摘要 中國自1970年代末期經濟改革開放以來，經濟快速成長，導致2012年中國的GDP已經超過了8兆美元，成為繼美國之後的世界第二經濟大國。隨著經濟的成長，中國也逐漸由製造業為主的經濟體，朝向發展服務業和內需型產業轉變。中國人民所得增加，消費能力增強，近幾年量販業在中國蓬勃發展，相較之下臺灣量販店目前的展店速度與營收成長趨緩。 本研究以在兩岸都設有賣場的量販店業者潤泰集團大潤發及法商家樂福為研究對象，蒐集這兩家業者在臺灣和中國兩地的相關資料，以市場定位、經營理念、經營策略、以及經營績效等，深入整理與分析，再運用深度訪談，透過競爭策略五力分析及SWOT分析，探討量販店業者如何運用兩岸不同的市場及不同經營策略創造績效。研究結果顯示不論是五力分析或是SWOT分析，中國大潤發的競爭力最強。反之，在五力分析中台灣家樂福所受影響最大，其中尤其以購買者的議價能力、替代品或服務的威脅，以及現有廠商的競爭程度等方面所受影響較大。另一方面，在SWOT分析中，中國家樂福較居於劣勢，而所受的威脅也最強，主要原因為門市集客力弱及面臨租金成本提高的壓力。 關鍵字：大潤發、家樂福、經營策略、經營績效、五力分析 / Abstract Since its reform in late 1970s, China has experienced high economic growth. With GDP over 8 trillion USD, in 2012 China became the second largest economy ranked only behind the USA. Accompanying with such growth, China slowly transited from a manufacturing-based into a service and domestic-based economy. As the economic condition improves, people’s consumption power increases, which drives rapid growth of the hypermarket industry in China; and as contrast, the Taiwanese hypermarket industry is reaching a plateau during the same period of time. In this research, a comparative study is conducted with hypermarket industries in China and Taiwan. Taking Carrefour and RT-Mart chains, that operate on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, as samples, this study employs SWOT analysis and Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model to investigate the business strategy and performance differences. In particular, this study collects business data of said companies, including company’s vision, market position, business strategy, and operational performance, and the exploration was supplemented by in-depth interviews with the high-ranking staff members in the two companies. The findings suggest that RT-Mart China is the most competitive confirmed by both SWOT and Five Forces analyses while Carrefour Taiwan is impacted by the buyer bargain power and threat of substitutes and services. In addition, via SWOT analysis, it is found that Carrefour China is in a weak position since it is suffering from high rental costs and inability to gather customers. Keywords: RT-Mart, Carrefour, business strategy, business performance, Michael Porter’s five forces analysis

自2008年以來，兩岸實質交流與政府政策的開放下，金融產業在多年的紅海競爭下，出現新契機。尤以2010年兩岸經濟合作架構協議（ECFA）的簽署，將金融服務業列為早收清單，使臺灣銀行業者能縮短等待期提早進入中國大陸市場開展業務。 本文以臺灣31家本國銀行（不含專業銀行及外資銀行）為研究對象，自2007至2013年為研究期間，以中介法選擇「利息支出」、「營業費用」、「存款」等3項投入變數；「利息收入」、「非利息收入」、「放款及貼現」、「投資」等4項產出變數。運用資料包絡分析法（DEA）及Tobit迴歸模型，由全體銀行、金控子銀行與非金控銀行的角度，探討兩岸簽訂ECFA對其經營績效的影響。 實證結果發現：1.銀行經營績效深受外在金融環境及規模大小影響。2.全體樣本銀行於簽訂ECFA後之平均效率不如簽訂ECFA前，惟部分銀行效率值提高。3.簽訂ECFA前非金控銀行純技術效率優於金控子銀行；簽訂ECFA後金控子銀行整體效率、純技術效率及規模效率皆優於非金控銀行。4.簽訂ECFA前後公股銀行之整體效率、純技術效率及規模效率皆優於民營銀行。 / The financial industries led to a red ocean market due to high and intensive competition many years ago. However, the relaxation of government policy of substantial cross-strait economic interactions has brought the turning point since 2008. Especially, the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) between Taiwan and China was signed in 2010 and the financial service industry is covered under the Early Harvest list which can make Taiwanese bank sectors shorten the time and enter the Mainland China market early. This study is to research 31 domestic banks (exclude professional bank and foreign banks) and choose interest expense, operation expense and deposit as the three input variables and interest revenue, non-interest revenue, loan and discount and investment as output variables from 2007 to 2013. With the use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Tobit regression mode, it explores the effect of operating performance for the banks, the financial holding banks and the Independent Banks under the ECFA. Finding: After the signing of the ECFA，the sample banks' efficiency is not as good as before the signing, but some banks to improve the efficiency. Before the signing ECFA, the pure technical efficiency of non-bank financial holding is superior than financial holding banks ; however, efficiency of financial holding banks ,including technical efficiency pure technical efficiency scale efficiency,is superior than non-financial holding banks. Overall, the performance of public financial holding banks is superior than the private banks. However, the performance of banks is impact by financial environment and the size.

本研究以中國大陸2003年所推動之XBRL自願申報計畫為例，探討率先以XBRL格式申報財務資訊之企業，相較於未率先申報之企業，其經營績效之表現是否較佳？並進一步檢視企業率先申報XBRL之行為與各經營績效層面之關聯性。研究樣本為2000年至2009年於上海證券交易所上市之90家公司，分為兩個群組：一組為參與自願申報計畫之公司共45家，另一組為未參與申報計畫之對照組。在經營績效之衡量部分，本研究依據國內外之文獻探討，將經營績效區分為五個衡量層面：長期償債能力、流動性、獲利能力、經營效率與成長力，並分別以負債比率、流動比率、純益率、股東權益報酬率、總資產週轉率與營收成長率等財務比率做為各層面之衡量指標。 本研究之實證結果顯示，負債比率、流動比率、純益率、股東權益報酬率與總資產週轉率皆呈現顯著相關，證明率先以XBRL格式申報財務資訊之企業群組，在長期償債能力、流動性、獲利能力與經營效率方面之表現皆優於對照組。期望此研究結果能提供資本市場一有用訊息，做為投資人形成投資決策時之參考。 / In 2003, Shanghai Stock Exchange of China promoted a program encouraging companies to voluntarily file financial information using XBRL format. This paper examines whether these early and voluntary filers of financial information in XBRL format demonstrate superior operating performance relative to their non-adopting peers. Samples of this study include 90 listed companies of Shanghai Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2009. Half of them are voluntary filers and the others are the non-adopting peers. The measure of operating performance is divided into five levels: long-term solvency, liquidity, profitability, operating efficiency and growth capacity. Debt ratio, current ratio, net profit margin, return on equity, total assets turnover and sales growth rate are used as the indicators of these measurement levels, respectively. The empirical results of this study show that debt ratio, current ratio, net profit margin, return on equity and total assets turnover are significant, which mean that early and voluntary filers of financial information in XBRL format have superior performance in long-term solvency, liquidity, profitability and operating efficiency. These findings should provide a useful message to the capital market, as investors concern when forming investment decisions.

