本研究以2000年至2004年台灣上市櫃的623家電子業為研究對象，探討員工分紅制度對企業經營績效的影響。本研究採用兩階段法，第一階段，採用DEA併用單變量統計之變異數分析法(ANOVA)及無母數分析法(Wilcoxon兩樣本檢定；K-W多樣本檢定)，來驗證電子業實行員工分紅對企業經營績效的影響。第二階段，DEA併用Tobit迴歸模型，比較第一階段單變量統計檢定的研究結果。研究結果發現： (1)電子產業內有發放員工分紅者的企業經營績效顯著較低，同時電子業發放前一年度員工分紅者對當年度的經營績效為負向顯著相關。 (2)電子產業內發放員工現金紅利對企業經營績效的影響顯著高於股票紅利者，同時電子業發放前一年度員工股票紅利者對當年度的企業經營績效為負向顯著相關。 (3)電子產業內員工分紅佔公司市值比例高者對企業經營績效的影響劣於員工分紅佔公司市值比例低者，且在增加其他控制變數後，電子業發放前一年度員工分紅佔公司市值比例高者對當年度的企業經營績效為負向顯著相關。 (4)電子產業內員工分紅佔薪資比例高者對企業經營績效的影響優於員工分紅佔薪資比例低者，且在增加其他控制變數後，電子業發放前一年度員工分紅佔薪資比例高者對當年度的企業經營績效為正向顯著相關。

本研究旨在瞭解國民小學教師發展班級文化之現況，並探討不同背景變項的國小教師在發展班級文化上所呈現的差異情形。本研究之研究目的如下：(一)探討國民小學教師發展班級文化之內涵與現況；(二)瞭解國民小學教師發展班級文化與教師班級經營效能之關係；(三)瞭解國民小學教師發展班級文化與班級經營效能之預測情形；(四)根據研究結果提出建議，以提供教育行政機關、國民小學教師及未來研究者參考。 為達成上述研究目的，本研究採用問卷調查法收集並分析資料。研究工具係研究者自編之「國民小學教師發展班級文化與班級經營效能問卷」，並以台北縣、台北市、基隆市、桃園縣、宜蘭縣之公立國民小學級任教師為研究對象。所得資料以平均數、標準差、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、薛費法事後多重比較、皮爾森積差相關分析及多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析。 本研究之主要發現與結論如下： 一、班級之組織特性適合運用形塑發展班級文化。而發展班級文化大致可從五個向度進行：(1)發展班級文化環境；(2)孕育班級文化活動；(3)營造班級文化特色；(4)凝聚班級文化共識。(5)激發班級成員表現。 二、國民小學教師發展班級文化的實際情形尚佳。國民小學教師所知覺發展班級文化的行為中，以「激發班級成員表現」的得分最高，亦即教師們在發展班級文化時，也能對學生投以高度關懷，增加學生的價值感。 三、國民小學教師背景變項中，性別、年齡、服務年資、學校所在地在發展班級文化問卷上均有顯著差異，而最高學歷、職務及學校規模無顯著差異。 四、知覺不同發展班級文化程度之國民小學教師，其在班級經營效能上的表現有顯著差異。 五、國民小學教師透過發展班級文化的認知與作為，可以提高其班級經營效能。教師發展班級文化及其各向度，與教師班級經營效能及其各向度間呈現顯著的正相關。 六、國民小學教師發展班級文化對班級經營效能有預測作用。 最後，根據本研究之文獻分析、研究結果分析與討論，提出幾點建議，以供教育行政機關、國民小學學校行政、國民小學教師及未來相關研究之參考。 / The purposes of this study are to understand the current situation of elementary school teachers’ developmental classroom culture and how different teacher backgrounds are reflected in the developmental classroom culture. The major concerns of this study were as fellows: (1) to investigate the current situation of teachers’ developmental classroom culture in elementary schools, (2) to analyze the relationships between teachers’ developmental classroom culture and classroom management efficacy, (3) to explore the predictive power of teachers’ developmental classroom culture on their classroom management efficacy, (4) to provide reference and suggestions based on the conclusions suggested by the survey data. The investigation was based on questionnaires which were distributed at 100 elementary schools in Taipei county, Taipei city, Kee-Long city, Tao-Yuang county, and Yi-Lang county. The data was analyzed statistically employing the method of descriptive statistic, t-test, one-way ANOVA, the Scheffé method, correlation analysis, and multi stepwise regression analysis. The major findings are as fellows: 1. The characters of the organization in the classroom are adaptive to shape and form the developmental classroom culture. And the developmental classroom culture is approximately to be possible to carry on five parts: (1) develop the classroom culture environment, (2) breed the classroom culture activity, (3) build the classroom culture characteristic, (4) condense the classroom culture, (5)stimulate the members of the class to act. 2. The current situation of elementary school teachers’ developmental classroom culture is good. There is high perception for teachers’ developmental classroom culture among the elementary school teachers. 3. Significant differences exist among the gender, age, service years, and school location for teachers’ developmental classroom culture. 4. Significant difference exists among high, middle, and low teachers’ perception of teachers’ developmental classroom culture for their classroom management efficacy. 5. Significant positive correlation exists between teachers’ developmental classroom culture and their classroom management efficacy. 6. The classroom management efficacy can be predicted by the teachers’ developmental of classroom culture. Based on the results of this study, some suggestions are made for educational administration, the elementary school administration, the elementary school teachers and future study.

