Bernstein, in seiner natürlichen Form und auch kunstvoll bearbeitet, gehörte zu den raren und wundersamen Dingen, mit denen Naturgelehrte und Fürsten ihre Mineraliensammlungen, Raritäten-, Kunst- und Wunderkammern und Naturalienkabinetten gerne bestückten. Geschenke aus diesem seltenen Stein waren chwillkommen. Besonders geschätzt wurden Zufallsbilder und Bernsteine mit pflanzlichen und tierischen Einschlüssen (Bernsteininklusen). Einschlüsse von größeren Tieren, wie Fröschen, Eidechsen und Fischen, wurden künstlich hergestellt. Die Echtheit dieser Inklusen wurde zunächst jedoch nicht angezweifelt. Der Platz des Bernsteins in diesen frühen musealen Einrichtungen war, wie der jedes anderen Sammlungsgegenstandes, nicht fest und endgültig. Er war eng an die Entwicklung des Sammlerwesens geknüpft und abhängig vom Wissen ihrer Betreiber über das Universum im Allgemeinen und über den Bernstein im Besonderen. Wobei die persönliche Wertschätzung, die dem Bernstein entgegengebracht wurde, eine wichtige Rolle spielte. Die Sammlungen bildeten und bilden bis heute die Grundlage für die wissenschaftliche Erforschung des Bernsteins und darüber hinaus für die Erforschung der Erdgeschichte. / Carefully worked pieces of naturally occurring amber were seen as rare and wondrous objects by scientists and rulers who avidly collected them to add to their mineral or art collections or their curiosity and specimen cabinets. Gifts of this rare stone were very well received. Amber inclusions containing plants and animals were particularly sought after. Amber pieces containing larger creatures such as frogs, lizards and fish were produced artificially and their authenticity was not, at least initially, doubted. However the place of Amber in these early museum-like settings, was not, as was the case for all other objects in these collections, definitively guaranteed. Its position was closely linked to the development of collectors and dependent on its owner’s knowledge both more generally about the world and about amber in particular; the individual view that collectors took about the worth of amber therefore played an important role. These collections provided and still provide the basis for scholarly research of amber and beyond that of geology.

Introdução: Pearlman e colaboradores relacionou a presença de mutações ativadoras no gene MAP3K1 com o desenvolvimento testicular anormal em pacientes com disgenesia gonadal 46,XY familial, embora os estudos em camundongos tenham demonstrado que o gene Map3k1 não é essencial para a determinação testicular. No desenvolvimento gonadal masculino, a ligação do MAP3K1 à proteína RHOA promove uma fosforilação normal de p38 e ERK1/2, o que determina um bloqueio da via da beta-catenina pela MAP3K4. Já no desenvolvimento feminino, ocorre uma hiper fosforilação de p38 e ERK1/2, o que determina a ativação da via da beta-catenina e o bloqueio da via de retroalimentação positiva do SOX9 e o desenvolvimento testicular. Objetivos: Pesquisar a presença de variantes alélicas do gene MAP3K1 em pacientes portadores de distúrbios do desenvolvimento sexual (1) 46,XY por anormalidades do desenvolvimento gonadal e avaliar a repercussão funcional das variantes identificadas. Casuística e Métodos: Quarenta e sete pacientes com disgenesia gonadal 46,XY (17 com a forma completa e 29 com a forma parcial) e uma paciente com DDS 46,XY de causa etiológica não conhecida foram estudados. As regiões codificadoras do gene MAP3K1 foram amplificadas e sequenciadas pelo método de Sanger ou painel customizado de genes-alvo associados ao DDS. Estudo in vitro utilizando o método de detecção colorimétrica In-Cell ELISA com anticorpos específicos para detecção de ERK1/2 e AKT, fosforilado e não fosforilado foi realizado em fibroblastos obtidos por biópsia de pele e mantidos em cultura celular de 3 indivíduos portadores de variantes no MAP3K1. A quantificação da fosforilação de p38 e ERK por ensaio de citometria em células linfoblastóides mutadas foram realizados em amostras de 4 indivíduos portadores de variantes no MAP3K1 em estudo realizado em colaboração. Imunohistoquímica com anticorpos anti Caspase-3 foram realizadas em tecidos gonadais parafinados das pacientes portadoras de variantes alélicas nos genes MAP3K1 e FGFR2. Resultados: Vinte e uma variantes alélicas, sete das quais ainda não descritas na literatura, foram identificadas no gene MAP3K1. Quatro novas variantes alélicas exônicas e não sinônimas (p.Leu639Pro, p.Leu447Trp, p.Thr657Arg e p.Cys691Arg) foram identificadas em heterozigose; todas foram classificadas como