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探討一位幼兒舞蹈教師的教學內涵與其專業發展葉俐均 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的主要目的,是透過一位幼兒舞蹈教師的專業發展歷程來瞭解其教學內涵。研究問題在探討個案舞蹈教師進行創造性舞蹈教學的教學內涵,以及她專業發展的內涵與歷程,還有影響其發展的因素。本研究採取個案研究,探討一名教學經歷十一年之幼兒舞蹈教師(彩蝶老師),藉由訪談彩蝶老師,輔以觀察看課,和文件檔案的蒐集。其研究結果如下:
一、進行創造性舞蹈教學者必備以下知能:
(一)專業知識:清楚教學目標、瞭解舞蹈元素內涵、擁有基本的音樂素養。
(二)專業能力:針對學生年齡層與其發展階段設計課程、以生動活潑之言語舉例來引發學生的想像力、善用教具豐富教學內容、以多元化的方式評量學生的學習成果、教師進行教學自評之後修正教學。
(三)專業精神:重視師生彼此的互動、教師為引導者的角色、教師的教學態度為開放、鼓勵的。
二、彩蝶老師的專業發展歷程共經六個階段
彩蝶老師的專業發展歷程追溯至職前階段,從習舞過程即開始發展專業精神。個
人的成長以及師資培育階段都會對教師的專業發展造成影響。彩蝶老師在每一個階段所扮演的角色以及關注焦點的不同而依序歷經醞釀、學習、成長、挑戰與蟄伏階段,目前正在成熟階段中持續發展。
三、影響彩蝶老師專業發展主要有個人與環境二大因素
(一)個人因素:主要的教學理念為-愛小孩、高度教學熱忱與隨時保持察覺反省能力;擁有心胸開放、包容性強與勇於追夢的人格特質;家人提供民主且溫暖的家庭教育環境使其成長、啟蒙舞蹈教育之舞蹈教師為舞蹈教學之楷模與追隨榜樣、「九二一專案」為關鍵事件讓她人生價值觀有所改變。
(二)環境因素:組織的工作量過大、加上進修制度健全促使她在合宜的時間點出國進修;台灣舞蹈教育環境文獻資料的缺乏,尚有許多發展空間使其想要在舞蹈教育界發揮更大的影響力。
最後根據研究發現與結論,對舞蹈教育工作者、師資培育機構及未來研究提出建議。
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唐代西域槳舞傳入之研究王維芳, WANG, WEI-FANG Unknown Date (has links)
本論文試圖以文化變遷的角度來探討唐代西域樂舞以異文化元素涵化成中國文化的原
因、過程與整合後的結果,以期獲致邊疆民族與中原民族文化融合的事實,藉以提供
未來中國文化整合的方向。研究方法之採用,主要為史學方法,並運用社會科學的理
論架構,從歷史、文化人類學等多種角度來歸納、分析資料,本文計約八萬餘字,共
分六章十八節:
第一章緒論,說明西域的範圍、古代樂舞合一的理論,及唐代以前西域樂舞傳入的情
形。
第二章探求唐代西域樂舞傳入的時代背景。
第三章敘述傳入的路徑、歷程與方式。
第四章從樂器與曲調的音樂分析以明其淵源。
第五章從舞蹈與表演者的討論以窺其社會角色地位。
第六章經由唐人對西域樂舞傳入的態度與反應,來看唐代政治、社會、文化的變遷。
研究結果得知西域樂舞不僅對唐代造成影響,更及於以後的新疆樂舞風格,使做為研
究新疆文化史的參考。
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創新團隊創意過程之研究—以電影與舞蹈創作團隊為例廖書楷, Shu-Kai, Liao Unknown Date (has links)
隨著娛樂經濟的時代已儼然來臨,伴隨著與文化、藝術、或是娛樂價值相結合的商品或服務,我們的生活也隨之豐富而多元,此刻內容產業也成為新世界經濟的主要推動力量。而內容產業不但創造高度的經濟價值與就業機會,而其所衍生之附加價值,更可讓社會大眾浸淫於生活美學的氛圍中,享受優質的文化環境。
而認識自己無疑是智慧的開端,本研究為一初探性之研究,從創新管理的觀點,針對與創意文化相關創作團隊所進行之專案,採用個案研究法,從中接觸到團隊旺盛的創造力與活力,並作為瞭解內容創作團隊領導者特色、團隊運作方式與創作過程,使創意團隊能以此作為依循的方向,希望能激發出更豐富及優異之創新成果。
本研究之研究個案包括,雲門舞集—《行草》之創作專案、Home Green電影公司—《你那邊幾點》創作專案、紅電影公司—《想飛》創作專案、雨龍三景—《魯賓遜漂流記》創作專案、侯孝賢映象製作公司—《千禧曼波》創作專案。
藉由多個案研究之訪談,將研究發現歸納整理如下:
壹、對於團隊領導者的觀察
1.創意團隊領導者多成長於矛盾的環境之中,一方面接受嚴謹的家庭或環境的要求與薰陶,另一方面卻又將自己與家庭學校或社會保持距離,具有邊陲情懷。
2.創造性人物具有高度的內在動機,並且勇於選擇與眾不同的道路前進。
3.創意團隊領導者具有矛盾的特質,且能在兩種極端的個性之中遊走迅速轉換。
4.出色的創意團隊領導者具備多樣專長,並藉此與不同功能的專業人員進行整合。
5.出色的創意團隊領導者願意賦予成員創作空間,讓團隊成員貢獻更多的創意,以培育全創作主義的團隊。
貳、創意團隊之啟發
1.創意團隊的成員組成具有多樣性較有助於團隊創意成果的發揮。
2.團隊成員的聘僱多採用過去已經合作過的成員。
3.團隊成員過去合作經驗與其參與創意過程的程度有所關聯。
團隊成員參與創意程度較高的團隊,其團隊成員多為長期合作的成員。
團隊成員參與創意程度中等的團隊,其團隊成員多為較少合作的成員。
4.創意團隊決策權與知識權相結合。
5.創意團隊偏重的決策方式,除了以理性為主之外,還側重以洞察與實行為主的決策模式。
6.傑出的創意團隊具有雙領導的傾向。
7. 出色的創意團隊,其團隊內具有中階管理者扮演語言轉譯及聯絡溝通的角色。
