本研究探討影響學生學業成就的學校、家庭、學生個人及背景因素，研究中以後設分析的方法計算出許多自變項的效應量大小。本研究的資料取自台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫（TEPS），包括2868名學生在2001年至2007年間接受的四波追蹤調查資料。研究結果發現，學校、家庭、學生個人及背景因素對學業成就之平均效應量具有顯著差異，其中以學生的「先前學業成就」具有最大的效應量，對綜合能力、數學能力及一般分析能力的效應量分別是2.39、1.45和1.90；其次為「背景因素」（效應量分別為.65、.53、.59）；再其次則為「家庭因素」及「學生投入」，但此兩者效應量小，且彼此間無顯著差異；而學校因素的平均效應量最小。最後，本研究針對研究結果提出多項教育實務的建議。 / The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal effects of school, family, student, and demographic factors on students’ academic achievement. A method of meta-analysis was used to estimate the magnitude of the effect size of various dependent variables. The data was obtained from Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS). The members of the tracked panel of 2868 high school students were selected as samples for this present research. The tracked panel received four waves of questionnaires and standard tests from 2001 to 2007. The results of the present analysis shows significant differences between the mean effect sizes of the factors associated with academic achievement, and that students’ prior achievement had the largest effect size of 2.39, 1.45, and 1.90, respectively, based on the comprehensive ability score, the general analytic ability score, and the mathematic ability score. The demographic factor showed the second largest mean effect size (.65, .53, .59), larger than that of the family factor and students’ engagement, which both showed small effect without significant differences from each other. And the school factor showed the least mean effect size. In addition, it was found that the mean effect of all the variables based on the comprehensive ability score (.43) was significantly larger than that based on the general analytic ability score and on the mathematic ability score, specifically. Practical implications and suggestions are given in the present research after the general discussion of the research findings.

本文選取六個東南亞國家(泰國、印尼、菲律賓、柬埔寨、越南、馬來西亞)中105家本土以及外資銀行的財報資料，樣本期間為2005年至2013年，唯各國之研究期間不相同，是為不平衡追蹤資料的研究模型。本文期望藉由多元迴歸分析探討兩個問題:(一) 外資銀行占比的提升(下降)對於本土銀行獲利能力的影響；(二)外資銀行之績效是否顯著優於(劣於)本土銀行。 本研究的實證結論可歸納如下：(一)外資銀行的資產占比與本土銀行的資產報酬率(ROA)與股東權益報酬率(ROE)呈顯著負相關，與淨利息收益率(NIM)則呈顯著正相關；(二)外資銀行的淨利息收益率顯著優於本土銀行，資產報酬率和股東權益報酬率皆沒有顯著的差異；(三)在研究外資銀行占比的提升(下降)對於本土銀行獲利能力的影響時，自變數採用外資銀行家數占比結果較採用外資銀行資產占比不顯著。 / Using data from both country and bank level in 6 Southeast Asia Countries from 2005 to 2013, this paper examines the performance of foreign and domestic banks. The structure of data is unbalanced panel data. Our goal is to know whether the share of foreign banks impacts the performance of local banks, and whether foreign banks outperform or underperform local banks. By regression analysis, we conclude that foreign banks asset share is negatively correlated with domestic banks’ ROA and ROE, but positively correlated with domestic banks’ NIM. Furthermore, foreign banks outperform domestic banks in terms of NIM, while there is no significant difference between foreign and domestic banks in terms of ROA and ROE. We also find that when measuring the impact of foreign banks share, foreign banks asset share is more significant than foreign banks number share.