deletérias para a proteína nos estudos de predição \"in silico\", não foram identificadas em indivíduos controles brasileiros estudados e não estão descritas nos bancos de dados populacionais. A variante p.Leu639Pro foi identificada em duas irmãs com disgenesia gonadal 46,XY portadoras da variante p.Ser453Leu no gene FGFR2 identificada previamente. A variante intrônica c.834+1G >T identificada em heterozigose foi classificada como deletéria à proteína na análise no site de predição para alteração de \"splicing\". Os ensaios colorimétricos para detecção de ERK1/2 e AKT, fosforilado e não fosforilado foram inconclusivos. Os estudos in vitro de avaliação dos níveis de fosforilação de p38 e ERK evidenciaram uma maior fosforilação nas culturas celulares mutantes para o MAP3K1 quando comparado com a linhagem celular selvagem, resultado estatisticamente significativo ( p < 0,001) e que corrobora com os dados publicados previamente. A imunohistoquímica com anticorpos anti Caspase-3 mostrou uma maior marcação em células germinativas nos tecidos gonadais das pacientes portadoras das variantes no MAP3K1 e FGFR2 do que no tecido testicular normal, porém marcações foram identificadas também em células germinativas de tecidos testiculares de indivíduos com DDS 46,XY de outras etiologias. Conclusões: Os achados sugerem fortemente a participação das mutações identificadas no MAP3K1 na etiologia dos distúrbios do desenvolvimento sexual dos pacientes estudados. Porém, uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de participação da via MAPK nas redes gênicas de regulação do processo de determinação testicular humano ainda é necessário / Introduction: Pearlman et al. associated the presence of activating mutations in MAP3K1 gene with abnormal testicular development in patients with familial 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, although studies in mice have shown that the Map3k1 gene is not essential for testicular determination. In male gonadal development, the binding of MAP3K1 to the RHOA protein promotes a normal phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2, and a blockade of the beta- catenin pathway is determined by MAP3K4. In the female development, hyperphosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 occurs. p38 and ERK1/2 hyperphosphorylated determine the activation of the beta-catenin pathway, the blockade of the positive feedback pathway of SOX9 and the testicular development. Objectives: To investigate the presence of allelic variants of the MAP3K1 gene in patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) due to abnormalities of gonadal development and to evaluate the functional repercussion of the identified variants. Patients and Methods: Forty-seven patients with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (17 patients with complete form and 29 with partial form) and one patient with 46,XY DSD of unknown cause were studied. The MAP3K1 coding regions were amplified and sequenced by Sanger method or by custom panel of target genes associated with DSD. In-Cell ELISA assay with specific antibodies for the detection of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated ERK1/2 and AKT was performed on fibroblasts obtained by skin biopsy and kept in cell culture of 3 individuals with MAP3K1 variants. Quantification of p38 and ERK phosphorylation by cytometric assay on mutated lymphoblastoid cells were performed on samples from 4 subjects with MAP3K1 variants in a collaborative study. Immunohistochemistry with anti-Caspase-3 antibodies were performed on paraffinembedded gonadal tissues of patients with MAP3K1 and FGFR2 allelic variants. Results: Twenty-one allelic variants, seven of them have not yet been described in the literature, were identified in the MAP3K1. Four novel exonic and non-synonymous allelic variants (p.Leu639Pro, p.Leu447Trp, p.Thr657Arg and p.Cys691Arg) were identified in heterozygous state; all of them were classified as deleterious in silico prediction sites; they were not identified in Brazilian control subjects and they were not described in the human genetic variation databases. The p.Leu639Pro variant was identified in two sisters with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis carrying the previously identified FGFR2 variant (p Ser453Leu). The intronic c.834+1G > T variant identified in heterozygous state was classified as deleterious in the prediction sites. Colorimetric assays for the detection of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated ERK1/2 and AKT were not significant. In vitro studies to