8. 實驗和原型試製作為溝通對話的橋樑與載具。
9. 創意團隊透過作中學及師徒制進行技能與知識傳承。
參、對創意過程的啟示
1. 出色的創意團隊,其創作題材之選擇多具獨創性,並與自身生活經驗與社會環境相結合。
2. 在專案正式展開前的事前計劃(pre-project planning),有助於專案的進行。
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動勢場之身體意象預防方案:以女大學生為例 / Dongshi field based body image prevention program for college women馬心怡, Ma, Hsin Yi Unknown Date (has links)
研究背景:身體意象困擾為現代女性自我發展之重要議題之一,且為飲食疾患之危險因子,身體意象預防方案因而受到重視,過去方案多注重負向之影響因素。近年來,「正向身體意象」概念發展並重視個體對自己身體的正向感受以及身心調和,但仍欠缺實踐之方法。本研究旨在以動勢場概念發展身體意象預防性介入方案,探討此預防方案提升女大學生對自我身體欣賞、覺察程度,及降低負向身體意象之效果。因研究工具受到中文化限制,本研究之研究一將針對身體意象問卷進行中文化以及信效度檢驗,研究二探討介入方案之療效。
研究方法:研究一採用問卷法,中文化問卷後針對201名女性大學生進行資料搜集,在問卷之信效度檢驗上,採用內部一致性信度、建構效度以及效標關聯效度進行檢驗。研究二招募三組受試者,依次是實驗組(N = 14)、體育課組(N = 15)以及控制組(N = 20),共有49名某國立大學女性大學生參與本研究。實驗組受試者接受每週1次,每次1.5小時,共計8次之團體介入。三組皆採用自陳氏問卷,於介入前、介入後以及三個月追蹤之三個時間點進行資料搜集。
研究發現:本研究中文化問卷大致具有足夠之信效度,可作為測量工具。介入結果顯示相較於體育課組以及控制組,實驗組在身體覺察上於後測以及三個月追蹤皆較前測有顯著之效果。
結論:本研究嘗試以舞蹈治療作為基礎,發展身體意象預防方案,結果可有效提升個體的身體覺察程度,但方案內容仍有待改進之空間。最後,提出本研究限制以及未來研究方向。 / Background: Body image concern is one of the important issues of modern women's self-development, and also the risk factors for eating disorders. Thus body image prevention program has been taken seriously, which, in the past the programs were more emphasized on negative factors. In recent years, the concept of "positive body image" has been developing and emphasizing on one's own positive feelings about individual's body and body-mind attunement, but still lacking of practical and well organized method to put into practice. This study aims to develop a body image prevention program based on the concept of Dongshi, to explore the effectiveness of the improvement of body appreciation and body responsiveness, also the effectiveness to decrease the impact of negative body image. Due to the limitations of the Chinese version research tools, Study 1 of this study will focus on examing the reliability and validity of the Chinese version’s body image questionnaires. Study 2 will explore the effectiveness of the prevention program.
Methods: In Study 1, the questionnaires were used to study the data of 201 female college students. On the reliability and the validity of the questionnaires, the internal consistency reliability and construct validity were tested. In Study 2, three groups were recruited as the intervention group (N = 14), the physical education class group (N = 15) and the control group (N = 20), a total of 49 female college students from a national university participated in the study as samples. The intervention group received a weekly intervention, 1.5 hour each time, a total of 8 sessions in group involved. All three groups were collected from the self-reported questionnaire, and data collection from three periods: before the intervention, after the intervention and 3 months follow-up.