追蹤股係資產重組方式的一種，近年來在美國的證券市場增加許多的發行案例，追蹤股是針對多角化企業特定部門發行不同權利義務的普通股，表彰該特定企業的營運績效，提供給投資人更明確的投資評價，進而提升企業整體的價值。追蹤股的起源係於1984年General Motors在取得Ross Perot’s Electronic Data System後發行首創的追蹤股，雖然陸續有發行之個案，但追蹤股的發行熱潮主要集中於1998年至2000年，包括AT&T、Sprint Corp、Quantum Corp.及Disney等企業，且部分發行企業發行一種以上的追蹤股，因追蹤股可依發行企業的需求制定不同的投票權、轉換權、股利分配政策等，提供給投資者相當多的選擇，顯示追蹤股對企業的籌資或購併提供了新的工具。 由於追蹤股的發行案例較其他資產重組的方式(資產分拆及權益分割)相對較少，因此國外探討此專題的文獻亦不多見，國內目前亦無相關研究。故本研究的主要內容包括資產重組方式的分析及可能的考量因素，並說明追蹤股的起源、特性及優缺點，進而探討追蹤股發行時的宣告效果，觀察其累計異常報酬的顯著性，且驗證累計異常報酬與發行企業市值及市價淨值比的關係。 為提供國內研究者更清楚的了解追蹤股發行全貌，本研究將1998年在美國證券市場發行的Sprint Corp的個案，針對發行的目的、發行架構、該普通股的權利義務及可能的風險等項目加以分析研究。最後以模擬國內上市公司—中華電信發行追蹤股的可行性，提供國內主管機關作為未來研究新金融商品的建議及參考。

本論文的研究目的，主要是從理論的探討與實證的研究出發，評估國內以香菸稅做為反菸工具時的可行性與適當性。 　　由於近些年來，在反菸團體大力地宣導吸菸有害健康的警訊之下，香菸似乎被貼上了罪惡的標籤，除了對人體健康有直接的危害之外，吸菸行為在醫療資源上的浪費與經濟成本上的損失更是不容忽視的問題。因此，除了一般性的租稅課徵之外，許多的學者都主張應再對香菸課以重稅，以期減少社會大眾的香菸消費量。不過在另一方面，亦有學者指出，目前在探討吸菸行為所引起的疾病成本或外部成本時，都忽略了外在環境的改變與其他因素的影響，而使得菸害成本有被高估的可能，因此反對重課香菸稅。其次，由於香菸稅基本上是屬於銷售稅的性質，因此在課稅之後，勢必會對經濟體系造成若干程度的影響，所以本文在理論探討的部分，除了分析香菸稅的理論依據之外，亦將課稅之後所可能產生的經濟效果做一分析與整理。 　　而在實證研究的部分，本文則利用主計處「個人所得分配調查報告」的原始電腦資料，以橫斷面與虛擬長期追蹤模型資料(pseudo panel data)分別估計國內的香菸需求函數。根據研究的結果顯示，國內的香菸價格彈性在-1.35~-1.56之間，表示當價格上升10%之後，香菸的消費量將減少13.5%~15.6%，可見以香菸稅做為反菸工具的效果相當地顯著。 　　總之，若政府的政策是以維護國民的健康而欲減少國內的香菸消費時，透過對香菸課稅的方式確實能達到「以價制量」的既定目標，而且其政策的效果相當地顯著。不過值得注意的是，香菸稅的課徵，雖然可達成上述的反菸政策效果，但卻也會造成租稅累退與超額負擔的發生；甚至由於菸害成本的高估現象，而使得香菸稅率有偏高的趨劫。因此，政府在訂定香菸稅的政策時，除了考慮價格效果之外，同時也必須平衡其所產生的經濟影響，如此才能訂出適當的稅率以充分反映與矯正外部成本的發生。因此，一個最適香菸稅率的決定，則是未來所必須面對的問題了。

區域發展差異現象一直以來為國家政策所關注，而近年來台灣地區失業率有逐漸上升的趨勢，各縣市之表現亦大相逕庭，顯示各地區存在失業差異現象。過去研究較少以空間觀點觀察失業相關議題，此外，關於區域差異因素對失業率之影響鮮少納入政府規劃因素。因此，本研究以空間自相關分析方法檢測失業是否具有空間相關性及聚集性，並應用長期追蹤資料（panel data）迴歸模型，以人口、產業、所得、都市化程度及政府規劃因素，分析台灣22縣市1988至2008近二十年來各區域差異因素對失業率之影響，藉由實證結果提出相關都市及產業政策之建議。實證結果發現，台灣失業分佈具有一定程度的空間相關性，且高低失業率在各縣市間亦有聚集現象。再者，依固定效果模型實證結果發現人口數、工業及服務業就業者百分比、都市化程度、工業區面積百分比與失業率間呈現顯著正向關係；經濟發展支出百分比與失業率呈現顯著負向關係；區域固定效果，即排除自變數影響下，各縣市本身區域特質對失業率之影響，結果顯示台北縣及桃園縣之係數為負向，南投縣、嘉義縣、台東縣與花蓮縣之係數為正向；時間固定效果方面，大部分年度皆具顯著性，且係數有由負轉正之趨勢，代表特定時間衝擊會對失業率造成影響。 / Differences in regional development have been a focus on national policies. Recently, there is a increasing trend in the unemployment rate in Taiwan, and it also differs from cities and counties, indicating there exists differences in regional unemployment. Previous research rarely combined unemployment issues with spatial perspective. In addition, the effect of regional discrepant factors on the unemployment rate rarely take government planning factors into account. Therefore, this study uses spatial autocorrelation analysis to detect whether unemployment has spatial correlation and aggregation, and applies panel data regression model with population, industry, income, the degree of urbanization, and government planning factors to analyze the effect of regional discrepant factors on the unemployment rate in Taiwan's 22 cities and counties from 1988 to 2008. According to the empirical results, we come up with some urban and industrial policy proposals. Empirical results indicate that the distribution of unemployment in Taiwan has a certain degree of spatial correlation, and high or low unemployment rate also has aggregation among cities and counties. Furthermore, according to the results of the fixed effects model, population, the percentage of industrial and service sector employment, the degree of urbanization, and the percentage of industrial area show a significant positive relationship with unemployment rate. The percentage of expenditures for economic development shows a significant negative relationship with unemployment rate. Region-specific fixed effect, which exclude the influence of independent variables, is the effect of regional characteristics of counties and cities on the unemployment rate. This result shows the coefficient of Taipei County and Taoyuan County is negative, and the coefficient of Nantou County, Chiayi County, Taitung County and Hualien County is positive. As for time-specific fixed effect, almost all years are significant, and the coefficient has the trend from negative to positive, indicating that a particular time impact will affect the unemployment rate.

