在「設計易調整的電子病歷存取控管機制」論文中，針對病患隱私的保障，設計了一套XML格式的存取控管規則語言，讓安全管理者可以藉由設計安全組態檔，動態並細緻化地切換電子病歷的存取控管程式碼。根據前述論文的需求，我們建構出一套可融合於Eclipse開發平台中的存取規則編輯環境。除了具備XML編輯器的基本功能外，我們的編輯環境針對此存取控管規則語言提供使用者自訂屬性與規則變數的機制，以半自動化的方式免去記憶屬性值的困擾；並在存取規則的限制條件編修畫面當中，加入語法解析功能與基本格式驗證功能，協助使用者編輯限制條件，早期發現錯誤，大幅簡化安全管理人員設計存取控管規則的工作。 / This thesis presents a Configurable Editor for Specifying Access Control Rule in Electronic Medical Records based on the XML rule schema designed in another thesis, "Using Aspects to Implement Adaptable Access Control for Electronic Medical Records". Our editor is developed as a plug-in in the Eclipse development platform. It has three distinguished features. First, the user can configure the specific attributes and rule variables referenced in the rule schema and rule instances. Second, the user can edit access control rules as any XML documents and view the rules in multiple views, such as tree view. Third, the editor performs static checks on the constraints specified in the rules to provide early error detection. Thus, we argue that the editor will of significant help to the security administrators.

「語言權」係以國際人權法為發祥的新興人權概念，本文聚焦於個人選擇其母語為自由使用權利之探討。語言除了作為溝通工具之外，亦是個人身分認同的依存和集體文化的具體展現。隨著世界文化多樣性宣言、保護及促進文化表現多樣性公約的制定，以尊重個人自主地選擇其所認同的文化生活方式來維持文化多樣性環境的思維逐漸受到關注，本文採取此觀點作為保障語言權的理論基礎，以此開展並探討國家的角色和義務。 我國歷史上因國家公權力強制推行單一語言政策，限制人民自由使用其母語的權利和機會，形成語言不平等的現象，進而影響政治、經濟資源的分配不均，也使得母語面臨消逝和凋零的危機。語言權利保障非僅是我國的國內議題，亦是國際關懷的面向，本文以探討國際法的語言權利保障架構為始，接著以境內存在多元語言現象並致力少數語言保障的歐洲為研究對象，而後聚焦於比利時和法國，比較兩國如何從法制面處理語言權利保障的問題和經驗，提供我國參考和省思的題材。 本文主張我國應透過修憲方式明文增列語言權利的保障，直接賦予人民享有請求語言權保障的直接憲法法源依據，然在現階段未修憲之前，我國憲法增修條文既已肯認多元文化價值，配合具有國內法效力的經濟、社會暨文化權利公約第15條揭示文化權的保障，應可藉由文化權的概念內涵開展語言權的集體和積極的性質。此外，多元文化價值亦成為拘束國家機關行為和政策的準則方向，國家必須負起積極義務，應逐步消除目前因公私領域區別導致語言權利承認與否的差異，建置相關制度以維持母語的使用和活絡，確保各語言的語言權利平等，使珍貴的語言文化資產得以永續發展。

傳統的語言教學，著重於語言技能的學習成效，忽略語言功能的重要性，對於新興學科華語教學而言此一現象尤為明顯。為使華語學習者使用目標語時，其正確性與適切性能獲得均衡的提升，因此本研究以語言功能理論為基礎，進行語言功能教學實驗，並預期其語言功能學習成效將對華語/華人的態度帶來正向改變。 本研究以2011年寒假華裔青年短期語文班的11名學員為對象，進行研究與教學實驗，學員來自紐澳，均以英語為第一語，華語能力為該營隊次高級程度。教學分實驗組與對照組，兩組語言形式教學的部分由該語文班同一名教師進行教學；語言功能部分由研究者對實驗組進行教學。教學實驗內容以影響語言風格之不同正式程度的語碼形式為切入點，運用歸納法引導學生發現5種語碼形式的規律，並運用演繹法教授擇用的原則。 本研究共設計4份問卷，以調取研究所需之資料。包括受試者的基本資料、對華語/華人的態度、華語學習成效（含功能與形式)以及華語學習動機。其中針對態度與學習成效進行前後測。 經數據統計分析，本研究大部分的假設都獲得了驗證，包括：（1）語言功能的觀念可以透過課堂學習獲得；（2）語言功能教學可提升受試者對語言功能的注意；（3）語言功能的學習成效高，其語言形式的學習成效也提升；（4）受試者的華語功能學習成效、華語使用頻率、華人文化背景為正相關。至於受試者的華語功能學習成效與華語學習動機之間的關係則未獲驗證。但是透過個別訪談，實驗組學生都對此次教學活動持肯定態度。 本研究的結論是語言功能可以透過堂內系統化的方式進行教學，教學後改善了對華語/華人的語言態度，足證語言功能教學的必要性。此外本研究為語言功能教學建立了可用的教學設計，並對華裔的背景與其華語學習情況有更具體的了解：（1）華裔青年使用華語的頻率在對象、地點與話題的範疇中，以對象為主導；（2）華裔青年與華人傳統文化之間的關係是疏遠的；（3）華裔青年的華語能力與華語使用頻率、華語能力與對華人文化的理解、華人文化的理解與華人態度成正相關。 本研究在第四章中也對華裔華語教學提出各種具體建議，大致可歸納為：（1）教學設計應考量華裔在不同範疇中使用華語的頻率；（2）將節慶儀式操演納入教學，並重視清明節的介紹；（3）除了教材內的書面語/口語語碼形式的對照，也可由學生蒐集真實語境中的書面語語料進行補充教學。