evaluate p38 and ERK phosphorylation levels evidenced increased phosphorylation in the MAP3K1 mutant cells when compared to the wild type cells line; a statistically significant result (p < 0.001) that confirmed previously published data. The immunohistochemistry study with anti-Caspase-3 antibodies showed that the gonadal tissues of patients with MAP3K1 and FGFR2 variants exhibited more apoptotic germ ceIls than normal testicular tissue, but stained germ cells were also identified in the testicular tissues of the 46,XY DSD controls.Conclusions: These findings strongly suggest the participation of MAP3K1 mutations in the etiology of the testicular abnormalities of the 46,XY DSD patients of this study. However, a better understanding of the mechanisms of MAPK pathway in the gene regulatory networks of the human testicular determination process is still necessary

Darbas skirtas EB teisės nuostatų, įtvirtinančių laisvo prekių judėjimo ir paslaugų teikimo laisvės veikimo sąlygas, bei Europos Teisingumo Teismo jurisprudencijos ir EB teisės doktrinos, padedančios atskleisti minėtų laisvių teisinio turinio panašumus ir skirtumus, lyginamajai analizei. Pirmame darbo skyriuje aprašomi laisvo prekių judėjimo ir paslaugų teikimo laisvės prigimtis, tikslas ir turinys, išskiriami pagrindiniai prekės ir paslaugos požymiai, pateikiama Teisingumo Teismo praktikos, iliustruojančios nagrinėjamų laisvių atskyrimo problematiką, pavyzdžiai. Antrame skyriuje analizuojami pagrindiniai Sutarties nuostatų, susijusių su laisvu prekių judėjimu (28 straipsnis) ir paslaugų teikimo laisve (49 straipsnis), taikymo asmenų ir erdvės atžvilgiu principai ir sąlygos. Trečiame darbo skyriuje atskleidžiama minėtų laisvių ribojimo problematika, ES valstybių narių sukurtų kliūčių pobūdis ir apimtis bei su tuo susijusi Teismo jurisprudencijos apžvalga, išskiriant nagrinėjamoms laisvėms bendrus požymius. Ketvirtame skyriuje aptariami EB Sutartyje įtvirtinti bei Teisingumo Teismo suformuluoti ribojimus pateisinantys pagrindai, proporcingumo principas ir jų taikymo mechanizmas. Penktame skyriuje trumpai apibūdinamos vidaus rinkos harmonizavimo priemonės tiek, kiek jos susijusios prekių ir paslaugų judėjimo laisvių įgyvendinimu, konkrečiai Techninių standartų ir reglamentų direktyva (1998 m.) ir Paslaugų direktyva (2006 m.). Šiuo darbu patvirtinama, kad laisvas prekių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This text provides comparative analysis of the EC provisions, establishing the terms of the free movement of goods and freedom to provide services, as well as of jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice and doctrine of EC law, revealing the differences and similarities of the legal content of the relevant freedoms. The first chapter of the text describes the nature, aim and legal content of the free movement of goods and freedom to provide services followed by the examples from the case-law, which illustrate the distinction of the freedoms considered. The second chapter introduces the comparative analysis concerning the conditions of the territorial scope of the EC Treaty provisions on the free movement of goods (Article 28) and freedom to provide services (Article 49) as well as persons bound by the latter rules. The third chapter deals with the topical issues in respect of the restrictions of the relevant freedoms, in particular the nature and scope of the barriers, adopted by the Member States. The fourth chapter of the text focuses on the justification of the freedoms, in particular on the EC Treaty exceptions, judicially created exceptions as well as the principle of proportionality and the application mechanism of the latter in the comparative manner of the freedoms. Finally, the fifth chapter provides the brief introduction of the harmonisation measures as much as they concern with the implementation of the relevant freedoms, particularly Directive on technical... [to full text]

My thesis describes a fictional concentration camp Mellern, that lies in Germany, and that made up and described E.M.Remarque. He donated this novel to his sister Elfriede, who was killed by Nazis. I wanted to show how the concentration camp looked like during the World War Two, in which parts it was divided and how it was divided. Then I describe and interpret the main characters of the novel. I occupy with the prisoners? feelings. The most important feeling is the hope. The prisoners would probably not have survived without the hope. The hope that keeps them alive and gives them courage and self-confidence to fight and not to give up.