本研究目的探討：（一）家庭社經地位、父親參與、母親參與對學習成就結構的關係模式；（二）運用多群組樣本測量模式，比較不同家庭社經地位（高、中、低三群組）學生其父親、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式。 本研究採用「結構方程模式」建立上述模式，並採用TEPS 2001「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」中9,141位國一學生（只以親生父母親同住子女）及其父親、母親為研究樣本。 本研究歸納出以下結論茲分述如下： 一、 結構方程模式考驗結果顯示「家庭社經地位、父親、母親參與和學習成就模式」與TEPS次級資料達到良好適配，表示家庭社經地位對學習成就具有正相關直接影響效果，同時父親間接參與對學習成就無顯著影響，而母親間接參與則有達到正向顯著影響。 二、 不同社經地位學生，其父親參與對子女學習成就無顯著影響，但母親參與對子女學習成就則呈正相關顯著差異。 三、 「高家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」為良好適配指標，但是父親參與未達顯著性，母親參與程度則達正相關顯著水準。 四、 「中家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」亦為良好適配指標，其中父親參與仍然未達顯著性，母親參與程度則達正相關且顯著水準。 五、 「低家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」適配度指標最佳，但是父親參與仍然未達顯著性，母親參與則依然呈正相關顯著。 最後，依據上述研究發現，就研究結果與研究方法兩方面，將提出相關研究建議以供教育實務上及未來研究之參考。 / The purposes of this study are to explore the effects of mother and father involvement between socioeconomic status（SES）and their children academic achievement. The data of the public released core panel data from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey（TEPS）in 2001 was used. The sample was drawn from TEPS and was constituted by 9,141 adolescents who were seventh graders and lived with their birth parents in 2001. This study explores that what role parental involvement plays between SES and academic achievement, and uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to create a mother and father involvement model that affects academic achievement. In addition, the multi-groups model was used to analyze how the SES affects mother and father involvement and children academic achievement. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The test result of SEM suggested that the proposed “Model of effects of SES/parental involvement on children academic achievement” fit the core panel data well. This showed SES had direct effect on academic achievement and had indirect effect through mother and father involvement. 2. Among all the SES groups, father involvement positively correlated with children’s academic achievement but not significantly. Mother involvement showed positive correlation and significantly. 3. The model of effect of parental involvement in higher SES family fits the data well, but father involvements positively correlated with children academic achievement and not significantly. Mother involvement positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. 4. The model of effect of parental involvement in middle SES family fits the data well. Father involvement still positively but not significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement; mother involvement positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. 5. The model of effect of parental involvement in low SES family fits the data best. Father involvement positively correlated with children’s academic achievement but not significantly; mother involvement also positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. Finally, the study discusses the implications of parental involvement and suggests directions for future research.

