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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
581

企業併購下目標公司董事之受任人義務 / The fiduciary duty of the directors under mergers and acquisitions

林芝君 Unknown Date (has links)
現代公司走向公開發行後,公司由廣大而分散的投資股東所有,投資股東雖擁有公司所有權,卻無多餘的心力與能力去參與公司經營,公司經營交由專業經營者,於是產生企業經營與所有分離之情況,在企業經營與所有分離下,股東與經營者間乃出現代理問題,為解決代理問題,本人勢必要付出代理成本,近年來十分熱門的公司治理議題亦致力於降低代理成本問題,並從董事責任之加強著手,故而建立與釐清董事之受任人義務內涵,乃一重要的課題。 董事之受任人義務內涵,可分為注意義務與忠實義務兩個子義務,前者主要著重於董事之行為標準,後者則是關於董事與公司間有利益衝突時,董事應以公司利益為先之義務。本文先就美國相關規定分析介紹,再進一步探討我國公司法就董事受任人義務規範之不足之處,以提出相關建議。接著本文就董事對股東揭露義務將特予介紹,蓋股東必須在充足資訊揭露下才能做出最適的決定,而董事不僅是能以最低成本提供股東資訊者,且從董事與股東之受託人關係觀之,亦可作為應為股東利益最大化而提供資訊之合理性基礎。 董事相關受任人義務內涵在併購過程中是否會有所不同,亦為本文關注之重點,故區分為合意併購與敵意併購兩種情況加以分析。合意併購時著重於探討董事如何於併購過程中為公司及股東爭取最佳的利益,並藉由分析我國實務判決提出若干建議。敵意併購時則著重分析目標公司董事採行之防禦措施適法性,期能藉由參考美國實務上審查標準,將來可引用作為我國處理相關案例之一套準據。 / When corporations go public, a large number of investment shareholders who separate around everywhere own the corporation. Because shareholders don’t have enough time and talent to corporate the company, they deliver the works to professional managers. It appears “Separation of business and all”. At the same time, there come conflicts of interest between the principal and the agent, which called agency problems. In order to produce the agency problems, the principal has to pay for some costs which called agency costs. Recently, the popular corporate governance issue has emphasized the importance of the liabilities of the directors. Hence, to figure out how to build directors’ responsibilities and to know the content of fiduciary duty of the directors is a significant issue. Fiduciary duty of the directors consists of two sub content: duty of care and duty of loyalty. The former focuses on the level of attention of the directors take when they conduct. And the later focuses on when it faces the conflicts of interest between the company and the directors, the directors should take the company’s interest for priority. In this paper, I try to analysis the lack of the fiduciary duty standard in our country through comparing the U.S relevant standard, and to give some personal suggestion. Then I want to introduce the obligation of disclose of the directors. Because the shareholders need plenty of information to help them making informed decisions. Usually the directors can provide information under relatively low cost, and the fiduciary relationship between the directors and the shareholders gives a good reason to provide any necessary information to improve the shareholders’ best interest. If the fiduciary duty of the directors would be different during the takeover process is also what this paper wants to emphasize. In this paper I divided takeover into merger agreement and hostile takeover, and discuss under these two kind of takeover how should the directors conduct to meet the duty. When talking about merger agreement I focus on how the directors to seek for the best interest of the company and the shareholders during the whole merger course. And I try to give some suggestion through discussing one court judgment. Finally, when talking about hostile takeover I will emphasize on the anti-takeover conducts which the directors make, and try to analysis these conducts’ legality. Meanwhile I hope that with critiques and dissertations from American scholars and experts as reference can provide our court some useful and specific criterion in the future.
582

台灣地區房地產產業經營發展策略之探討─以A建商為例 / 無

羅志明 Unknown Date (has links)
房地產產業之興衰深受大環境變動所影響,因此廠商如何因應外部環境變遷所帶來的機會與挑戰,隨之調整自身所有的資源以改善劣勢,往往是企業能否創造持續競爭優勢之所在。而本研究之研究核心為台北市之小型建商,透過對台北市之A建商之深入訪談,以了解A建商之現況與遭遇問題,以擬定對策,提昇A建商之競爭力。 於分析台灣之總體經濟情勢與房地產市場後,本研究發現,未來兩年之房地產市場發展,仍呈現樂觀之情況,對於A建商而言,為規模擴張之適當時期。而分析A建商之問題後,發現A建商之發展關鍵,為規模之擴大與品牌之塑造,針對A建商面臨之情勢,本研究提出策略上之建議,以期增加A建商於產業中之競爭力。
583