高階主管薪酬計畫與股權結構是解決公司代理問題的重要機制，代理理論提出以績效決定酬勞的制度，可提供高階主管努力誘因，促使股東與高階主管之間的目標一致；同時股權結構也會影響高階主管的努力，進而對公司的。故本研究旨在探討我國上市公司股權集中度、酬勞計畫與公司經營績效之關係，並利用模式推導相關的命題與假說。 本研究利用混合迴歸就四年度主管薪酬資料加以分析，Scheffe檢定檢驗高階主管的持股比例與薪酬計畫的關係，實證結果整理如下： 1.董事長持股比例與薪酬無關，總經理持股比例與薪酬有關。 2.公司價值與董事會持股比例呈非線性的關係。 3.機構投資人偏向效率監督假說。 4.總經理薪酬計畫中的項目比薪酬水準的高低重要。 5.公司經營績效與高階主管薪酬呈正相關。 / In agency theory, executive compensation contracts and ownership structures provide primary mechanisms for solving agency problems. Top executive compensation linked to performance can align the incentives of firms' top executive with firms'stockholder. Ownership structure can influce the effort of the top executive. The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among top executive compensation　scheme, ownership structure and firm performance for listed companies in Taiwan, and use modelling to develop related propositions and hypotheses. Pooling regressions using four years' pool data and Scheffe test are performed to test hypothese, Empirical results are summarized as follows: 1.The holdings of chairman has nothing to do with the level of compsation and that of CEO has something to do with. 2.The non-linear relationship between firm value and holdings of board of directors. 3.The role of institution tends to be efficinet monitoring hypothesis. 4.Incentive component of CEO compensation scheme tends to be more important than level of that sheme. 5.Firm performance is positively associated with top executive's cash compensation.

合庫與農銀的合併是國內首宗公股銀行的合併案，國內一些學者從銀行的的相關財務比率來探討本案是否有合併綜效。但是銀行的經營動能來自於分行，合併後分行是否能有效提升其經營績效，才是關係著合併綜效是否能持續發揮的關鍵。因此，本研究試圖比較兩家公股銀行合併後分行績效是否提升，來檢視合併的成果。 本研究係以合庫與農銀合併前後三年即民國92年至民國98年間的分行做為研究樣本，實證結果發現合併後分行的整體技術效率、純粹技術效率及規模技術效率均較合併前高，合庫端分行的整體技術效率、純粹技術效率及規模技術效率均較農銀端分行高，顯示合併確實有合併綜效效果。在各項影響分行經營績效的變數中，區域是影響分行經營績效的最主要因素，次要的影響變數是業務類型、城鄉、營業規模及壞帳率。 / The merger of Taiwan Corporative Bank (TCB) and Farmers Bank of China (FBC) was the first consolidation case of public owned banking industry in Taiwan. Many studies used financial ratios to analyze the consociation synergy of the merger.For banking industry, however, the branch offices' operatings are the major driving force for the bank. Therefore, the key factor to evaluate the success of the consolidation is to evaluate the performance change of branches after merger. This study tries to compare the branches performace change to evaluate the synergy effect of the consolidation on two public owned banks. The sample of the branches came from 3 years before and after TCB and FBC from 2003 to 2009. The study applies Data Enveloping Analysis (DEA) and grand frontier approaches to measure the trend of efficiency for overall technical efficiency(OTE), pure technical efficiency(PTE), and scale efficiency(SE). The empirical results reveal that the average OTE, PTE and SE of the branches after merger are higher than those of before merger, and the branches of TCB indicate better efficiencies than FBC, which implies that the consoliation indeed create a synergy effect. The branches location is the major factor that affect the efficiencies of the branches and other factors include the type of operating, city or rural area, the scale of the operating and the bad debt ratio.