人民幣是否可能成為另一個重要的國際貨幣，甚至挑戰美元的國際地位？此即本論文的問題意識。對此，本論文進一步提出三個研究問題：一是如何測量當前的人民幣國際化程度？二是如何測量當前的人民幣資本開放程度？三是資本開放對於人民幣國際化程度的影響為何？ 為此，本研究利用主成分分析（PCA），以建構人民幣國際化程度（CIDI）與人民幣資本帳開放程度（CAOI）。其次再利用動態追蹤資料模型──系統一般動差估計法（SGMM），以檢證各項人民幣綜合競爭力對於貨幣國際化程度的影響。最後，本研究進一步梳理人民幣資本帳開放的進程，並結合上述所有實證分析的結果，進而預估漸進資本開放下人民幣國際化的前景。研究對象包括人民幣在內的33種國際貨幣，研究時間則起自1999年歐元成立，迄於2009年。 本論文的發現三：一是，當前人民幣國際化程度進展相當快速。但截至2009年年底，人民幣國際化程度還很低，遠落後於美元、歐元、日圓，以及英鎊等主要國際貨幣。不僅如此，人民幣國際化程度也遜於俄羅斯盧布、巴西里拉，以及印度盧比等開發中國家所發行的貨幣。 二是，過去10年來，人民幣資本帳開放程度不升反降，截至2009年年底，人民幣的資本帳開放程度維持在零，這表示：人民幣是世界上管制最為嚴格的貨幣。相對而言，美元、歐元、日圓，以及英鎊的資本帳開放程度至少都在70％以上，特別是英鎊的資本帳開放程度更趨近於完全開放。 三是，根據SGMM的實證結果顯示，網路外部性、經濟規模、金融市場規模、貨幣穩定度，以及資本開放程度都是影響貨幣國際化程度的關鍵因素。在此基礎上，本研究利用發生機率（odds ratio），以計算不同資本開放情境下，人民幣成為前10大國際貨幣的可能性。結果顯示，如果人民幣的資本帳開放到73％左右，人民幣便可擠進前10大國際貨幣（發生機率為65.6％）。 不過，這只是最為保守的估計。原因有二：一是，隨者中國經濟實力的崛起，以及人民幣預期升值的脈絡下，國際市場對於人民幣的需求原本就很高。此時，人民幣資本帳如果能適時開放，則人民幣的國際持有將大幅增加。換言之，本研究沒有考量到，各貨幣競爭力因素與資本開放程度之間的加乘效果。 二是，資本開放不僅直接對貨幣國際化程度產生影響，也會透過擴大金融市場規模與網路外部性等其他貨幣競爭力因素，間接對貨幣國際化程度造成影響。這間接效果，本研究也沒有考量到。因此，可以預期的是，只要人民幣資本帳能夠漸進開放，人民幣國際化的前景將比本研究所預估的高出許多。 / This paper discusses whether the Renminbi (RMB) will become an international currency, even challenging to the U.S. dollar. In order to examine above question, this paper take the following three steps: 1. By using principal component analyses (PCA), this paper constructs two indices: currency internationalization degree index (CIDI) and capital account liberalization degree index (CAOI); 2. By using dynamic panel data model-system generalized method of moment (SGMM), this paper analyzes factors affect the CIDI, including economic and trade size, financial system, network externalities, confidence in the currency’s value, and CAOI; 3. According to the PCA and SGMM results, this paper calculates the odds ratio of RMB becoming important international currency. The reserch achieved the following results. First, the degree of internationalization of the RMB progress very fast, but the RMB CIDI is still very low, its CIDI far behinds the dollar, euro, Japanese yen, and pounds. Second, over the past 10 years, RMB CAOI is not increased but decreased. Its CAOI is at zero in 2009, this means that: the RMB is the most stringent controls in the world currency. In contrast, U.S. dollars, euros, yen, and pound CAOI are at least in more than 70%. Third, according to the SGMM results, economic size, financial system, network externalities, confidence in the currency’s value, and CAOI are key factors affect the CIDI. Based on this output, this paper forecasted that if the RMB CAOI is open to about 73%, RMB could be squeezed into the top 10 of the international currency. (The odds ratio is 65.6%) It is noteworthy that this is only the lowest estimates. This is because that this paper did not consider the interaction effects of each currency competitiveness factors and CAOI. Therefore, if RMB CAOI continues open, the prospect of RMB CIDI is much higher than estimated by this paper.