Result: It is found that the Chinese edition questionnaires in this study are sufficiently reliable and can be used as a measurement tool. The results of the intervention showed that in comparing with the physical education group and the control group, the intervention group had significant effect on the post-test and the three-month follow-up in the body awareness.
Conclusion: This study attempts to develop a body image prevention program based on dance therapy. The results can effectively improve the individual's body awareness, but the content of the program still has room for improvement. Finally, the limitations of this study and future directions for research are proposed.
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舞蹈建構於酒類廣告再現之研究 / The Research of Dancing Construction and its Representation in Alcohol Drink TV Advertisements許秀珍, Yane Kusuma Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要為探討討論三種酒類之啤酒(Beer)、烈酒(Liquor)、及紅酒(Wine)的電視廣告中,所呈現的舞蹈及其意義,以質化研究方法之符號學的理論取向,解析舞蹈的符號(舞蹈的建構背景、種類、及特徵);轉借自舞蹈的符號(服裝、服裝的顏色);其他廣告因素的符號(舞者、廣告文字);非語言傳播的符號;及媒介鏡頭語言的相關符號,依據符號具與符號義的概念,及明示義與隱含義的符號分析,便以品牌的角度,討論舞蹈應用於三種酒類的電視廣告,所要傳遞的訊息與意涵,並揣摩酒商設計出其舞蹈呈現在他們的廣告,來代表與宣傳產品的目的。
研究發現,藉由舞蹈、舞者、服裝及其顏色,搭配舞者(代言人)的肢體動作、廣告的文字、及鏡頭的一些符號,呈現於酒類廣告,可獲得企業的核心價值、根基、競爭能力等概念;品牌的形象及目標市場;產品的品味、品質、原產地等訊息。此外,不同酒類廣告,傳遞、強調不同的訊息,因此酒商在其廣告中,也設計出不同的舞蹈性質。啤酒類的廣告中,強調年輕的主題,所以啤酒廣告再現了年輕性質的舞蹈風格;烈酒廣告著重有事業成就且有社會地位的成熟男性,因此烈酒類也呈現了屬於正式、成熟性的舞蹈風格;水果酒類的廣告,多以女性為主,因此酒商所引用的舞蹈,也屬於女性演出的舞蹈性質。 / This research discussed dancing construction and its meaning implied on beer, liquor, and wine, example of three different alcohol drinks which can be seen on TV advertisements. By using qualitative research methodology and semiotic theoretical approach, this research tried to analyze five different elements of dancing representation in alcohol drinks TV commercial. These elements are: the resemblance of dance symbols (such as background, type, and its characteristics), factor that contributes to dancing (such as costumes and its colors), advertising elements (such as dancers/endorsers, and texts), non-verbal communication, and visual (camera) language.