After almost two years of residing in the Republic of China, the author of this business plan together with her business partner came to realize that there is market potential for offering Spanish Language teaching services abroad. Every year, there are more than one thousand Taiwanese students enrolled in one of three modalities of college or university Spanish Language courses: as a major or minor; as an elective course; and, as a non credit course. A small percentage of the students who study Spanish Language travel abroad to increase their abilities in the language. Most of them choose Spain simply because it is the only choice they have been offered. On the other hand, most of the students who don’t travel abroad to practice the Spanish language don’t do it because traveling to Spain to study the language is too expensive for their budgets. This business plan describes a business model to promote a Language Center in La Antigua, Guatemala, which represents a less expensive alternative for those Taiwanese students who want to practice the Spanish Language but are not willing to pay the higher price charged for similar services in Spain. The business logistics include setting a Promotion Company in Honduras, which will work through a Promotion Office in the Republic of China to promote the services of Language Center located in Guatemala. A separate business plan will be elaborated for the operations of the Language Center in Guatemala. To determine whether the proposed business model is feasible or not, a market research was conducted. Through the results of this research it was established the potential demand and marketing mix. An operational study was also conducted to determine the optimal structure of the business and a financial study and analysis was conducted to determine the profitability level of the investment. The market research revealed that Taiwanese students would be willing to spend around NT$100,000 for a 10 week intensive course in La Antigua, Guatemala. The demand for these services has been forecasted to go from 58 to 193 in a period of 5 years, generating revenues ranging from NT$5.8 to 23.4 million in the same period. According to the calculations, the business would repay the investment in a 13-month period and would bring an average of 84% of return on equity during the first five years of operations, making it an exceptional investment opportunity.

因應近年來數位典藏的趨勢日漸發展，越來越多珍貴中文歷史文本 選擇進行數保存，而保存的同時會面對文本的作者遺失或從缺，進而 影響文本的完整性，而本論文提出了一個適用於中文史料文本作者分 析的方法，主要是透過語言模型的建構，為每一位潛在的作者訓練出 一個專屬的語言模型，而搭配不同的平滑方法能避免掉某一受測文本 單詞出現的機率為零的機率進而造成計算上的錯誤，而本論文主要採 用改良式 Kneser–Ney 平滑方法，該平滑方法因其會同時考慮到 N 詞彙 語言模型的高低頻詞的影響，而使其成為建構語言模型普遍選擇的平 滑方式。 若僅將每一位潛在作者的所有文章進行合併訓練成單一的語言模型 會忽略掉許多特性，所以本篇論文在取得附有價值的歷史文本之外， 又加入後設資料 (Metadata) 進行綜合分析，包括人工標記的主題分類 的統計資訊，使建構出來的語言模型更適配受測文本，增加預測結果 的準確性。和加入額外的自定義的字詞以符合文本專有名詞的用詞習 慣，還會在一般建構語言模型的基礎上，加入長字詞的權重，以確定 字詞長度對預測準確度的關係。最後還會採用遞歸神經網路 (Recursive neural networks) 結合語言模型進行作者預測，與傳統的語言模型分析 作進一步的比較。 / In recent years, the trend of digital collections has been developing day by day, and more and more precious Chinese historical corpora have been selected for preservation. The preservation of the corpora at the same time will face the loss or lack of the authors, thus affecting the integrity of the corpora. A method for analyzing the author of the Chinese historical text is mainly through the construction of the language model, for each potential author to train a specific language model, and with a different smoothing method can be avoided zero probability of words and the error is caused by the calculation. This paper mainly adopts the Interpolated Modified Kneser-Ney smoothing method, which will take into account the influence of higher order and lower order n-grams string frequency. So, Interpolated Modified Kneser-Ney smoothing is become a very popular way to construct a general choice of language models. The combination of all the articles of each potential author into a single language model will ignore many of the features, so this paper in addition to the value of the historical corpora, but also to add the metadata to integrate analysis, including the statistical information of the subject matter classification of the artificial mark, so that the constructed language model is more suitable for the measured text, increase the accuracy of the forecast results, add additional custom words to match the language of the proper nouns, in addition. But also on the basis of the general construction language model, the weight of the long word to join, to determine the length of the word on the relationship between the accuracy of prediction. Finally, recursive neural networks language models are also used to predict the authors and to make further comparisons with the traditional language model analysis.