本研究以Plantinga（2010）對退休金基金所提出之績效歸因模型應用於臺灣的壽險公司，並檢定每單位負債下，壽險公司的資產負債配置不匹配是否會影響到公司的投資收益；以及檢定在公司規模及壽險公司負債成本兩因素做為控制變數之下，資產負債不匹配程度是否會影響到壽險公司的投資報酬率的部分，得到以下結果： （一） 在2007年至2012年間，每單位負債下，壽險公司的資產負債配置不匹配會影響到公司的投資收益，且影響為負。 （二） 壽險公司的盈餘資產積極投資報酬率，與其負債成本間有顯著的正向相關；和公司規模間有正向相關；而與資產負債不匹配程度無明顯的相關性。 （三） 壽險公司的名目資產積極投資報酬率，與其資產負債不匹配程度有正向相關，但並不非常顯著；而與公司規模無明顯的相關性；與負債成本相關性之間的關係，亦不是非常顯著。 此研究應用Plantinga（2010）的內部績效衡量的模型，其以每單位負債表示報酬率，更能清楚看出，若在不增加自有資本的前提下，每個績效歸因對公司負債的影響大小，可以做為業界之參考。 關鍵字：資產配置、內部績效、追蹤資料、資產負債不匹配程度 / This research of pension fund is conducted based on Plantinga’s (2010) performance attribution model and applied to insurance companies in Taiwan; The research tested how insurance companies investment return per unit of liability and investment rate of return would be affected would be affected under the circumstance of asset-liability-mismatch based on two variables: company size and cost of capital. The result is shown below: （i） Under unit liability, the asset-liability allocation has negative effect on the return of insurer during 2007 to 2012. （ii） There is a significant positive relationship between insurer’s cost of liability and surplus asset active return rate; positive relationship between insurer’s liability scale and surplus asset active return rate; no significant relationship between asset-liability mismatch level and surplus asset active return rate. （iii） There is a positive but not significant relationship between asset-liability mismatch level and nominal asset active return rate; no significant relationship between insurer’s liability scale and nominal asset active return rate; no significant relationship between insurer’s cost of liability and nominal asset active return rate, either. The research, which is based on Platinga’s (2010) internal performance measurement model, demonstrates the degree of influence on company’s liability disregard of any capital injection. The result can be used as industry reference. Key words：asset-liability allocation, internal performance measurement model, asset-liability mismatch level, panel data

社會運動運用社群媒體成功達到政治目的之背後，並不全然都是正面效果，我們同時也得注意到社群媒體使用者在線上的衝突行為。本研究以太陽花學運期間的臉書狀況為例，探討影響臉書使用者做出「刪除好友」與「取消追蹤」行為的因素，以及這些行為影響臉書使用者較少暴露於不同意見的可能。本研究透過違反臉書社交禮儀程度、連結程度以及社會認同理論解釋臉書的衝突行為，並且探討臉書使用行為是否產生回聲室效果。 本研究結果發現，當臉書使用者感受到的違反聯書社交禮儀程度較高、臉書使用者與臉書好友之間的連結程度較低、以及臉書使用者與臉書好友之間的多重社會認同度較低，都會影響臉書使用者做出刪除好友與取消追蹤的行為；另外，研究結果也顯示了刪除好友行為會影響臉書使用者暴露於不同意見的程度較低。本研究期揭示臉書使用者面對不同意見之時，會有刪除好友以及取消追蹤的行為，並提醒我們思考此行為帶來的影響。