近年來由於網際網路的發達，帶動電子商務的興起、活絡，消費者消費型態的改變直接的衝擊到各個零售通路的經營，台灣地區便利商店的發展更是快速，密集度位居全球之冠。 未來，如何在有限的實體空間下，充分發揮連鎖型便利商店據點多、分佈廣、以及全天候營業的特性，運用虛擬化的模式擴大經營服務的範圍。 本研究是以便利商店業就其在代收服務、電子商務服務、預購服務、以及物流服務導入虛擬化經營模式的作業架構及作業流程一一探討，在其演進的過程中都是以如何提供消費者更便利的服務為前提。 / In recent years, eBusiness has grown enormously due to the popularity of the Internet. This change in consumers' buying habits has a direct impact on the management of retail businesses, including convenience stores. The density of these stores in Taiwan ranks among the highest in the world, and their numbers are rapidly increasing. In the future, with limited available space, how shall we use the virtual business operation model to expand the scope of the management and service using benefits of convenience stores, such as multiple locations, wide distribution and 24/7 availability? In this research, we discuss methods to provide better service to consumers, by using the virtual business operation flowchart along with services provided by convenience stores, such as bill payment, eBusiness, pre-sale and logistics services.

人類文明發展的演進歷程中，工業革命與石油世紀將大量生產、大量消費與大量廢棄的傳統成長模式推展到極致。人類社會雖然因此獲得經濟上的快速發展，卻對自然環境造成不可回復的嚴重侵害。年年加劇的自然反撲現象，使人類在一方面藉由簽署國際公約與章程來發揮約束力的同時，也思索兼容社會經濟發展與環境保育的新社會型態—循環型社會的推動。本研究以2005日本愛知萬國博覽會為研究個案，財團法人2005年日本國際博覽會協會為研究標的，探討人類活動的永續化經營作為。 由於愛知萬博會為自九○年代數個萬博計劃中止或失敗以來，創下第一個參訪人數大幅超過預定人數紀錄的世界博覽會。並且，愛知萬博會乃以環境共生為主題，強調市民力量的參與，成為結合在地能耐與國家文化來呈現二十一世紀型的創新「自然博」，因此具備研究代表性。此外，從愛知縣爭取主辦權到實際舉辦的十五年間，博覽會計畫歷經數度修正，震盪漣漪從民間擴及到中央政府，到國際。儼然是一場「人定勝天」與「自然睿智」的攻防戰，而過程中的種種現象也象徵著多項新時代意義。 本研究以發展自司徒達賢CORPS模式（1999）的「文化活動之永續化經營模式」為研究架構，分別從「市民參加的影響力展現」、「主題滲透度與服務對象之行為改變」、「主題意識的擴散與深化」、「硬體設施的撤除與價值再創造」及「資於的再生利用」等五構面進行分析討論。研究發現，市民參與的層次已從過去被動的吸收資訊進展為主動的參與決策以及經營管理；一次性博覽會活動難以促成或誘發參觀受眾的行為改變，但能強化新觀念與行為改變間的正向連結；落實永續理念的博覽會活動，在策劃設計上需融入經濟、社會與文化因素的考量將有助於推動進行；博覽會活動在空間利用與撤除整備策劃設計上，應盡量活用既有地形與建材，且使用空間的再利用設計上應具有多元功能；運用巧思，讓事業廢棄物成為創意紀念品不僅為主辦單位帶來經濟收入，也是保存活動記憶與承續活動主題意識的最佳媒介；任何事業廢棄物都有其可利用價值，資源的使用乃是循環型的迴圈。 最後，得出以下四項結論：一、循環型社會是社會發展演進的趨勢。二、市民力量已成為人類活動中不可小覷的一股影響力。三、舉辦博覽會具有經濟發展與理念傳達兩方面的效益。四、永續化經營包含無形與有形兩個層面，有形係指在經營管理與作業流程中融入永續理念，無形則為永續理念的擴散、滲透，及誘發行為的改變。 / Thanks to rapid technological development bring by industrial revolution, people enjoy the outcome of industrial growth and economic development in the 20th Century which was characterized by mass-production, mass-consumption, and mass-discarding. At the same time, this has placed a tremendous burden on the natural environment, exceeding its capacity for self-recovery. Also, these trends resulted in various global environment issues such as global warming, unusual climates, species extinction, desertification, and the shortage of natural resources. As these issues cannot be resolved by one nation alone, there were several international rules be made to deal with environmental crisis. But human efforts still cannot catch up with the speed of global ecosystem damage. Thus, a brand-new, eco-compatible business model is needed which balanced society niches, biological diversity, and economic efficiency. The 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan, as the first world exposition in 21st century offered a great platform let countries to work together in the pursuit of a sustainable and harmonious coexistence for all life on Earth. Furthermore, form the setting of Expo themes to the planning, designing, and operating of the 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan these have symbolized the change of the managing philosophy in holding a big cultural activity. Considering the concept