Introdução: Pearlman e colaboradores relacionou a presença de mutações ativadoras no gene MAP3K1 com o desenvolvimento testicular anormal em pacientes com disgenesia gonadal 46,XY familial, embora os estudos em camundongos tenham demonstrado que o gene Map3k1 não é essencial para a determinação testicular. No desenvolvimento gonadal masculino, a ligação do MAP3K1 à proteína RHOA promove uma fosforilação normal de p38 e ERK1/2, o que determina um bloqueio da via da beta-catenina pela MAP3K4. Já no desenvolvimento feminino, ocorre uma hiper fosforilação de p38 e ERK1/2, o que determina a ativação da via da beta-catenina e o bloqueio da via de retroalimentação positiva do SOX9 e o desenvolvimento testicular. Objetivos: Pesquisar a presença de variantes alélicas do gene MAP3K1 em pacientes portadores de distúrbios do desenvolvimento sexual (1) 46,XY por anormalidades do desenvolvimento gonadal e avaliar a repercussão funcional das variantes identificadas. Casuística e Métodos: Quarenta e sete pacientes com disgenesia gonadal 46,XY (17 com a forma completa e 29 com a forma parcial) e uma paciente com DDS 46,XY de causa etiológica não conhecida foram estudados. As regiões codificadoras do gene MAP3K1 foram amplificadas e sequenciadas pelo método de Sanger ou painel customizado de genes-alvo associados ao DDS. Estudo in vitro utilizando o método de detecção colorimétrica In-Cell ELISA com anticorpos específicos para detecção de ERK1/2 e AKT, fosforilado e não fosforilado foi realizado em fibroblastos obtidos por biópsia de pele e mantidos em cultura celular de 3 indivíduos portadores de variantes no MAP3K1. A quantificação da fosforilação de p38 e ERK por ensaio de citometria em células linfoblastóides mutadas foram realizados em amostras de 4 indivíduos portadores de variantes no MAP3K1 em estudo realizado em colaboração. Imunohistoquímica com anticorpos anti Caspase-3 foram realizadas em tecidos gonadais parafinados das pacientes portadoras de variantes alélicas nos genes MAP3K1 e FGFR2. Resultados: Vinte e uma variantes alélicas, sete das quais ainda não descritas na literatura, foram identificadas no gene MAP3K1. Quatro novas variantes alélicas exônicas e não sinônimas (p.Leu639Pro, p.Leu447Trp, p.Thr657Arg e p.Cys691Arg) foram identificadas em heterozigose; todas foram classificadas como deletérias para a proteína nos estudos de predição \"in silico\", não foram identificadas em indivíduos controles brasileiros estudados e não estão descritas nos bancos de dados populacionais. A variante p.Leu639Pro foi identificada em duas irmãs com disgenesia gonadal 46,XY portadoras da variante p.Ser453Leu no gene FGFR2 identificada previamente. A variante intrônica c.834+1G >T identificada em heterozigose foi classificada como deletéria à proteína na análise no site de predição para alteração de \"splicing\". Os ensaios colorimétricos para detecção de ERK1/2 e AKT, fosforilado e não fosforilado foram inconclusivos. Os estudos in vitro de avaliação dos níveis de fosforilação de p38 e ERK evidenciaram uma maior fosforilação nas culturas celulares mutantes para o MAP3K1 quando comparado com a linhagem celular selvagem, resultado estatisticamente significativo ( p < 0,001) e que corrobora com os dados publicados previamente. A imunohistoquímica com anticorpos anti Caspase-3 mostrou uma maior marcação em células germinativas nos tecidos gonadais das pacientes portadoras das variantes no MAP3K1 e FGFR2 do que no tecido testicular normal, porém marcações foram identificadas também em células germinativas de tecidos testiculares de indivíduos com DDS 46,XY de outras etiologias. Conclusões: Os achados sugerem fortemente a participação das mutações identificadas no MAP3K1 na etiologia dos distúrbios do desenvolvimento sexual dos pacientes estudados. Porém, uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de participação da via MAPK nas redes gênicas de regulação do processo de determinação testicular humano ainda é necessário / Introduction: Pearlman et al. associated the presence of activating mutations in MAP3K1 gene with abnormal testicular development in patients with familial 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, although studies in mice have shown that the Map3k1 gene is not essential for testicular determination. In male gonadal development, the binding of MAP3K1 to the RHOA protein promotes a normal phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2, and a blockade of the beta- catenin pathway is determined by MAP3K4. In the female development, hyperphosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 occurs. p38 and ERK1/2 hyperphosphorylated determine the activation of the beta-catenin pathway, the blockade of the positive feedback pathway of SOX9 and the testicular development. Objectives: To investigate the presence of allelic variants of the MAP3K1 gene in patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) due to abnormalities of gonadal development and to evaluate the functional repercussion of the identified variants. Patients and Methods: Forty-seven patients with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (17 patients with complete form and 29 with partial form) and one patient with 46,XY DSD of unknown cause were studied. The MAP3K1 coding regions were amplified and sequenced by Sanger method or by custom panel of target genes associated with DSD. In-Cell ELISA assay with specific antibodies for the detection of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated ERK1/2 and AKT was performed on fibroblasts obtained by skin biopsy and kept in cell culture of 3 individuals with MAP3K1 variants. Quantification of p38 and ERK phosphorylation by cytometric assay on mutated lymphoblastoid cells were performed on samples from 4 subjects with MAP3K1 variants in a collaborative study. Immunohistochemistry with anti-Caspase-3 antibodies were performed on paraffinembedded gonadal tissues of patients with MAP3K1 and FGFR2 allelic variants. Results: Twenty-one allelic variants, seven of them have not yet been described in the literature, were identified in the MAP3K1. Four novel exonic and non-synonymous allelic variants (p.Leu639Pro, p.Leu447Trp, p.Thr657Arg and p.Cys691Arg) were identified in heterozygous state; all of them were classified as deleterious in silico prediction sites; they were not identified in Brazilian control subjects and they were not described in the human genetic variation databases. The p.Leu639Pro variant was identified in two sisters with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis carrying the previously identified FGFR2 variant (p Ser453Leu). The intronic c.834+1G > T variant identified in heterozygous state was classified as deleterious in the prediction sites. Colorimetric assays for the detection of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated ERK1/2 and AKT were not significant. In vitro studies to evaluate p38 and ERK phosphorylation levels evidenced increased phosphorylation in the MAP3K1 mutant cells when compared to the wild type cells line; a statistically significant result (p < 0.001) that confirmed previously published data. The immunohistochemistry study with anti-Caspase-3 antibodies showed that the gonadal tissues of patients with MAP3K1 and FGFR2 variants exhibited more apoptotic germ ceIls than normal testicular tissue, but stained germ cells were also identified in the testicular tissues of the 46,XY DSD controls.Conclusions: These findings strongly suggest the participation of MAP3K1 mutations in the etiology of the testicular abnormalities of the 46,XY DSD patients of this study. However, a better understanding of the mechanisms of MAPK pathway in the gene regulatory networks of the human testicular determination process is still necessary

L'évolution du droit de l'environnement de l'Union européenne a conduit au développement d'un objectif nouveau qui vise à promouvoir l'éco-innovation et les modèles d'entreprise verts, afin de mettre en place une économie verte et circulaire. Ce nouvel objectif a eu des conséquences sur sa forme et son contenu. En effet, la forme du droit de l'Union européenne en matière d'environnement est dominée par des directives-cadres et présente une flexibilité accrue, tandis que son contenu intègre de nouveaux modèles d'entreprise, notamment le modèle d'entreprise circulaire. La transition vers une économie verte a également des conséquences sur la manière dont les États membres transposent le droit de l'environnement de l'Union européenne. Le processus de transposition est devenu un vecteur de commercialisation de l'éco-innovation sur le marché européen, associant des acteurs nouveaux à la prise de décision, à savoir : les éco-entreprises, les laboratoires de recherche et d'innovation, les pôles de compétitivité, les entreprises du numérique ou les investisseurs providentiels. / The evolution of the European Union environmental law has led to the development of a new goal that aims to promote eco-innovation and green business models, in order to create a green and circular economy. This new goal had consequences on its form and content. The form of the European Union environmental law is dominated by framework directives and presents increased flexibility, while its content integrates new business models, particularly the circular business model. Furthermore, the transition to a green economy has an impact on how Member States transpose the European Union environmental law. The transposition process has become a vector of commercializing eco-innovation on the European market, and brings together new stakeholders in the decision-making process, namely: green companies, research and innovation laboratories, clusters, digital companies or business angels.