本研究利用複迴歸模型與追蹤資料模型，透過子公司市佔率探討金控子公司組合，與公司績效及風險之關聯性，期望能找出何種子公司組合，對於金控公司的績效與風險最有影響。依據2002-2015之季資料，本文主要研究結果如下： (一)若以全產業角度而言，壽險業、證券業與票券業市佔率，對於金控績效與風險影響較為顯著。壽險業市佔率增加，會提高金控之系統風險與個別風險，而證券業市佔率增加，會提高金控的總風險、系統風險與個別風險。本研究推測主要原因為壽險業與證券業的產業風險較高，容易影響金控之經營風險，故有此現象。 (二)金控若採用雙引擎策略，可以降低金控之總風險與系統風險，亦即雙引擎策略對金控之風險經營有穩健的效果。 (三)以銀行業與壽險業組合為探討對象時，則發現銀行業市佔率提高，可能使金控之破產風險上升，而壽險業的市佔率提高，金控之總風險與系統風險亦會提升。此結果顯示銀行與壽險業的子公司組合無法有效改善金控之風險因子。 (四)以銀行業與產險業組合為探討對象時，則發現銀行市佔率提升，可能使金控之各項風險因子增加，並且會降低風險調整後的報酬。而產險業市佔率增加，則會降低金控績效，並提高金控之破產風險。 (五)以銀行業與證券業組合為探討對象時，則發現證券業市佔率增加，僅會顯著增加金控之個別風險。 (六)以銀行業與票券業組合為探討對象時，則發現銀行業市佔率增加，可能使金控之績效下降，並提高金控之破產風險，然而若票券業市佔率提高，反而會增加金控之經營績效，並降低破產風險。 / This study analyzes the effect of the subsidiary combination and market share on the performance and risk of financial holding companies (FHCs). Based on the data of 2002Q1-2015Q4, the empirical result can be summarized as follows. 1. From the viewpoint of the whole industry, there is a significant relation between the market share of the subsidiaries and the performance and risk of FHCs. The result shows there is a positive effect of life insurance market share on systematic risk and idiosyncratic risk. And there is a positive effect of securities market share on total risk, systematic risk and idiosyncratic risk. 2. FHCs can reduce their total risk and systematic risk by taking dual-engine strategy. The result shows that dual-engine strategy is a sound strategy for FHCs’ operation. 3. For the subsidiary combination of bank and life insurer, there is a positive relation between bank market share and insolvency risk. And there is a positive relation among life insurance market share, total risk and systematic risk. 4. For the subsidiary combination of bank and property insurer, there is a positive relation among bank market share and FHCs’ risk. And there is a negative relation between property insurance market share and FHCs’ performance. 5. For the subsidiary combination of bank and securities company, there is a positive relation between securities market share and idiosyncratic risk. 6. For the subsidiary combination of bank and bills company, the increase of bank market share is unfavorable for FHCs’ operation, but the increase of bills company is beneficial for FHCs’ operation.

台灣壽險業近年來面對利差損、國內低利環境，與國內長天期投資工具不足的窘境，因而保險法第146-4條修正後，壽險業者擴大持有國外投資部位。本研究以海外債券投資作為國外投資代理變數，探討海外債券投資與壽險公司之營運風險、經營績效的關係。採用2008年至2016年，共25家壽險公司不平衡追蹤資料，以OLS、Panel Data兩種統計方法作實證分析，再以金融海嘯到歐債危機的時間點，劃分成前期(2008年-2011年)、後期(2012年-2016年)作比較分析。 根據全期資料之分析：以線性模型來看，海外債券投資與營運風險為顯著負相關；和經營績效則是顯著正相關。若是非線性模型，海外債券投資與營運風險為U型相關，臨界點在18.83%。分期資料之分析則顯示：前期資料結果與全期資料一致。但後期資料的研究結果出現反轉，在線性模型下，海外債券投資與營運風險呈現顯著正相關，和經營績效則呈現顯著負相關；而非線性模型下，海外債券和營運風險的U型相關，臨界點下降至13.56%。 / In recent years, life insurers in Taiwan face the spread loss of interest rate, low interest rate environment and shortage of long-term instruments. Life insurers started to expand their foreign investments after the amendment of Article 146-4 of Insurance Act in 1992. This study aims to investigate the relations among overseas bonds investment, operational risk and business performance of life insurers. Data is composed of 25 life insurers from 2008 to 2016. With consideration of the global financial crisis and European debt crisis, this study then divides the data into two subsets (before and after the crises). The results shows that under the linear model there is a significant negative relation between overseas bonds and operational risk, but a significant positive relation between overseas bonds and business performance. Under non-linear model there is a significant U-shaped relationship between overseas bonds and operational risk, with the critical point at 18.83%. The results for the subset data before the crises (2008-2011) is consistent with the based on the whole data (2008-2016). However, the analysis for the subset data after the crises (2012-2016) display different result. Under the linear model, the relation between overseas bonds and operational risk is positive, but it is negative between overseas bonds and business performance. Additionally, the critical point of that U-shaped relationship between overseas bonds and operational risk under the non-linear model drops to 13.56%.