of circular orientated society and 3R policies (reduce, reuse, and recycle), this research focuses on the timeline after the duration of Expo, trying to figure out the eco-compatible conducts of Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition in sustainable way. ‘The sustainable management model of cultural activity’ is adopted in this research to analyze the case. Besides, there are five variables in this model which as following: ‘the influence of citizen participation after Expo’, ‘the understanding of Expo theme and the behaviors induced by changes of visitors after Expo’, ‘the diffusion and internalization of Expo theme to visitors after Expo’, ‘the remove and value creation activities of hardware in Expo site after Expo’, and ‘the processing and reusing of resources in Expo site after Expo’. In addition, first hand material (the interview of the chief producer of Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition, Shohei Fukui) and second hand material are used in the studying and analyzing process. According to the background above, the following questions would be answered by this research: 1. What influence did ‘citizen participation’ affect the recovery and the new plan of Expo sites after the 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan? 2. What levels did the visitors reach on the understanding of the Expo themes? And what behaviors of visitors have been induced due to the attending of Expo? 3. How did Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition cope with its operational activities, remove activities of facilities and pavilions, and the value creation activities of Expo sites based on Expo theme which man and nature can co-exist in harmony, after the 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan? 4. How did Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition diffuse and internalize the Expo themes into public through specific activities, carriers and organization after the 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan? 5. How did Expo theme which man and nature can co-exist in harmony affect Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition on the way of resources processing and reusing after the 2005 world exposition, Aichi, Japan? Combining 12 research findings were brought up from this research, there are 4 conclusions of this research can be summarized as below: 1. Circular orientated society is the next trend of human society apparently. People have to aim to benefit from nature without harming it, and develop ways of maintaining a mutually dependent and beneficial relationship with nature. 2. The power of citizen participation cannot be ignore in holding of human cultural activities. Without the concern and involvement of citizen, cultural activities will lost of uniqueness and won’t be last in local areas. So that the objective of incubating local competitive ability will not come true. 3. There are two advantages from holding an Expo, which are economic development and the diffusion of new concept, new technology and new social system. 4. The concept of ‘the sustainable management model of cultural activity’ includes two meanings: In tangible aspect, fulfill the vision of a sustainable and harmonious coexistence into management conducts and operational process in daily life. In intangible aspect, diffuse and internalize the eco-compatible theme or environmental concept into public, induce behaviors changed of public unconsciously.