No description available.

During the past years there has been a massive growth on the number of non-Chinese heritage people that have been learning Mandarin. The Chinese language is one of the most spoken languages in the world with one fifth of the planet speaking Mandarin. China has become the second largest economy in the world, which makes learning Chinese a very useful tool. Spanish is also one of the most spoken languages in the world and Belize is surrounded by Central American countries, which makes it essential to be able to communicate with other people around us in Spanish. Although Belize is a small country, it has many business activities with Taiwan and Central America and therefore it is very essential to be able to understand and communicate in Mandarin easily and effectively. The purpose of this business plan is to perform feasibility analysis of a Language Institute in Belize. In order to assess the feasibility of this company, this business plan is going to present data on the importance of the Chinese and Spanish language within Belize and around world. The Language Learning Institute will be introduced and a business strategy and marketing strategy will be developed to determine the strengths of learning Mandarin for Business, as well as personal development. Lastly, the business model will be presented that will provide the important factors needed for the successful development of the business.

第一章導論 第二章現代學派相互依存發展緣由 第一節二次戰後國際政經體系基礎 第二節七十年代後國際政經體系變遷 第三節現實主義國際政治模式 第四節現代學派相互依存興起 第三章現代學派相互依存基本概念 第一節相互依存學說之性質與歸屬學科 第二節相互依存概念之定義 第三節相互依存形式 第四章現代學派相互依存理論主張 第一節相互依存理論模式 第二節相互依存與權力關係 第三節相互依存與國際體制關係 第四節相互依存與對外政策關係 第五章現代學派相互依存理論主張之評論 第一節相互依存的在真性 第二節相互依存的普遍性 第三節相互依存的可靠性 第六章結論 英文參考書籍 英文期刊 中文參考書目

國 立 政 治 大 學 研 究 所 碩 士 論 文 摘 要 研究所所別： 語言學研究所 論文名稱：音位和音節在中文兒童語音扮演的角色：心理語言學實驗的驗證 指導教授：萬依萍 研究生：廖昭媛 論文內容摘要：（共一冊，13,641字，分五章二十節，並扼要說明內容，共453字） 本文目的是想瞭解兒童在聽辨語音相似性，對於音位和音節的敏感性。本研究的受試者是41位操持國語的學齡前兒童。其中二十一位兒童參與非詞語音分類實驗（the nonword classification task）。兒童首先要學習兩個雙音節的標準語音，然後他（她）要依據聽覺上的相似性來歸類稍候聽到的測試音。他們需要要判定測試音聽起和哪一個標準音聽起來比較相似。結果顯示兒童在音位相似性或是音節相似方面的表現並無顯著的差異。另外二十位兒童皆下來進行非詞語音聽辯的實驗（The word-pair judgment task 1 and 2）。在測試工作（一），兒童要聽辨一對兩個雙音節的非詞語音，在前面的部份聽起來是否相似。結果顯示，兒童在音位和音節相似性，音位和最多相性似上的表現皆有顯著的差異性。在測試工作（二），兒童也是要聽辨一對兩個雙音節的非詞語音，在後面的部份聽起來是否相似。實驗的結果和測試工作（一）相同。整體上而言，要解釋在兒童聽辯語音上的表現，除了從「數量」方面的考量，更可以從語音本身結構上上的差異性來討論兒童對與音位和音節的敏感性。此外，在本文的實驗裡，並未發現相似因的位置會造成兒童在聽辯語音上的差異。 / Abstract This paper investigated the role of syllables and phonemes in Mandarin speaking children in terms of the sensitivity to the syllable correspondences and phoneme correspondences. In the first experiment, the nonword classification task, 21 kindergarteners were recruited. The child had to learn two disyllabic standard sounds. Then, he/she was presented with a test nonword and had to classifiy the test nonword to one of the two standard sounds if the test sound and the standard sound are sounded alike at the beginnings. The results in the nonword classification task have shown that the young children did not show the significant reliance on the type of the syllable correspondences. In the two further experiments, the word-pair judgment task 1 and 2, another 20 kindergarteners were recruited. The children were asked to judge whether two test words are sounded alike at the beginnings. The results in the word-pair judgment task 1 indicate that syllables are treated as a structural unit and phonemes are belonging to the lower level of the syllabic constructs. The children’s responses tend to reflect the effect of the syllable structure in the language process rather than the effect of the size of shared units. In the word-pair judgment task 2, the child has to judge whether the two test words are sounded alike at the ends. The results also indicate that children’s performance should be viewed in terms of syllable structures. Besides, the location of the shared unit did not play a role when children judge the similarity between the speech sounds. Children performed equally the same when the shared units are either at the beginnings or at the ends of words in the present study.