This analysis was based on the concepts of signifier/signified and connotation/denotation. Alongside with branding point of view, this study was designed to find out the message and the meaning beyond a particular dance assigned to those advertisements. The research was also tried to identify the reasons why the firms choose to exercise a certain dance in their TV commercial as product representative and moreover to advertise it.
The research found that through dance representation, the firms attempt to send the message about company core values, foundation, and its competitiveness, as well as the hint to its brand image and target market. The dancing that represented in the advertisements was also showing the taste, quality, and origin of its particular product. Moreover, as different type of alcohol drinks encompassed various type of messages, therefore the variety of dance generous and style were used also different. For example beer TV commercials were prominences young as a theme, thus the dance style applied within was also appertain youngster dance style. On the other hand, Liquor TV advertisements were more focus on a mature male who has carrier achievements and social statuses hence the dance style used on its advertising was far more formal and mature. Finally, wine TV advertisements were more predominantly for female rank, therefore the dance cited by the wine company was also belong to the nature of female dance performances.
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台灣中學舞蹈班女學生身體意象形塑與認同 / Body Image Formulation and Identities of High School Dance Class Girls in Taiwan廖翊廷, Liao, Yu Ting Unknown Date (has links)
中學舞蹈班女學生的身體,在社會當中被認為是符合「美」的一群。為了達成演出的視覺效果,而被訓練出能靠著嚴格的飲食控制與身體訓練來維持身材的能力(靳晨瑄,2010)。本研究以質性研究的半結構式深度訪談採訪11名有過舞蹈班經驗的女學生,來了解中學舞蹈班中的身體規訓技術,以及舞蹈班女學生如何自我規訓。並從「舞者認同」和身體意象的角度,來探究舞蹈班女學生能持續自我規訓背後的動力。
本研究之研究發現如下:一、舞蹈班女學生對規訓並非全然接受,並以意識到自己的需求為前提,有著對抗規訓的策略;二、舞蹈班女學生可經由「舞者認同」的建立而形成自我規訓,進而塑造身體;三、因「舞者認同」受到舞蹈類型的偏好影響,而發展出多元的舞者認同。 / The girls in dance classes in Taiwan strictly conform to the social standard of beauty. Their bodies are ideal beauty according to society. In order to deliver the best visual performance, they would keep fit from strict diet control and body training (Jin Chenxuan, 2010). To find out how dance class follows body disciplinary method and how the girls in dance classes discipline themselves, semi-structured interviews were used when interviewing 11 experienced female dancers from dance classes. I would also like to figure out whether “dancer identities” and body images support them when they are trying to shape their bodies.
Here are the findings:
1. The girls in dance classes may resist the body discipline in dance classes, because they are also aware of their own demand.
2. The girls in dance classes may build self-disciplinary and shape their body through the construction of “dancer identities”.
3. “Dancer identitiy” is influenced by various dance types, therefore we can conclude that “dancer identity” is diversified.