本文以象徵「非獨占」公營企業－臺灣省農工企業公司作為檢視其「非獨占」公營事業的進行。在研究材料上，主要利用該公司1957～2001年歷年的《董監事會議紀錄》、《常務董事會議紀錄》與1978～2001年歷年《決算書》資料，並且大量運用各期《臨時省議會大會專輯》、《省議會公報》、《省政府公報》，再加上《臺灣銀行季刊》、《經濟參考資料》從該公司的經營分析來探討戰後政府對此種公營企業的掌控、經濟發展政策對其影響、在臺灣戰後經濟是否仍擔負起公營企業的責任及效果評估等問題。 本文結果發現，戰後臺灣的經濟發展經由「日產」的接收延續戰前的體制，1953年耕者有其田政策後，由於民股挑選剩下的廠礦所成立臺灣省農工企業公司，承接日本人中小企業、農林及工礦而組成，致使該公司在先天上的不足，預留了諸如土地資產糾紛、資產處分、生產設備更新及面臨民營競爭的問題，這些問題成為臺灣農工經營困境的歷史約制。 臺灣農工歷年的虧損主要是該公司業務體質所致的因素佔較大的成份，在公司業務種類繁多且相關性甚低，彼此間又不具備綜效，互補性亦不高，所以到後期常常依靠賣公司資產來挹注資金。又因為是應政府政策成立的公司，在經營體質上難脫政府機關之習氣，同時面臨國際化與自由化的市場劇烈競爭，受制於本身成本過高，產銷無法大幅成長。該公司自1993年度開始的虧損每年持續擴大，此情形便反映在每年營業報告書都會提及「因公司先天條件不良，經營倍極艱困，致歷年虧損累累，幾至岌岌可危」。再加上，省政府的態度搖擺多變，使得該公司數次暫緩民營化的腳步，最後於2003年1月1日起進入解散清算階段至今。

本文研究為經營績效與匯率波動之關聯性，以我國30家民營銀行各別加入日本匯率與美國匯率對銀行經營績效之影響進行分析研究，而匯率變動儼然是當前備受關注之重要議題，無論在我國金融機構或進出口廠商之銀行經營績效存在不確定性，因此，本文之探討動機以我國銀行為主體，觀察銀行之經營績效，受到匯率波動之影響。則應變數為資產報酬率，自變數為資本適足率、逾放比率、存放比率與匯率，則探討時期分成三階段，(1)2005年第四季至2013第四季整體期間經歷過金融海嘯；(2)2005第四季至2007年第四季前期期間未經歷過金融海嘯；(3)2009年第一季至2013年第四季後期期間經歷過金融海嘯後。使用Panel Data進行實證分析。如下分析三階段: (1)在整體期間經歷過金融海嘯，各別加入匯率，日本匯率與美國匯率都為負向不顯著，資本適足率與存放比率對是否有加入匯率關係都為正向顯著性，逾放比率為負向顯著性。 (2)在前期期間未經歷過金融海嘯，各別加入匯率，日本匯率為正向不顯著；美國匯率為正向顯著性，資本適足率與存放比率對是否有加入匯率關係都為正向顯著性，逾放比率為負向顯著性。 (3)在後期期間經歷過金融海嘯後，各別加入匯率，日本匯率為負向不顯著；美國匯率為負向顯著性，資本適足率與存放比率對是否有加入匯率關係都為正向顯著性，逾放比率為負向顯著性。 / In this paper, we research for the connection of the operating performance and the relevance of exchange rate fluctuations. The influence of 30 private Banks in own country individually join the Japan and U.S exchange rate is on bank performance are studied, and the exchange rate changes obviously is the important issue that was concerned currently, no matter own country financial institution or import and export companies pair banks operating uncertainty existence, therefore, this text investigate motivation in order to own country banks as the mainstay, observe banks operating performance, by the influence of exchange rate fluctuation .Strain numbers is ROA, and the independent variable is BIS , NPL Ratio, Deposit Loan Ratio and exchange rate, explores period be divided into three stages,(1) During 2005 in the fourth quarter to 2013 in the fourth quarter whole period experience financial tsunami;(2) During 2005 in the fourth quarter to 2007 in the fourth quarter prophase period not experience financial tsunami;(3) During 2009 in the first quarter to 2013 in the fourth quarter late period experience financial tsunami, using panel data do empirical analysis. As follow analysis three stages: (1).During the whole period experienced a financial tsunami, individually joined the exchange rates, Japan exchange rate and U.S exchange rate is positive not significant. BIS and Deposit Loan Ratio whether to join the exchange rates relation are positive significant, and NPL is negative significant. (2).During prophase period not experience financial tsunami, individually joined the exchange rates, Japan exchange rate is positive not significant; the U.S exchange rate is positive significant, BIS and Deposit Loan Ratio whether to join the exchange rates relation are positive significant, and NPL is negative significant. (3).During the late period experience financial tsunami, individually joined the exchange rates, Japan exchange rate is negative no significant; the U.S is negative significant. BIS and Deposit Loan Ratio whether to join the exchange rates relation are positive significant, and NPL is negative significant. / 摘要……… I Abstract………… II 致謝…… III 目錄……….. IV 圖次…… V 表次 VI 第一章緒論 1 第一節研究背景與動機 1 第二節研究目的 2 第三節研究架構 4 第二章文獻回顧 5 第一節國內文獻 5 第二節國外文獻 8 第三節國內文獻敘述結論 10 第三章研究方法 13 第一節研究架構 13 第二節研究變數定義 13 第三節 OLS模型 15 第四節 Panel Data模型 15 第五節固定效果和隨機效果的判斷準則-Hausman Test 19 第四章實證結果 22 第一節敘述統計 22 第二節銀行現況 25 第三節研究模型 38 第五章結論與建議 54 第一節結論 54 第二節建議 55 參考文獻…. 