程，為《紐約時報》新聞室數位化轉型，埋下成功的因子。 / Today, journalists across the organization are hungry to bring about change while facing a vital moment where digitalization has pushed the entire newspaper industry to accelerate transformation. In the past few years, The New York Times, as a pioneer of the American newspaper industry, has tried to change news routines and produce progress that takes advantage of today’s changing media landscape. In light of the importance of digitalization, this case study takes a historical approach to analyze the digitalization of The New York Times newsroom from 1996 to 2016, as well as other endeavors, in order to provide a framework of the newspaper’s news routines during the digitalization era. The analysis framework is composed into three periods of time: 1996-1999, 2000-2007, and 2008-2016. This study concludes that as The New York Times is uniquely well-positioned to transform itself quickly, it buried the traditional news routines of print newspaper and moved forward to make digital progress as soon as possible. Their digital-first strategy is still ongoing, and, as a result, this report shows that The New York Times has played a vital role in a changing world and has brought about different types of digital progress.

音樂，不僅是一種藝術，更是各種情感，甚至是思想的反映與表現。它存在於整個大自然中，超越人類甚至是先於人類；但人類發現了它，豐富了它，讓它滋潤了我們的生命，可以透過它來表達，也能被它所感動。而宗教音樂，更可視為人類音樂中的最菁華，它能撫慰、感動與昇華我們的心靈，還提供了沉靜思緒，讚頌上主以及與上主溝通的功能，尤其是內涵豐富深廣的基督宗教音樂，它的誕生，就等於西方音樂的誕生；它的歷史，幾乎就等於整部西方音樂史。 　　本論文共分為六章：第一章為緒論，說明研究動機、研究目的、研究途徑、方法及限制、文獻評論，以及研究架構。第二章介紹基督宗教音樂中，從古猶太音樂、古希臘音樂到羅馬天主教聖樂的發展。內容首先釐清聖樂（sacred music/духновная музыка）的觀念，對相關名詞做清楚的闡釋與分類，然後介紹古猶太音樂中對基督宗教聖樂影響較深的部分、對後世音樂理論影響至深且廣的希臘音樂調式、天主教最重要的葛利果聖歌，以及重要記譜法的演進過程等。第三章集中討論東正教聖樂的歷史，從拜占庭到羅斯 ，包含了拜占庭聖樂中最重要的「拜占庭八調式」（осмогласие или октоих）之理論內容以及實際應用、羅斯的「符號歌唱音樂」（знаменное пение）與「多聲部合唱音樂」（партесное пение）兩大重要聖樂形式的起源發展與結構性質，同時，也會提及「符號歌唱音樂」中的「神聖詩文」（духовные стихи），以及羅斯最早的複音音樂「領唱歌唱音樂」（демественное пение）。第四章從「聲學」以及「曲式學」的角度研究俄羅斯東正教聖樂的內部結構；將畢達格拉斯的「純律」、教會調式、希臘調式、拜占庭的音程單位「莫里亞」、計算音程的單位「音分」等交相使用，分析與證明俄羅斯東正教聖樂的調式，並以曲式學分析其曲式。同時本論文將使用柯爾蒂希《俄國音樂史》（Келдыш, Ю.К., «История русской музыки»）中提供之譜例做為具體分析研究之對象。第五章剖析俄羅斯東正教聖樂形於外部的表現規範，包含作曲者的身分、演唱者的性別是否有限制、純人聲無伴奏演唱法（a cappella）的發展及使用、歌唱與教堂建築間的關係、合唱團在教堂中的位置等層面。第六章為全文之結論部分，除對各章節的研究作一個總結，亦包含本論文所預期之學術貢獻。