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重省女性主義對梅洛龐蒂的批判:以楊〈像女孩那樣丟球〉為例 / Rethinking feminist's critique on merleau-ponty: by example of Young's "Throwing like a girl"劉芝吟, Liu, Chih Yin Unknown Date (has links)
本研究選擇楊 (Iris Marion Young) 在1977年首次發表的文章〈像女孩那樣丟球—論女性身體經驗〉為主要藍本,對梅洛龐蒂《知覺現象學》的身體主體概念進行討論。楊在文章中採用梅洛龐蒂活生生身體做為核心,以《知覺現象學》中〈身體本身的空間性和運動機能〉此篇章做為對照架構,置入性別化的反思,重新編織由女性主體經驗出發的身體模態。
在2005年楊以此文為書名同時收錄多篇聚焦於女性身體經驗的現象學討論,從懷孕、乳房、月經、老年照護等女性身體的各個面向,經由性別觀點的探問辯證處理多位歐陸哲學家和現象學家的論述,透過理論思考和生命經驗交揉出女性身體主體的視野。在〈像女孩那樣丟球—論女性身體經驗〉中,楊選擇梅洛龐蒂《知覺現象學》對活生生身體與世界關係的描述架構,同時立基於西蒙波娃對女性存在的分析和觀察,分析陰性身體的特定風格,以及這種風格及活動方式,與其在世界中的交往有什麼樣的關係?又具有什麼樣的意義?梅洛龐蒂在《知覺現象學》裡說明主體如何通過身體在世界中展開存在活動,在這些活動的運作中,我們不是如同船長掌舵一樣,作為純粹的思維者操作客觀的身體,也不是一個刺激-反應的制約機體對世界做出規律和法則的回應,主體與世界的關係,就座落在我作為一個活生生的身體主體向世界開放,朝世界投射。但是,這個身體的分析架構是否為一個普遍性的論述?如果經驗世界中有一大部分的身體典型在特定的層次上展現的差異性,這種獨特風格是基於什麼樣的存在處境中出現的?梅洛龐蒂突破笛卡兒純粹思維者的傳統,修正胡賽爾在《觀念一》朝向超驗觀念論的追求路線,試圖以一個具體化、肉身化的樣貌來理解人的在世存有,然而是否必須面對我們活生生的身體中是帶著性別、文化的銘刻?因此本研究將以楊所提出的女性身體活動與空間經驗為基礎,對照梅洛龐蒂文本中描述的身體模態,重新思考梅洛龐蒂的身體論述,與性別向度之間的關連性。
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由學名藥侵權訴訟評估均等論在生物相似藥侵權訴訟的影響—以美國為例 / A Study of the Doctrine of Equivalence on Biosimilars Based on the Patent Infringement in the context of Generics –From U.S. Perspectives沈雅慧, Shen , Yea Huei Unknown Date (has links)
BPCIA在2010年三月生效後,生物相似藥廠商開始可以利用簡化的文件向美國食品和藥物管理局(FDA)申請藥品許可證,這個新醫療法賦予FDA決定如何落實法案的權力。基於不同生物製劑之間缺乏比較性這個已知的事實,加上公眾安全的考量,在還沒有累積大量經驗可以歸納出哪些是比較分析必要的資訊之前,FDA會保守的要求生物相似藥廠商以BPCIA提出申請時,必須提供臨床試驗資料來證明與參照藥品之間沒有臨床上有意義的差異。
雖然BPCIA給出了解決專利糾紛的框架,俗稱專利舞蹈(patent dance),依照目前聯邦巡迴上訴法院對BPCIA的解釋,認為BPCIA法案不強制生物相似藥申請者遵循其規定之專利糾紛解決程序,雖然就目前的最新發展來看,迴避專利舞蹈可以避免一些程序上的麻煩,但真正參照藥品廠商和生物相似藥公司的輸贏仍是在訴訟戰場上見真章。
美國FDA在2015年3月6日核准了的一個生物相似藥-Zarxio( filgrastim-sndz),目前尚不清楚均等論這種不確定性在生物相似藥上影響的程度,但藉由簡化新藥申請上市的小分子藥物所涉入的侵權訴訟做有限度的推論可以發現,小分子藥物的均等謬論案件是牽涉到外圍專利,當專利不再提供足夠的誘因去激勵專利權人時,學名藥廠商就會贏得均等論謬論案件。因為生物製劑是一種製程決定的產物,因此其專利通常是集中在製程。以BPCIA和專利法為框架來分析過去的相關侵權訴訟,可以預測生物相似藥廠商在轉化前步驟、轉化步驟、調劑、或包裝做改變,其成功的機會較大,而在細胞培養會純化步驟做改變,成功的機會最小。然而,最終還是要看法院將來如何解決生物相似藥的侵權問題,各方都要意識到科學與法律議題的複雜性,及妥適解決侵權訴訟的重要性。
台灣廠商要進入生物相似藥的領域,是困難重重的。生物相似藥的開發及法規成本,不如想像中低,鑒於蛋白質藥『產能』一直被看作是市場發展受阻的主要原因,藥廠委外合作(CRO、CMO或NRDO) 的模式能快速與國際藥廠接軌,逐步奠定台灣在藥物開發的供應鏈合作利基並提昇國際知名度。 / The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation of 2009 was activated on March in 2010. Now the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can approve biosimilars and was empowered to how to practice. Given the known issues with lack of comparability between different biologics preparations, and the Agency’s strong interest in protecting public safety, it is probable that, until it has developed a body of experience with regards to the amount and kind of data needed to make comparability evaluations, the FDA will adopt a conservative approach and require at least some clinical studies before approving biologics under BPCIA.
Though BPCIA provide the frame for resolving patent issues, that is so-called patent dance, Federal Circuit said that parties were not compelled to dance. Thus the law uncertainty was shifted to patent infringement.