我國上市公司股權集中度,薪酬設計與公司經營績效關係之研究 / A Study on the Relationship Among Top Executive Compensation Scheme, Ownership Structure and Firm Performance for Listed Companies in Taiwan

吳政穎, Wu, Cheng-Ying Unknown Date (has links)
高階主管薪酬計畫與股權結構是解決公司代理問題的重要機制,代理理論提出以績效決定酬勞的制度,可提供高階主管努力誘因,促使股東與高階主管之間的目標一致;同時股權結構也會影響高階主管的努力,進而對公司的。故本研究旨在探討我國上市公司股權集中度、酬勞計畫與公司經營績效之關係,並利用模式推導相關的命題與假說。 本研究利用混合迴歸就四年度主管薪酬資料加以分析,Scheffe檢定檢驗高階主管的持股比例與薪酬計畫的關係,實證結果整理如下: 1、董事長持股比例與薪酬無關,總經理持股比例與薪酬有關。 2、公司價值與董事會持股比例呈非線性的關係。 3、機構投資人偏向效率監督假說。 4、總經理薪酬計畫中的項目比薪酬水準的高低重要。 5、公司經營績效與高階主管薪酬呈正相關 / In agency theory, executive compensation contracts and ownership structures provide primary mechanisms for solving agency problems. Top executive compensation linked to performance can align the incentives of firms'' top executive with firms''stockholder. Ownership structure can influce the effort of the top executive. The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among top executive compensation scheme, ownership structure and firm performance for listed companies in Taiwan, and use modelling to develop related propositions and hypotheses. Pooling regressions using four years'' pool data and Scheffe test are performed to test hypothese, Empirical results are summarized as follows: 1.The holdings of chairman has nothing to do with the level of compsation and that of CEO has something to do with. 2.The non-linear relationship between firm value and holdings of board of directors. 3.The role of institution tends to be efficinet monitoring hypothesis. 4.Incentive component of CEO compensation scheme tends to be more important than level of that sheme. 5.Firm performance is positively associated with top executive''s cash compensation.
584

國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係研究 / A study on the relationships among elementary school teachers’ knowledge management, organizational citizenship behaviors and effectiveness of school innovation management.

簡正一, Jian, Zheng Yi Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討並驗證國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係。 本研究主要目的為: 一、修訂教師知識管理量表、教師組織公民行為量表以及學校創新經營效能自評量表。 二、了解教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係。 三、探索教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之現況,並探索增進學校創新經營效能的可行策略。 四、根據教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能的相關文獻與國內的實證研究,提出可供參考的建議。 本研究主要採取「調查研究法」,以新北市與臺北市公立國民小學教師為研究對象,研究工具為研究者修編之「國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係調查問卷」。發出正式問卷870份,回收可用問卷517份,回收問卷可用率為59.4%。 問卷調查所得資料以SPSS for Windows 12.0版電腦統計套裝軟體進行平均數及標準差統計分析、T考驗、單因子變異數分析及多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法處理分析。 本研究之研究結果如下: 一、國民小學教師普遍認同學校創新經營效能之效能,且對教師知識管理及教師組織公民行為有正向的知覺。 二、不同職務、不同服務年資、不同學歷的國民小學教師在「教師知識管理」、「教師知識管理」、「教師知識管理」層面的知覺有顯著差異。 三、國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校效能有直接正相關。 四、國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為對學校創新經營效能具有正面預測力。
585

台灣表演藝術團體以非營利組織型態經營其發展進程之研究-以現代舞團雲門舞集為例 / The study on institutionalized process of performing arts foundation-A case study of cloud gate dance theatre of Taiwan