56 圖次 圖1-1研究流程圖 4 圖4-1:我國銀行ROE與ROA 25 圖4-2:各國比較ROA 26 圖4-3:我國銀行之逾放比率 26 圖4-4:我國銀行之逾放比率家數 27 圖4-5:各國銀行業逾放比率之比較 27 圖4-6:我國銀行之資本適足率 28 圖4-7:各國銀行資本適足率比較 28 圖4-8:我國銀行調整後資本適足率之家數 29 圖4-9:我國銀行存放款比率 29 圖4-10:我國銀行之逾放比率 30 圖4-11:我國銀行逾放比率之家數 30 圖4-12:各國銀行業逾放比率比較 31 圖4-13:我國銀行存放款比率 31 圖4-14:我國銀行ROE與ROA 32 圖4-15:各國銀行ROA比較 32 圖4-16:我國銀行之資本適足率 33 圖4-17:各國銀行之資本足率比較 33 圖4-18:我國銀行逾放比率與資金 34 圖4-19:各國之逾放比率比較 34 圖4-20:我國銀行存放款比率 35 圖4-21:我國銀行ROE與ROA 35 圖4-22:各國銀行業ROA之比較 36 圖4-23:我國銀行資本適足率 36 圖4-24:各國銀行業之資本比率比較 37 表次 表1-1中文文獻匯整 10 表1-2國外文獻敘述結論 12 表4-1整體敘述統計結果 2005~2013 23 表4-2前期敘述統計結果2005~2007 24 表4-3後期敘述統計結果2009~2013 24 表4-4本研究銀行列表 37 表4-5整體實證研究結果 39 表4-5-1採用固定變動效果進行分析 39 表4-5-2採用固定變動效果進行分析 40 表4-5-3採用固定變動效果進行分析 40 表4-5-4採用固定變動效果進行分析 41 表4-5-5採用固定變動效果進行分析 41 表4-5-6採用固定變動效果進行分析 42 表4-5-7以總資產報酬率(ROA)為被解釋變數之迴歸模型(未加入匯率) 44 表4-5-8以總資產報酬率 (ROA) 為被解釋變數之迴歸模型(加入日本匯率) 44 表4-5-9以總資產報酬率 (ROA) 為被解釋變數之迴歸模型(加入美國匯率) 44 表4-6為研究前期實證分析結果 45 表4-6-1採用隨機變動效果進行分析 46 表4-6-2採用隨機變動效果進行分析 46 表4-6-3採用隨機變動效果進行分析 47 表4-6-4以總資產報酬率 (ROA) 為被解釋變數之迴歸模型(未加入匯率) 48 表4-6-5以總資產報酬率 (ROA) 為被解釋變數之迴歸模型(加入日本匯率) 48 表4-6-6以總資產報酬率 (ROA) 為被解釋變數之迴歸模型(加入美國匯率) 48 表4-7為研究後期實證分析結果 49 表4-7-1採用固定變動效果進行分析 50 表4-7-2採用隨機變動效果進行分析 51 表4-7-3採用隨機變動效果進行分析 51 表4-7-4以總資產報酬率 (ROA) 為被解釋變數之迴歸模型(未加入匯率) 52 表4-7-5以總資產報酬率 (ROA) 為被解釋變數之迴歸模型(加入日本匯率) 52 表4-7-6以總資產報酬率(ROA)為被解釋變數之迴歸模型(加入美國匯率) 52

受到全球化的影響，人類的生活環境和模式與過往出現了很大的不同，國與國之間無論是文化、經濟、資源的交流方便且頻繁。在商場上，企業要面對的不再只是國內的競爭對手，而是來自全球各地的挑戰。彼此的競爭和合作不再受時空條件限制，規模也不可同日而語。對此，企業要擁有能夠幫助自己建立優勢地位的關鍵性資源，打造出自己的核心競爭能力和差異性，才能脫穎而出，而「品牌」是當前產、官、學界公認有力的武器之一，是企業重要的無形資產。 　　代工製造利潤式微，兩岸目前在整體產業環境和政府政策上，都出現產業轉型、建立自有品牌、打造國際品牌的產業升級意識，但品牌自創難度和成本極高，是一段漫長且有風險的道路。加上亞洲國家在品牌行銷能力上相對較弱，以及國際對亞洲國家的刻板印象等劣勢因素，亦不利兩岸自創之本土品牌的建立與國際推廣。故近幾年，向外併購歐美知名品牌逐漸形成趨勢。 　　本研究試圖觀察以併購作為經營發展策略的兩岸企業，在併購活動中所帶有的品牌佈局策略性思維，探討以品牌資產之取得作為併購動機與標的。並以個案研究方式，選擇「安邦保險收購紐約華爾道夫酒店」與「晶華酒店併購麗晶品牌」進行個案分析，從中瞭解併購後如何整合運用該品牌資產，讓品牌權益得以發揮並提升主併企業之核心競爭力，幫助主併企業立足全球市場、永續經營。最後根據分析結果，給予企業關於品牌併購及品牌經營的相關建議。 　　研究顯示，被併購標的的品牌權益確實會成為主併企業的優勢競爭資源，甚至帶動主併企業本身價值和企業品牌之權益增值。而要收併購綜效，最重要的是必須擁有與經營核心目標相符的品牌策略，並以此帶領整個品牌併購活動的規畫到執行，才能借力使力獲得市場力量。同時，也建議有意發展品牌之企業，除了有品牌專責經營團隊，也要將品牌策略傳遞組織各部門，落實到產品或服務提供的每個環節，以打造成功而強勢的品牌。

公司法之臨時管理人制度係為因應董事會無法行使職權，將致公司有受損害之虞，考量股東權益之保障以及交易秩序之維護，由司法機關介入，為公司選任臨時管理人，以暫時代行董事會及董事長職權。然在實務運作面上，臨時管理人除了作為董事缺位、公司內部因股權結構或董事派別因素所致無法決定事務等困境之解決手段外，尚有藉由選任臨時管理人以遂行法律或訴訟程序，或在公司經營權爭奪之時作為穩定局勢之用，亦有將之視為拯救董事會嚴重瀆職之方式。另一方面，在構成要件之解釋上，則多以該規定之立法說明為依歸。惟細究臨時管理人制度，其本質為司法介入公司自治領域，故在適用前提上應更為審慎。 本文以美國模式作為我國選任臨時管理人之實質要件與權限責任的參考對象，將股東自治可能性視為現行法下是否適用臨時管理人制度之重要前提。具體類型則包括股東僵局、董事僵局以及董事遭禁止行使職權之定暫時狀態假處分等「董事會不能行使職權」之事由；至於「董事會不為行使職權」之事由，則需考量我國臨時管理人之制度功能有無包括債務清理、重建功能，以及選任臨時管理人之同時是否將與現任董事間造成權限重疊問題。此外，就「致公司有受損害之虞」之要件，本文嘗試提出幾項判準茲以適用。至於臨時管理人之權限，基於其暫時性代行職權之性質，應作目的性限縮解釋，相對地，就其義務及責任內容亦應有所調整。 末以，我國公司法臨時管理人制度之規範不足，相關之修正聲浪未曾停歇。本文建議加入股東自治可能之選任要件，並賦予法院裁定准許臨時管理人採取打破公司僵局或防止公司受損等必要行為之權限，同時將臨時管理人之地位明文化，並規範其對公司、第三人所應負之責任程度。此外，尚將其報酬請求權之基礎及決定方式一併明定，最後，關於解任臨時管理人之程序及效力，則依董事會是否得以行使職權分別提出立法建議。