FDA approved the first biosimilar, Zarxio (filgrastim-sndz), on 6, March, 2015. It is unclear how biosimilar will be treated in court based on doctrine of equivalence. Based on the experience from generics, courts tends to adjust the scope of equivalents to improve the correspondence between patent scope and desired patent incentives. In contrast, biologics is path depended. That is to say process decided what biologics would be. Both the BPCIA and patent law guide the shape of infringement suits. Follow-on biologics companies will be most successful when they make a change in the pretransformation process, the transformation process, the formulation, or the packaging. They will be least successful when they make a change in the cell culture conditions or the purification process. It remains to be seen how courts will address issues of infringement for follow-on biologics, but all parties should be aware of the complexity of the scientific and legal issues and the importance of addressing them properly.
The cost for development and the complexity of regulation in biosimilars were tremendously high. Thus it is difficult for biopharmaceutical industries in Taiwan to enter this field. In the light of unmet production capacity in protein drug, pharmaceutical industries in Taiwan could apply the mode of CRO, CMO or NRDO to integrate into global biopharmaceutical community.
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生物相似性藥品之產業分析與法律評估: 以上市許可規範與智慧財產權為核心 / The industry analysis and legal assessment of biosimilars: focusing on approval regulations and intellectual property rights李昕彥, Li, Hsin Yen Unknown Date (has links)
生物藥品是很多先前具致命性和難以治療的疾病領域,像是癌症、自體免疫疾病及神經系統疾病內最被看好的現行新穎療法。近年來,隨著探索出突破性小分子藥物愈趨困難,加上生物藥品在新藥研發過程中有較低的折損率與較高的成功產出率,使得越來越多藥廠紛紛轉向開發利潤豐厚的大分子生物產品。此外許多暢銷生物藥品專利期即將屆至,從而帶來對相對價廉、通常被稱為原廠生物藥品仿製版本之「生物相似性藥品」的龐大治療需求。然而,由於生物藥品和小分子藥物在分子大小及結構複雜程度方面存在截然不同的特性與本質差異,因此建立一套專屬於生物相似性藥品的上市許可規範勢在必行。
作為於2010年3月23日正式簽署公告之「患者保護及可負擔照護法案」中的一部分,美國國會通過了「生物藥品價格競爭與創新法」(BPCIA)。BPCIA的生效被視為製藥產業最重要的變革之一,旨在藉由競爭達到維護公眾健康、促進生物技術創新和控制醫療支出之目的,同時取得適當之三方利益平衡。BPCIA即以Hatch-Waxman法案下的化學學名藥核准途徑為模版,創建生物藥品簡易上市申請程序。
本論文的結構主要區分為兩大部分進行研究,其一提供了製藥產業概觀與全球生物藥品市場的發展趨勢,其二則聚焦在BPCIA新建立的核准前專利爭端解決程序下,生物相似性藥品面臨「專利舞蹈」時的法律評估及智慧財產權管理。
論文的第一部分係根據從各種市場研究報告收集、整理而成的統計數據,以系統性的方式深入介紹全球製藥產業,並分析生物相似性藥品的市場機會和潛在隱憂。另外此部分亦詳細說明了生物相似性藥品的生理活性、知識斷層與製程依賴性之間的關係、分析技術對生物產品做完整定性的不足以及生物相似性藥品的開發流程。
論文的第二部分則以討論BPCIA的重要條文規定為主,包括專利舞蹈制度和上市審查要求,諸如生物相似性之證明、可互換性之認定與適應症外推。其他相關議題,包含參考藥品的法定專屬權保護期長度、生物相似性藥品自動替換之立法化、專利資訊交換機制的可能濫用及原廠與生物相似藥廠達成反競爭協議之風險皆會予以進一步探討。除此之外,本部分也介紹了歐盟和台灣生物相似性藥品上市法規的沿革與現況。