陳若蘭, Chen, Rebecca R. L. Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以林懷民先生所創立之雲門舞集為例,探討台灣表演藝術團體以非營利組織型態經營發展之進程。研究問題有三: 一. 為什麼表演藝術團體要以非營利組織的型態來經營?他們真的很難盈利嗎? 二. 非營利組織型態經營的表演藝術團體,應該如何評估其工作績效? 三. 表演藝術團體以非營利組織型態經營時,如何邁向永續? 林懷民先生被柏林晨報譽為「亞洲最重要的編舞家」,他於1973年創立雲門舞集,是目前台灣擁有最多專業舞者的舞團。雲門舞者的訓練包括現代舞、芭蕾、京劇動作、太極導引、靜坐與內家拳,完整專業的訓練使雲門舞集行走國際,累積許多經典舞作。 雲門舞集在1988年成立雲門舞集文教基金會,1998年創立雲門舞蹈教室,1999年成立子團「雲門2」,深入台灣各地校園和社區。2008年,雲門八里排練場大火,這個空間曾是數齣經典舞作的孕育誕生之地,大火毀了歷年的音樂資料,早年使用的道具、服裝和多媒體幻燈片。 本研究在組織構形的相關文獻上主要參考李仁芳教授所著之《管理心靈》(1980),引申出雲門舞集在開創期、暫停期、成長期與成熟期等四期進程中所發生的組織構形。在組織成長的學理引用上,主要參考學者Larry E. Greiner 1998年在《Harvard Business Review》發表的〈Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow〉。 2009年4月,雲門舞集與台北縣(今新北市)政府舉行「徵求民間參與興建營運淡水文化藝術教育中心案」簽約儀式。「淡水文化藝術教育中心」是雲門依促參法規向台北縣政府提案申請興建的,佔地約1.5公頃,林懷民希望雲門從2013年開始有一個固定的家。本研究完成時,園區即將開工,人間事,塞翁馬?期盼未來更多學者持續觀察雲門的發展,因為台灣需要一個這樣的文化團體給人信心。 / This thesis takes Cloud Gate Dance Theatre of Taiwan as the primal case study that with document analysis, participant observation, and in-depth interview as the research methods to have better understanding of performing arts foundation when they might face in the institutionalized process. The overall objective of this study is: 1. Why, as the most prestige, renowned Performing Arts Company in Taiwan, Cloud Gate has to running with the pattern of nonprofit organization? Is it really difficult for Performing Arts Company to make profits? 2. How to assess and evaluate their working performance if Performing Arts Company is in nonprofit organization pattern? 3. While Performing Arts Company managing with the nonprofit organization mode and mind set, how to maintain their sustainability? Cloud Gate Dance Theatre of Taiwan was founded in 1973 as the first professional contemporary dance company in any Chinese speaking community. Directed by internationally renowned choreographer Lin Hwai-min, Cloud Gate transforms ancient aesthetics into thrilling modern celebrations of motion. The 25 dancers of the company receive trainings from the West and the East, including Chi Kung, meditation, internal martial arts, modern dance, ballet, and calligraphy as well. This research mainly consults 《The Managerial Mind》 (1980) written by Jen-Fang Lee Ph.D. and also thesis〈Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow〉 (1998) which was issued in 《Harvard Business Review》 written by Professor Larry E. Greiner. Evolve into Cloud Gate Dance Theatre of Taiwan, researcher define its history from creative stage, transition stage, growth stage to mature period organization phase taken place among the four processes. Without any similar comparison, Cloud Gate might be stands as a unique operational case; however, I hoped through the special operation analysis, It will sum up the general mode of contemporary dance company towards nonprofit foundation, which will benefit others for its practice managerial experience.
586

台灣銀行業經營績效之分析

杜昆澄 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文以2010年6月底仍存續之36間本國銀行為研究對象,以2006年第一季至2010年第二季為研究期間,首先探討金控銀行是否因異業整合,具經濟規模優勢,使銀行業務多角化,而提升經營績效;並進一步分析,資本適足率與銀行經營績效間之關係。最後,本論文從股權結構探討官股銀行與非官股銀行在經營績效上的差異。 本論文之主要實證結果顯示,研究期間台灣銀行業的獲利表現受到金融風暴影響。對金控銀行而言,資本適足率與獲利能力間呈正向關係。金控銀行放款成長率及投資成長率與獲利能力呈負向關係,表示透過多角化業務發展對金控銀行獲利有所幫助。針對官股銀行與非官股銀行獲利表現之探討,實證結果顯示其差異並未達顯著水準,表示非官股銀行與官股銀行的經營績效差異不顯著。 / Using a sample of 36 local banks in Taiwan over the period of March 2006 to June 2010, this thesis first investigates empirically that the effects of integration and diversification on operating performance of banks resulting from the formation of their financial holding companies (holding banks). In addition, this thesis also examines that the impact of capital adequacy ratio on operating performance. And finally, based on the ownership structure perspective, this thesis investigates the difference in operational performance between state-owned banks and non-state-owned banks. The empirical results indicate that the financial crisis has a negative impact on the return of banks’ asset during the research period. The capital adequacy ratio is positively related to the operating performance of holding banks, while the growth in loan and investment of holding banks is negatively related to the operating performance. The results therefore implies that the diversification of the banking businesses probably enhance operating performance of holding banks. With respect to the findings regarding the effect of ownership structure on performance, this thesis fail to provide significant evidence. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in operating performance between the non-state-own banks and the state-own banks.
587