本研究採1992年至2002年首度上市的樣本公司為研究樣本，並依據同產業規模相當且上市五年以上的原則挑選配對公司，檢驗公司治理、經營績效與機構投資人投資行為之關聯性。與先前研究不同之處在於，本研究深入探討公司治理對經營績效的影響，解釋在不同經濟條件與公司特性下，將影響公司治理機制效率的發揮，使公司治理與績效呈正相關。 本研究利用樣本公司上市當時的公司治理變數，檢驗公司治理對上市後半年的會計績效影響與上市後30天、90天與180天的市場報酬，再進而驗證經營績效對上市後一年機構投資人投資行為的影響，此外，並比較有價證券上市審查準則規定前後的公司，在公司治理與經營績效上是否有差異。透過相關分析、T檢定、迴歸分析與聯立方程式，檢驗三大研究假說，實證結果獲得以下主要結論： 1.樣本公司與配對公司的特性 樣本公司的公司治理機制較健全，會計績效表現也較佳。 2.公司治理程度不同的公司特性 公司治理程度高的公司其市場績效表現較佳，且年齡較小。 3.景氣與產業，對公司治理與經營績效關聯性的影響 產業特性會加強公司治理程度對會計績效的影響；經濟景氣，會加強公司治理程度對市場績效的影響。 4.當經濟景氣差、代理成本高與轉投資家數多時，更突顯公司治理的重要性，公司治理對績效有正向的影響 5.無參與管理的公司，更突顯公司治理的效果，公司治理對績效有正向的影響 6.機構投資人持股比例與週轉率呈正相關 7.經營績效與機構投資人投資行為呈正相關 市場績效對機構投資人持股比例有正向的影響；會計績效對機構投資人週轉率也有正向的影響，顯示績效與機構投資人投資行為呈正相關。 8.法令規範後，公司治理與經營績效表現較佳 9.金融業的公司治理表現較佳 / This paper examines the relationship between the corporate governance, firm performance, and institutional behavior of Taiwanese TSE-listed companies from 1992 to 2002. This paper approves the positive effects of corporate governance to firm performance, and firm performance to institutional behavior as well. Different from the previous studies, this paper addresses the importance of corporate governance under poorer economic conditions, higher agency costs, and a more complicated company structure. Corporate governance mechanism could work effectively when the executives of companies realize the importance of the corporate governance.