本文試圖透過對生物相似性藥品的全方位綜合研究成果,提出可行的市場進入方案及善用專利和營業祕密優勢之智慧財產權保護佈局策略。 / Biologics represent many of the most promising novel therapies for previously deadly and intractable disease areas like cancer, autoimmune disease and neurological disorders. As discovery of breakthrough small-molecule drugs becomes more difficult, together with lower attrition rate and higher productivity of biologics in the new drug research and development (R&D) process, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly turning to develop lucrative large-molecule biological products in recent years. In addition, the patents on numerous blockbuster biologics treatments will soon expire, bringing soaring demand for relatively inexpensive generic versions of originator biologics, generally known as “biosimilars.” However, due to contrasting characteristics and natural differences in terms of size and structural complexity between biologics and small-molecule drugs, it is necessary to create a regulatory pathway solely for biosimilars.
As part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which was officially signed into law on March 23, 2010, the U.S. Congress passed the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA). The BPCIA is considered one of the more significant overhauls to the pharmaceutical industry, aiming to strike a proper balance among securing public interests, stimulating biotechnology innovation and controlling healthcare expenditure through competition. It established an abbreviated approval pathway for biosimilars modeled closely after the Hatch-Waxman Act’s approval process for generic chemical drugs.
The structure of this thesis is divided into two major parts, of which the first part provides an overview of pharmaceutical industry and trends in the global biologics market, whereas the second part focuses on the legal assessment and intellectual property management of biosimilars under BPCIA’s new pre-approval patent dispute resolution process, the “patent dance”.
The first part starts from the in-depth systematic introduction of global pharmaceutical industry based on statistics collected from various market research reports, then analyzes the market opportunities and potential concerns for biosimilars. Moreover, this part illustrates the physiological properties, the relationship between “knowledge gap”and manufacturing path-dependence, the insufficieny of analytical techniques in fully characterizing biological products, and the development process of biosimilars in details.
The second part discusses key provisions of the BPCIA, including the patent dance procedures and regulatory requirements, such as demonstrating biosimilarity, interchangeability and extrapolation. Other relevant issues include the length of statutory exclusivities granted to reference products, legislations on biosimilar automatic substitution, potential abuses of patent information exchange mechanism and risks of reaching anti-competitive agreements between pioneers and biosimilar manufacturers will be further discussed. Besides, this part describes the timeline and status quo of EU and Taiwan’s biosimilar approval regulations.
With comprehensive study on multiple aspects of biosimilars, this article tries to propose feasible market access plans and robust intellectual property protection strategies capitalizing upon patents and trade secrets.
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