行政院衛生署所屬醫院經營績效之研究-三階段資料包絡分析法之應用 / A study of efficiency of the hospitals of department of health,executive yuan : an application of three-stage data envelopment analysis

黃厚輯, Huang,Hou Chi Unknown Date (has links)
署立醫院為全國分佈最廣,且數量最多之公立醫院體系,負有貫徹國家公共衛生政策之責任,故其經營績效之良瓠影響各地區民眾健康照護水準甚鉅。惟署立醫院目前之經營仍仰賴國庫補助,在國庫補助逐年縮減的情形下,署立醫院惟有提升經營績效,才能維持醫療照護品質。 本研究運用三階段DEA分析法,評估步驟第一階段運用一般DEA分析法,以原始投入及產出項衡量各DMU的相對效率值,求得總差額值;第二階段運用SFA將差額分解,探討環境變數對於各DMU的影響程度,並利用SFA的結果調整產出項,將處於不同外在環境或是不同運氣之DMU,調整為相同之情況;第三階段則利用第二階段調整後的產出項,再次以DEA分析法評估調整後的效率值。 由研究結果可知,各署立醫院之無效率主要來自於非處於最適經營規模所造成之無效率,整體而言,大部分署立醫院之產能實際上係存在擁擠現象,而產生規模不經濟,故建議主管機關應嘗試調整部分署立醫院之經營規模,考慮醫療的投入與產出的效率性,以符合經濟規模的要求,應可有效提升管理效率。 另部分署立醫院在各方面之管理效率均較呈現相對較佳之結果,因此,建議由主管機關主導,加強各署立醫院醫療資源之整合及技術交流,透過相互觀摩學習,以同時提升整體署立醫院之經營管理效率。至有關目前區域聯盟之整合作業,建議「北區區域聯盟」應加強注意手術業務部分之資源整合,而「中南區區域聯盟」應加強注意門診病患業務部分之資源整合。
588

企業經營策略與關鍵成功因素之研究- 以顯示器個案公司為例 / A study of the business strategy and key success factors for enterprises:the case study of LCD company

陳冠宏, Chen, Kuan Hung Unknown Date (has links)
液晶顯示器(LCD)產業是二十一世紀最令人矚目的產業,不僅因為液晶顯示器是一項融合了高科技與大量經濟投資的產業,更因為液晶顯示器的各種應用與消費者的日常生活習習相關,因此具有無限潛力的特色。 近年來,液晶顯示器隨著面板價格的快速滑落,使得液晶顯示器的售價越來越能讓消費者接受,也吸引了眾多的廠商投入,包含原日、韓及其他國家顯示器及電視大廠,歐美之資訊品牌或通路,台灣廠商也積極切入液晶顯示器和電視廠商之OEM及ODM代工,少數台商也切入自有品牌,也由於液晶顯示器價格的大幅滑落,新技術的興起,及眾多廠商的競逐其中,造成當前液晶顯示器產業之異常激烈競爭環境,而LCD 產業為台灣兩兆雙星產業之一,故其競爭力之提升不僅攸關該產業各相關企業存亡,對台灣維繫其日益流失之競爭優勢亦具樞紐地位,所以如何加強競爭力,並結合政府及民間之力量,從容面對日本、韓國之威脅,是國內目前產官學界所必須共同努力之目標。 經研究結果發現,個案公司之主要競爭優勢在於掌握關鍵零組件之生產、彈性之製造管理能力及全球通路行銷,積極進行策略聯盟以尋求與供應商上中下游及行銷通路間的垂直整合,以強化企業之競爭優勢。因此業者必須掌握企業核心競爭力、認清液晶循環趨勢及擬定企業競爭策略;進而尋求企業合併,並且建議政府提供穩定的投資環境與提昇廠商研發能力,藉以在液晶顯示器產業中取得持續性的競爭優勢。 本研究運用包含「五力分析」、「鑽石模型」、「競爭策略」及「SWOT」等產業分析理論,來研究企業如何建立核心能力,進一步歸納出液晶顯示器廠商競爭優勢的經營策略,並從中萃取出產業關鍵成功因素,以期望能提供作為業界參考及學習之用,並作為公司擬定其未來策略方針之用。
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臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能關係之研究 / A study on relationships among public elementary school principals' knowledge leadership, teachers' work stress and effectiveness of school innovation management in Taipei City