近年來，全球氣候變遷與環境惡化顯示目前人類活動與永續發展的衝突，如何減少能源消耗以降低溫室氣體排放成為當務之急。在都市規劃方面，以緊密都市理念探討都市發展與交通能源消耗最受到關注，然而都市發展與產業活動、家戶行為密切相關，因此若僅從交通方面分析能源消耗，恐忽略其他影響能源消耗的重要因素。故本研究著重於探討都市發展特性與能源消耗的關聯性，將產業活動與家戶行為納入模型分析，可更全面性了解都市與能源消耗的關聯性。此外，基於「全球思考、地方行動」的考量，如何落實節能減碳的目標，必須就各縣市的都市發展特性著手，透過追蹤資料模型，進一步了解各縣市的固定效果對能源消耗之影響以及能源消耗之時間趨勢。 透過對都市耗能部門進行分類，並以台灣改制後19個縣市為實證範圍，可以確認都市發展特性的幾個面向：土地使用密度、土地混合使用、交通屬性、產業屬性、家戶屬性、環境屬性與交通運輸、產業發展、家戶活動的耗能關係。實證結果發現，緊密都市有助於節能目標達成；道路增加可及性，但亦助長汽車使用，增加交通耗能；為提升大眾運輸使用率，需加強轉乘便利性以及改變私人交通運輸偏好；產業耗能與出口貿易關聯性高，不利能源減量；家戶居住行為與生活型態對能源消耗有正向影響；公園綠地能調節都市氣溫，減少耗能。 綜上所述，欲形塑一個節能減碳的都市必須透過多元途徑，在土地使用方面須維持適當的發展密度與混合程度；交通方面須加強大眾運輸便利性以提高民眾使用意願並抑制汽車使用；產業方面須透過政府獎勵節能措施及促進產業轉型以提升能源效率；家戶方面應透過教育及政策宣導以培養節能生活習慣，方能達成節能減碳的目標。 / In recent years, global climate change and environmental deterioration show a conflict between human activities and sustainable development. How to reduce energy consumption in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emission has become a top priority. According to the concept of compact city, urban planning is seen as the effective way to reduce transportation energy consumption. However, urban development is associated with industry development and household activities, so it would be improper to focus only on transportation sector. Thus the main motivation for this study is trying to illustrate urban development characteristics by combing transportation sector, industry sector and household sector, in order to understand the influence the urban development characteristics on energy consumption more comprehensively. In addition, on the concept of “global thinking, local action”, how to successfully implement energy saving policies should first understand the urban development characteristics of all counties. The purpose of this study is to empirically explore the influences of urban development characteristics on energy consumption by using panel data models, which uses the reorganization of nineteen counties areas in Taiwan as samples.In order to find out the fixed effect of all counties on energy consumption and trend of energy consumption. The empirical results show that the concepts of compact city still contributes the energy-saving goal；construction of roads increase accessibility, but also encourage car use, which increase energy consumption；to encourage the use of public transportation need to improve the convenience of transfer and change the preference of people；energy consumption in industry is highly associated to international trade, so it would be difficult for energy reduction；the trend of energy consumption has increased due to household lifestyle change；the green resources provides by park, which can adjust the temperature of city and reduce energy consumption. In sum, achieving the energy-saving city need diversified approaches, it can’t just keep increasing the density or land mixed-use. Traffic should be strengthened by improving transfer system. In order to increase the willingness to use public transport system and decrease car dependency；industry must trying to improve energy efficiency；households should cultivate the habit of saving energy by education in order to be a true energy-saving city.