La Sindrome da Affaticamento Cronico/Encefalomielite Mialgica (CFS/ME), è una grave malattia multisistemica caratterizzata da anomalie immunologiche e disfunzioni del metabolismo energetico. Recenti evidenze suggeriscono l’esistenza di una forte correlazione tra disbiosi e condizione patologica. La presente ricerca ha analizzato la composizione del microbiota intestinale ed orale in pazienti con CFS/ME rispetto a controlli sani e ha determinato se eventuali differenze osservate potrebbero essere utili in futuro per l'identificazione di biomarcatori diagnostici. La composizione batterica fecale e salivare dei pazienti con CFS/ME è stata studiata mediante sequenziamento Illumina degli ampliconi del gene 16S rRNA. Il microbiota fecale dei pazienti con CFS/ME ha mostrato una significativa riduzione di Lachnospiraceae, in particolare di Anaerostipes, rispetto ai gruppi di soggetti senza CFS/ME e un incremento di Phascolarctobacterium faecium e unclassified Ruminococcus. Bacteroides vulgatus, unclassified Bacteroides, Bacteroides uniformis e unclassified Barnesiella sono risultati significativamente più abbondanti nei pazienti con CFS/ME. Il microbiota orale dei pazienti con CFS/ME ha mostrato un aumento significativo di Rothia dentocariosa. Il profilo metabolico fecale di un sottogruppo di pazienti con CFS/ME ha mostrato un aumento complessivo di SCFA e di derivati dell'indolo rispetto ai gruppi non CFS/ME, suggerendo un aumento dei processi di fermentazione. I nostri risultati supportano l'ipotesi autoimmune per la CFS/ME e se saranno confermati da studi più ampi, le differenze rilevate nei profili microbici dei pazienti CFS/ME potrebbero essere utilizzate come markers per una diagnosi più accurata e per lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche specifiche. / The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME), is a severe multisystemic disease characterized by immunological abnormalities and dysfunction of energy metabolism. Recent evidence suggest that there is a strong correlation between dysbiosis and pathological condition. The present research investigated the composition of the intestinal and oral microbiota in CFS/ME patients in comparison to healthy controls and determined whether any observed differences could be useful for the identification of diagnostic biomarkers. The fecal and salivary bacterial composition in CFS/ME patients was investigated by Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The fecal microbiota of CFS/ME patients showed a significant reduction of Lachnospiraceae, particularly Anaerostipes, compared to the non-CFS/ME groups, and an increase of Phascolarctobacterium faecium and unclassified Ruminococcus. Bacteroides vulgatus, unclassified Bacteroides, Bacteroides uniformis and unclassified Barnesiella resulted significantly more abundant in CFS/ME patients. The oral microbiota of CFS/ME patients showed a significant increase of Rothia dentocariosa. The fecal metabolic profile of a subgroup of CFS/ME patients revealed an overall increase of SCFAs and indole derivatives compared to the non-CFS/ME groups, suggesting an increase in the fermentation processes. Our results support the autoimmune hypothesis for CFS/ME condition and if confirmed by larger studies, the differences detected in the microbial profiles of CFS/ME patients may be used as markers for a more accurate diagnosis and for the development of specific therapeutic strategies.

Gegenstand der Arbeit sind Darstellungen, die dem Umfeld zweier Heiligenkulte in Florenz angehören und auf Bestellungen der Medici, ihrer Freunde und Verbündeten zurückzuführen sind. Den ursprünglich römischen Kult seiner Namenspatrone, der hll. Cosmas und Damian hat erst Cosimo de’ Medici in Florenz bekannt gemacht. Dabei erwies sich das Fehlen einer nennenswerten Florentinischen Tradition als maßgeblicher Faktor seiner Wirkkraft. Fra’ Angelico, Filippo Lippi und andere Künstler konnten formal neuartige Bildlösungen entwickeln, deren Inhalte sich als Projektionsflächen der politischen und geistigen Florentiner Eliten eigneten. Cosimo etablierte auf diese Weise ein Netzwerk persönlicher Repräsentation, das nicht allein die Barriere zwischen privatem und öffentlichem Raum zu durchdringen vermochte, sondern auch demonstrativ über die in Florenz herkömmliche Beschränkung auf das eigene Stadtviertel hinausgriff. Mit dem Generationswechsel nach Cosimos Tod erforderten die veränderten Machtverhältnisse auch einen Wechsel in der Strategie des Kults. In der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts tritt ein anderer Kult, jener der hll. Drei Könige in den Vordergrund. Dieser besaß im Gegensatz zur Verehrung von Cosmas und Damian in Florenz eine eigenständige, spezifisch republikanische Tradition. Unter deren Schutz konnte eine kontinuierliche Politisierung althergebrachter Rituale und die Übernahme der Kontrolle durch die Medici stattfinden. Auch in diesem Fall zeigt die Analyse der erhaltenen Darstellungen, dass sie den Auftraggebern