地方民意代表，以繼續連任為目標，對於選區的經營及選民的個案服務無不全力以赴，做好選區經營選民服務，是再次爭取選民選票支持的重要關鍵；本文以第一屆新北市65位現任議員為研究對象，透過對全體議員的問卷調查和對10位議員的深入訪談，探知他們對於選區經營選民服務的看法和作為，藉以了解地方民意代表如何服務地方服務選民的參考依據。 依問卷填答資料統計顯示，新北市議員平均聘請助理數7.40人，平均設置之服務處數2.16處，每星期選民反應請託案件數平均19.88件，每星期紅白帖平均數29.06張；以每周工作70小時計，花在議會問政25.55小時，選民服務時間39.91小時，自己事業時間4.54小時。議員為民服務最重視的項目依序是：選民個案服務、爭取選區地方建設經費、議會質詢及監督行政機關。各類型選民反應或請託案最多的是糾紛調解，其次是爭取社團、里活動經費補助和地方小型建設建議案。各不同黨籍或新科/連任議員皆盡全力做好選區經營選民服務，所以比較各項數據沒有明顯差異。 深入訪談第一部分訪談選區經營具特色及代表性議員，請議員說明其選區經營選民服務的理念和實際做法，詢問其選區特性、選民結構及選舉競爭，並了解其依個人特質所建立的選舉資源網絡。第二部分訪談市府規劃欲興建殯葬專區之選區議員，做為選區經營案例之研究，了解議員以何管道探知選民反對意向，如何發動選民陳情抗爭，如何維護選區選民權益，及利用此一議題進行選區經營的思維與策略。 / The local elected representatives go to great lengths to manage their electoral districts and to provide the best service for their votes as their main goal is to continue in office, and the key to it is to gain the voters’ support. This study will focus on the case of the 65 councilmen of the first session in New Taipei City. Through a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews with 10 of the councilmen, their viewpoints and behaviors related to their electoral district management and service are provided as to have reference to understand their ways of provided service. According to the statistical results of the questionnaire survey, the average number of assistant per New Taipei City councilman is 7.40 persons; the average number of service center is 2.16; the average number of cases of the voters for any request per week is 19.88; the average number of red/white envelopes per week is 29.06; they work 70 hours per week, for which 25.55 hours are spent in the parliament, 39.91 hours are dedicated for the voters and 4.54 hours are for their own business. The priority of tasks in importance are in the following order: voters’ cases, seeking for local infrastructure funds, questioning in the parliament, and supervision of the administrative offices. In regard to the type of the voters’ cases, the major issue consists of dispute resolution followed by the seeking of association or neighborhood subsidies and recommendations for minor establishments. The councilmen show no distinctive differences as all of them, regardless their political parties or seniority, are trying their best for good management and service for their electoral districts. As for the in-depth interview, the first part consists of the interviews with representative councilmen with features in their electoral district management. The interviewees are asked to provide their visions and practical executions for their electoral districts, and then explained the features of their electoral districts, the structure of the voters and the electoral competitions as to understand the online electoral resources established in accordance with their personal characteristics. The second part consist of interviews with the councilmen whose electrical districts contain planning funeral area by the city government as management case studies. Through the interviews, we are able to understand the councilmen’s channels to discover voters’ opposition, to mobilize voters for petition, to defend voters’ rights and to promote ideas and strategies for the electoral district management.