為改善資訊揭露環境，並增進上市公司的資訊透明度，上海證券交易所在2004年起對所有上市公司強制實施XBRL財務報導格式，本研究檢驗強制實施XBRL財務報導格式對於公司經營績效之影響，以上海證券交易所上市公司為研究對象，研究期間為2003年至2010年，並考慮中國國有企業的特色，將樣本公司分為國有企業與民營企業，分別檢視強制實施XBRL財務報導格式對其經營績效之影響。基於中國國有企業之組織特性，本研究假設僅有民營企業可獲益於強制實施XBRL財務報導格式，並因此提升經營績效。實證結果顯示，確實僅有民營企業獲得XBRL財務報導的效益，在強制實施XBRL財務報導格式後經營績效提升，但由於組織特性的關係，強制實施XBRL財務報導格式的預期效益並未顯現在國有企業，對中國國有企業來說，資訊透明度與外部監督的提升不足以解決其經營上之代理問題。

我國國立高級中等學校實施校務基金之目的除了提升績效外，尚期以增進各校自籌財源之動力，以減輕政府財政負擔，自2007年起開始實施校務基金後之績效為何?值得進一步探討。 本研究係以資料包絡分析法評估各國立高級中等學校2010年至2012年的經營績效，並運用麥氏指數衡量其跨期效率變動情形，最後以Tobit迴歸分析，探討外在環境變數對校務基金實施績效之影響。實證研究結果如下： 一、總技術效率分析：2010、2011及2012年平均總技術效率值依序為0.712、0.714、0.705，表示各該年度尚有28.8%、28.6%及29.5%的效率改善空間。若將各國立高級中等學校依照類別區分，普通高中平均總技術效率表現最佳，綜合高中的表現比職業學校佳，特教學校最差。 二、純技術效率分析：2010、2011及2012年平均純技術效率值依序為0.768、0.781、0.771，表示各該年度尚有23.2%、21.9%及22.9%的效率改善空間。普通高中平均純效率表現最佳，綜合高中的表現比職業學校佳，特教學校最差。 三、規模效率分析：2010、2011及2012年平均規模效率值依序為0.923、 0.908、0.908，表示各該年度尚有7.7%、9.2%及9.2%的效率改善空間。2010年以職業學校表現最佳，2011年以綜合高中表現最佳，2012年度以普通高中表現最佳。特教學校在三個年度的平均規模效率均為最差。 四、麥氏指數分析：2010至2012年度之總要素生產力變動值均小於1，呈現衰退現象， 2010至2011年度及2011至2012年度二個跨期均呈現衰退。 五、Tobit迴歸分析：除實施校務基金的年限無顯著影響外，學校區位、校舍面積及學校成立年限等三項外在環境對學校的經營績效均具有影響。 / The purpose of national senior high schools in Taiwan implementing National Senior High Schools Operation Fund is not only improving performance, but also enhancing the schools’ self-motivation of the financial resources to reduce the fiscal burden of government. How is the performance of implementing National Senior High Schools Operation Fund since 2007?It is worthy of further study. This study is based on Data Envelopment Analysis to evaluate the operating performance of national senior high schools from 2010 to 2012. In addition, this study uses Malmquist Index to measure the efficiency changes. Finally, Tobit regression analysis is used and tried to find effects of the external environment variables on the implemenetation performance of National Senior High Schools Operation Fund. The findings of this study are as follows: 1.Overall technical efficiency analysis：the average value of the overall technical efficiency is 0.712、0.714、0.705 in sequence of year 2010、2011 and 2012, and it means that the efficiency improvement is 28.8%, 28.6% and 29.5% each year. If we evaluate the performance of national senior high schools by category, the general high schools are the best, the comprehensive high schools are better than vocational high schools, and the special education schools are the worst. 2.Pure technical efficiency analysis.：the average value of the pure technical efficiency is 0.768、0.781、0.771 in sequence of year 2010、2011 and 2012, and it means that the efficiency improvement is 23.2%、21.9% and 22.9% each year. The general senior high schools are the best, the comprehensive senior high schools are better than vocational senior high schools, and the special education schools are the worst. 3.Scale efficiency analysis: the average value of the scale efficiency is 0.923、 0.908、0.908 in sequence of year 2010、2011 and 2012,and it means that the efficiency improvement is 7.7%、9.2% and 9.2% each year. The best performance is the vocational senior high schools in 2010, the comprehensive senior high schools in 2011, and the general senior high schools in 2012, the special education schools are the worst in all three years. 4.Malmquist Index analysis: the value of the total factor productivity change is totally less than 1 from 2010 to 2012, and shows the recession .And the inter-temporal total factor productivity changes show the recession from 2010 to 2011, and 2011 to 2012. 5.Tobit regression analysis: there is no significant impact in the factor of the years of the National Senior High Schools Operation Fund, but the external factors such as the size, the history, and the location of the schools, would affect the performance of national senior high schools.