湯為國 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在瞭解目前臺北市立公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的現況;探討不同背景下,校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能之差異情形;並探析三變項彼此之相關與預測力;檢定三變項的結構方程模式之適配情形及變項間之影響力。本章依據上述研究目的進行文獻探討,提出研究架構,編製「國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能量表」以進行實徵調查。本研究以臺北市之公立國民小學教師為對象,共抽取76所國民小學之912位教師為樣本,回收828份有效問卷,可用卷回收率為90.79%;蒐集的資料以描述性統計分析、t考驗、ANOVA分析、積差相關、多元逐步迴歸、結構方程模式等統計方法進行分析與處理,獲致如下的結果: 一、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導表現為中高程度,以「充實領導知能」得分最高,「展現創新行動」得分最低。 二、 臺北市公立國民小學教師對其工作壓力感受為中低程度,以「工作負荷」壓力感受最高,「人際關係」壓力感受最低。 三、 臺北市公立國民小學學校創新經營效能表現為中高程度,以「環境設備創新效能」得分最高,「行政服務創新效能」得分最低。 四、 臺北市公立國民小學以男性、41歲以上、研究所以上學歷、年資26年以上、擔任主任職務之教師,知覺「校長知識領導」的程度較高。 五、 臺北市公立國民小學以師資班或師大、師院、一般大學教育系大學部畢業學歷、擔任組長、副組長或教師職務、身處學校規模在61班以上之教師,知覺「工作壓力」的程度較高。 六、 臺北市公立國民小學以51歲以上、服務年資16年以上、擔任主任、組長(或副組長)職務之教師,知覺「學校創新經營效能」的程度較高。 七、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導與教師工作壓力、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能具低、中度負相關,而校長知識領導與學校創新經營效能具有高度正相關。 八、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導與教師工作壓力對學校創新經營效能具有顯著預測作用,以「校長知識領導」與其層面「整合知識資源」的預測力最佳。 九、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的結構方程模式之適配性檢定獲得支持,能解釋主要變項之關係。 十、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導對學校創新經營效能之影響以直接效果為主。 依據研究結果,本研究在臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的相關研究上,提出如下的建議: 一、 成立校長知識領導社群,以利校長間領導知能的分享與傳承。 二、 強化學校行政服務與課程教學的創新,以利學校創新經營均衡發展。 三、 降低學校規模、暢通學校溝通管道、營造校內合作氣氛,以利校長知識領導、降低教師工作壓力,提升學校創新經營效能。 四、 透過減課的激勵方式,協助教師減輕工作壓力,以利從事學校創新經營。 五、 鼓勵教師參與校內外或是學位進修,以利教師本職學能的提升,促進行政與教學間互信互助。 六、 提供充裕的時間與空間發展創新,以提升學校創新經營成效。 七、 協助輔導年輕教師,全面提升教師教學成效。 八、 將研究範圍擴大至其它地區或全國,並考慮擴大問卷調查對象至不同層級的教育人員。 九、 可配合採用訪談法、個案研究、德懷術、焦點團體座談等方法,來進行較深入的探討,使研究結果更具有參考價值。 十、 可透過階層線性模式(HLM)來對各變項內之向度做進一步的觀察多層次變項間的關係。 依據研究結論,上述相關建議,俾供教育行政機關、國民小學及未來研究之參考。 / The purpose of this research is to advance understanding of the relationship among public elementary school principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, and effectiveness of schools' innovative management in Taipei city. I analyzed these three variables in different backgrounds of their relationship and prediction. I assessed the adjustment and effects of the structural equation model among three variables. To achieve the purposes, the research involved literature review, proposing a research model and adopting a questionnaire survey: “The investigative questionnaire of relationships among elementary school principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, and effectiveness of school innovation management.” The survey consisted of 912 teachers from 76 elementary schools in Taipei city, and among them, 828 distributed copies were returned as valid. The return rate was 90.79%. The data which were collected underwent statistical treatments such as t- test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, multivariate analysis of variance, and structural equation model in order to obtain the results for the stated objectives of the study. The conclusions of this research are as follows: 1. Taipei public elementary school principals have medium-high performance on their practice of leadership in knowledge management. Score the highest in the dimension of "building professional expertise" and the lowest in the dimension of "showing innovative actions." 2. Taipei public elementary school teachers have low-medium work stress. Score highest in the dimension of "work loads" and the lowest in the dimension of " interpersonal relationship." 3. Taipei public elementary schools have medium-high performance in terms of innovative management. Evaluate highest in the dimension of "Innovative performance on school's facilities" and lowest in the dimension of " innovative performance on administrative services. " 4. Among Taipei public elementary school teachers, those who are male, over the age 41, master's degree or above, working more than 26 years, and working as director, have significantly greater awareness of principals’ leadership in knowledge management. 