在網路資訊爆炸的年代，資料的分析整理日趨重要，本論文之研究目標正是針對資料做標題生成的處理，為資料自動生成標題，進而將資料加值化，轉化為資訊。研究者首先閱讀英文相關文獻，分析整理後，認為中文的處理方式與英文有所差異，因此，在本論文中，提出與英文不同之中文前置作業與自動標題生成之方法。 研究者針對標題的自動生成提出了幾種特徵值考量，包括候選詞權重值，訓練標題-文本詞彙，標題長度的關係及詞組間距。本論文之研究分為兩階段，第一階段為訓練階段，將文件做前置處理與斷詞，接著訓練標題-文本詞彙與統計文件標題長度的機率。第二階段為執行階段，分析新文件之候選詞權重值，並參照訓練階段之標題-文本詞彙與標題長度之機率值參考表，考量詞組間距後自動為文件產生標題。本論文所採用的訓練文件集來源為1998年至1999年五種報紙，涵蓋不同主題，共84,211篇文件，而測試文件的實驗分為Outside Test與Inside Test兩部分。 研究者為實驗結果進行兩種評估，一為電腦評估，將自動生成之標題與記者所擬訂的標題比對後，計算出求準率、求全率與F1。Outside Test求準率為14.21%、求全率為11.43%、F1為12.67%。Inside Test求準率為15.84%、求全率為12.94%、F1為14.21%。實驗結果顯示，正確率方面與其他文獻之英文文件標題的生成結果(F1=3.2%~24%)相近，但與實際標題仍有差距，因此，在未來工作上，仍有很大的發展空間。二為人為評估，讓使用者在閱讀自動生成之標題後，加以評分。自動生成之標題的流暢度還算不錯。然總結來說，本論文之研究尚屬初始階段，盼未來能更加成熟，並可有更進一步的創新與改進。 / As the number of digital documents on internet is growing up, analysis and organization of documents become quite important. In this thesis, we propose an approach for headline generation of documents. We can try our best to transfer the document data into information in some sense using the proposed approach. We review literature about the related topics, and present a different approach to deal with Chinese documents rather than English documents. We propose some approach to Chinese documents headline generation. The thesis is separate two steps, one is training step, and the other is execution step. On the first step, the documents were preprocessed. Secondly, we trained the probability of headline-text words, and headline’s length. And on the execution step, we analyzed scores of headline candidates and gap, then referred to the probability of headline-text words, and headline’s length, finally we automatically generate headline for documents. The training documents are selected from a test collection for information retrieval, CIRB. Totally 84,211 Chinese news articles published between 1998 and 1999 are selected. Testing documents has two parts, one is for outside test, and the other is for inside test. We conducted two evaluations, one is the automatic evaluation using metrics of presicion, recall and F1; the other is the human assessment. The precision of outside test is 14.21%、recall is 11.43%、F1 is 12.67%. And the precision of inside test is 15.84%、recall is 12.94%、F1 is 14.21%。The automatic evaluation result shows the accruacy is still not good enough, and the human assessment evaluation shows our approach can produce human-readable headlines.