本研究旨在探討高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營與學校效能的現況及其彼此之關係。採用調查研究法，編製「高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營與學校效能關係問卷」進行資料的蒐集，以臺灣地區公私立高級中等學校教師為研究對象，依學校類型、學校屬性、學校規模、所在區域等四種標準，分層抽取86所學校，共發出1192份問卷，回收1103份，回收率為92.5%，扣除無效問卷後，有效問卷為1052份。使用SPSS 18.0 for Windows及AMOS18.0 for Windows套裝軟體，進行描述性統計、因素分析、相關分析、t 考驗、變異數分析及結構方程模式等統計方法，獲得以下結論： 一、 「清晰的組織結構和績效責任」、「校園環境創新」、「行政公關績效」分別最能呈現高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營、學校效能之效果。 二、 高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營與學校效能現況屬於中高程度，分別以「營造信任的文化」、「外部關係創新」、「教師專業展能」得分最高，「清晰的組織結構與績效責任」、「校園環境創新」、「學生整體表現」得分最低。 三、 不同背景變項高級中等學校教師所知覺分布式領導現況達顯著差異者為：高中高於高職，私立學校高於公立學校，女性校長的學校高於男性校長，男性教師高於女性教師，51歲以上教師高於31-40歲、41-50歲的教師，服務21年 (含)以上的資深教師高於6-10年的教師，擔任主任者高於組長、導師與專任教師，大學學歷的教師高於研究所以上學歷的教師。 四、 不同背景變項高級中等學校教師所知覺學校創新經營現況達顯著差異者為：高中優於高職，私立學校高於公立學校，女性校長的學校高於男性校長的學校，男性教師高於女性教師，51歲以上教師高於31-40歲的教師，擔任主任者高於組長、導師與專任教師。 五、 不同背景變項高級中等學校教師所知覺學校效能現況達顯著差異者為：高中優於高職，私立學校高於公立學校，女性校長的學校高於男性校長的學校，51歲以上教師高於30歲以下、31-40歲、41-50歲的教師，服務21年 (含)以上的資深教師高於6-10年、11-15年的教師，擔任主任者高於組長、導師與專任教師。 六、 學校所在地區、學校規模、校長學歷、擔任校長年資四個背景變項不同之教師，所知覺高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營、學校效能皆無顯著差異。 七、 高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營與學校效能三者，兩兩之間皆為高度正相關。 八、 高級中等學校分布式領導可透過學校創新經營，增強對學校效能的正向影響力。分布式領導各層面對學校創新經營、對學校效能皆以「領導能量的投入」具有最大間接效果，其次依序為「清晰的組織結構和績效責任」、「自信推動變革的領導者」、「營造信任的文化」。學校創新經營各層面對學校效能的間接效果值由高而低依序為「課程活動創新」、「校園環境創新」、「外部關係創新」、「行政管理創新」。 最後，依據研究結論提出建議，供主管教育行政機關、學校及未來研究之參考。 / The purpose of this study is to probe into not only the current situation of distributed leadership, school innovative management and school effectiveness, but also their relationships with each other. With survey research method, a questionnaire entitled The Relationships Between Distributed Leadership, School Innovative Management and School Effectiveness in Senior High Schools is applied to gather data from public and private high school teachers in Taiwan area. By employing the stratified random sampling method, there are 1,192 questionnaires sent out to 86 schools, based on their type, attribute, scale, and location. There are 1,103 questionnaires retrieved, making the response rate 92.5%, and there are 1,052 valid questionnaires after invalid ones deducted. The packages SPSS 18.0 for Windows and AMOS 18.0 for Windows are adopted to carry out descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and structural equation modeling. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. “Definite organizational structure and performance responsibility,” “The innovation of campus environment,” and “The performance of administrative public relations” can best manifest the effects of distributed leadership, school innovative management and school effectiveness, respectively, in senior high schools. 2. The current situation of distributed leadership, school innovative management and school effectiveness in senior high schools belongs to high-intermediate level, with “Build the trustworthy culture,” The innovation of external relations,” and “The abilities of teachers’ professional development” attaining top marks, respectively, and “Definite organizational structure and performance responsibility,” “The innovation of campus environment,” and “Students’ overall performance” scoring the lowest, respectively. 