5. Taipei public elementary school teachers, who graduated from Teachers' college with a bachelor's degree, working at a school of over 61 classes, have higher level of work stress. 6. Taipei public elementary school teachers, who are over the age 51, work more than 16 years, serve as director and section chief (or vice section chief), have significantly better awareness of the effectiveness of school innovative management. 7. Taipei public elementary school teachers’ work stress has low-negative correlation to principals’ leadership in knowledge management and effectiveness of school innovative management. Principals’ leadership in knowledge management is high-positively related to effectiveness of school innovative management. 8. Both principals’ leadership in knowledge management and teachers’ work stress serve a predictive function on the effectiveness of school innovative management, especially in the variable of principals’ leadership in knowledge management and the dimension of " integrating knowledge resources " 9. The result of assessment of proper fit on the structural equation model among principals’ leadership in knowledge management, teachers’ work stress, and effectiveness of school innovative management supports and explains the co-relationships of these three variables. 10. The Influence of Taipei public elementary school principal's leadership in knowledge management on schools' innovative management is mainly via direct effects. Based on the findings, the research investigation offers several suggestions for helping school teachers, principles, as well as administrators to implement for a better organizational practice: 1. Establish Leadership community for school principles to exchange and share the knowledge 2. Strengthen the innovation in administrative service as well as course design for a balanced development of school's innovative management. 3. Reduce school scale, open up communication and create cooperative atmosphere within the school for the better leadership, less work stress and to promote the efficiency of innovative operation. 4. Mitigate work stress by reducing school teachers' teaching hours to benefit schools’ innovative operation plans. 5. Encourage teachers to pursue further education. It will not only improves teachers' professionalism but contributes mutual trust between administrators and teachers. 6. Giving sufficient time and space for innovation to benefit the effect of schools’ innovative operation. 7. Provide guidance to young educators to improve teaching quality in all-round manner. 8. Expand research scope to other areas or nationwide and consider expanding the target of questionnaire survey to educators in different levels. 9. Proceed further investigation on the topic with various research methods such as Interview Survey, Case Study, Delphi Technique, Focus Group Interview, etc, which makes the findings more worthy referenced. 10. Using hierarchical linear model to have an empirical research among principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress and effectiveness of schools' innovative management. I hope the authority, elementary educators will find the suggestions of this research beneficial to the better organizational development. Key words: principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, effectiveness of schools' innovative management
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後進者如何取得競爭優勢:應用軟體產業關鍵優勢分析 / How does the late comer get core competence: An analysis of the new competence of the application software industry

林映帆, Lin, Ying Fan Unknown Date (has links)
經濟學上有所謂先進者優勢 (First-mover Advantage) 的這個概念,認為一個產業的先驅公司,相較於後進的競爭對手,應該存在著許多優勢,例如: 可在對手未出現前先搶下大塊地盤,對市場定價的擁有主動權,以及在產業標準制定過程上的影響力及品牌知名度等等。 但是當先進者能處於原有市場之市場榮耀之際,很可能因為沉溺於舊有的成功,而對產業的新技術視而不見,或是低估新產業的崛起速度導致喪失先進者先機而兵敗如山倒。 處於典範轉移時代,產業的變遷速度已非舊有經驗可以預測,以往企業營收創新高都是大肆慶祝,但最近看市場領先者,如國內的宏碁電腦或是國外的諾基亞,均是在營收創新高時被調降企業評等,發出警訊。如近期宏碁電腦在PC市場已邁向全球第一名挑戰惠普HP之際,卻發生毛利下降,並警覺在智慧型手機市場已落後宏達電一大截,且現有產品線也難有競爭優勢而陣前換將。再看諾基亞,2007年營收或穫利都創新高,但到2011年市值僅Apple的7%,連續十四年的手機市佔率第一名也被三星超前;由於大部份都是低階手機,手機獲利狀況也僅Apple的三分之一。反之,後進廠商由於尚未形成經濟規模或商業模式,透過模仿式創新或破壞式創新,反而更容易動態調整策略去因應變動的環境或發現尚未被滿足的市場。在典範轉移時代,成功不是沿用舊有成功方式,而是需要想像力來找到創新的機會。而一個新進的軟體廠商,該掌握哪些競爭優勢,才能迅速搶佔市佔率? 本研究以導航產業為例,來看導航應用軟體的發展趨勢並比較先後進者優劣勢。導航產業由2003年神達電腦推出第一台結合GPS導航晶片的PDA Mio 168以來,迅速在市場上熱銷,並帶來台灣市場導航產業的一片榮景。但由於市場飽和,及受到車機與智慧型手機的雙面夾擊,使得原本的明星產業迅速在市場萎縮,2010整體台灣市場的數量一年已不到20萬台,較之2005年已萎縮了四分之一,且平均售價下降至USD 100,毛利率從40% 掉到8%。為了突破便攜式導航機PND(Portable Navigation Device)市場衰退的重圍,研勤科技在2008年創新推出第一套在iPhone上導航的導航軟體,後進者勤崴國際科技的「導航王」手導航軟體緊接著在2009年推出,在短短一年間,賣出一百萬套軟體,此數量是傳統導航機硬體三年的市場總和,軟體銷售量為先進者研勤科技的兩倍。在推出落後於現有廠商之下,後進者是透過哪些策略取得70%導航軟體市佔率? 本研究研究問題如下: 1. 後進者的軟體廠商其策略及競爭優勢為何? 2. 配合進入時機,後進者軟體廠商該採何種競爭策略? 3. 市場變動快速時,是否後進者更有優勢? 4. 本個案研究的策略優勢,是否可提供給硬體廠商參考,增加產品區隔性? 本研究將以導航產業為例,透過幾家導航產業公司領導者訪談及次級資料蒐集等進行研究,並藉由研究結果給現有軟硬體產商提出未來競爭優勢之建議。 本研究建議: 本研究透過各學者所提之先後進優勢比較,並利用Hamel(2000) 的新事業發展模式四大要素,來比較兩個個案在先後進優勢與事業經營策略,並以此兩個個案來看後進者具有那些競爭優勢。 本研究發現結論如下: 1. 在先後進優勢與事業經營策略之比較下,以此兩個個案看來,後進者修正了先進者所犯之錯誤,並有學習及鎖定策略的目標,較先進者有優勢。 2. 在進入時機上,在市場快速變動時,由於先進者尚未建立產業標準,故很容易被後進者取代,而在動態賽局環境下,能隨機應變的後進者更有優勢。 3. 除了先後進優勢,事業經營的策略也主宰了公司的走向及成功與否的主要關鍵因素,先進者縱有品牌網絡優勢,但策略錯誤,也反而被網絡優勢所害,在網路時代被大量散播產品或公司形象劣勢,造成負向循環。 4. 先進者研勤公司也因急於在2009上市,推出過多產品線,反而造成本身資源不匹配,無法支援產品更新,無考慮到公司資源,並作最適分配。 5. 其他先進領導導航機品牌,更是陷入管理惰性,過度依賴過去成功經驗,面對替代性產品出現卻無法跨足軟體市場,喪失新市場機會。 Keyword: 後進者優勢,先進者優勢,應用軟體,事業經營策略

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