3. Some significant differences toward the current situation of distributed leadership perceived by senior high school teachers with different background variables are: senior high schools higher than vocational high schools, private schools higher than public schools, schools with female principals higher than those with male principals, male teachers higher than female teachers, teachers older than 51 years of age higher than those of 31-40 years old or 41-50 years old, senior teachers with at least 21 years of teaching experience higher than those with 6-10 years, serving as directors higher than section chiefs, homeroom teachers and full-time teachers, and teachers with undergraduate degrees higher than those with graduate degrees. 4. Some significant differences toward the current situation of school innovative management perceived by senior high school teachers with different background variables are: senior high schools higher than vocational high schools, private schools higher than public schools, schools with female principals higher than those with male principals, male teachers higher than female teachers, teachers older than 51 years of age higher than those of 31-40 years old , and serving as directors higher than section chiefs, homeroom teachers and full-time teachers. 5. Some significant differences toward the current situation of school effectiveness perceived by senior high school teachers with different background variables are: senior high schools higher than vocational high schools, private schools higher than public schools, schools with female principals higher than those with male principals, teachers older than 51 years of age higher than those under 30 years old, 31-40 years old or 41-50 years old, senior teachers with at least 21 years of teaching experience higher than those with 6-10 years or 11-15 years, and serving as directors higher than section chiefs, homeroom teachers and full-time teachers. 6. Toward distributed leadership, school innovative management and school effectiveness in senior high schools, there is no significant difference perceived by teachers of four different background variables--school location, school scale, principals’ academic degrees, and duration as principals. 7. There is a highly positive correlation between distributed leadership, school innovative management and school effectiveness in senior high schools. 8. Distributed leadership in senior high schools can reinforce positive influence on school effectiveness through school innovative management. As regards all aspects of distributed leadership, the very one that has the most indirect effects on both school innovative management and school effectiveness is “The input of leadership,” and other aspects in sequence are “Definite organizational structure and performance responsibility,” “The leader confidently pushing for reforms,” and “Build the trustworthy culture.” All aspects’ top-down values of the indirect effects of school innovative management on school effectiveness are “The innovation of curricular activities,” “The innovation of campus environment,” ”The innovation of external relations,” and “The innovation of administrative management.” Finally, according to the conclusions of this study, some suggestions are proposed for the educational executive organizations, schools, and the reference of future study.