als Loyalitätsnachweis dienten und die Zugehörigkeit zum Klientel der Medici und damit der städtischen Eliten markierten. Noch in der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts griff Herzog Cosimo I. auf strategische Elemente und Motive des Kults zurück, nun zunehmend aus dem sakralen Kontext gelöst und Bestandteil höfischer Panegyrik. / The Images observed here are mainly of two religious cults commissioned by members, friends and allies of the Medici family. In the early 15th century Cosimo de’ Medici following the example of his father introduced his patron saints, Cosmas and Damian into his native city of Florence. Prior to this the cult of these saints was of no vital importance outside Rome. Thus there was no eminent pictorial tradition of their images which proved an important factor in the cult’s success. Fra’ Angelico, Filippo Lippi and other artists were able to develop a new imagery that allowed members of Florence’s political and humanistic circles to identify with. Cosimo established a network of personal representation which did not only penetrate the barriers between private and public space but ostentatiously reached beyond the customary boundaries of a family’s home quarter. After Cosimo’s death in 1464 political instability resulted in a change of strategy. In the second half of the 15th century a different cult, that of the Three Magi, moves into the center of medicean interest. Contrary to Saints Cosmas and Damian the cult of the Magi had an ancient and marked republican tradition in Florence. Under cover of this tradition the Medici party managed to take over control of the confraternity of the Magi and wield its influential instruments to their own benefit. As with images of Saints Cosmas and Damian those depicting the Adoration of the Magi were used as a confirmation of loyalty to the Medici and their faction. Even in the 16th century Duke Cosimo I. went back to elements and motifs of his predecessors’ strategy. Rather than reviving the cult of Saints Cosmas and Damian however they are used to give evidence of political and dynastical continuity.

Cette étude fait l’examen historique du processus de structuration pédagogique opéré par les membres du milieu associatif franco-ontarien se chargeant des écoles bilingues entre 1927 et 1960. En se fiant aux actions menées et aux discours formulés par deux des principales tribunes éducatives de l’Ontario français, l’Association canadienne-française d’Éducation d’Ontario (ACFEO) et l’Association d’enseignement français en Ontario (AEFO), elle vise à tâter la nature du projet scolaire que ces associations négocièrent auprès des autorités scolaires ontariennes. Elle analyse les repères thématiques de l’enseignement du français et de l’histoire à partir de la sphère discursive au sein de laquelle ils furent discutés. En suivant cette grille méthodologique, l’étude fait ressortir le procédé de modernisation de la pédagogie franco-ontarienne par la fondation d’un lieu professionnel où elle serait comprise par ses responsables comme la recherche d’un équilibre amalgamant idéaux nouveaux et héritage culturel. Cette thèse met en images la formulation historique d’un équilibre particulier alliant aux impératifs démocratiques le legs d’une tradition.

Since the US National Security Agency’s former contractor Edward Snowden exposed the Agency’s mass surveillance, the EU has been making a series of attempts toward a more safeguarded and stricter path concerning its data privacy protection. On 8 April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CJEU) invalidated the EU Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC on the basis of incompatibility with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter). After this judgment, the CJEU examined the legality of the Safe Harbour Agreement, which had been the main legal basis for transfers of personal data from the EU to the US under Decision 2000/520/EC. Subsequently, on 6 October 2015, in the case of Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner, the CJEU declared the Safe Harbour Decision invalid. The ground for the Court’s judgment was the fact that the Decision enabled interference, by US public authorities, with the fundamental rights to privacy and personal data protection under Article 7 and 8 of the Charter, when processing the personal data of EU citizens. According to the judgment, this interference has been beyond what is strictly necessary and proportionate to the protection of national security and the persons concerned were not offered any administrative or judicial means of redress enabling the data relating to them to be accessed, rectified or erased. The Court’s analysis of the Safe Harbour was borne out of the EU Commission’s own previous assessments. Consequently, since the transfers of personal data between the EU and the US can no longer be carried out through the Safe Harbour, the EU legislature is left with the task to create a safer option, which will guarantee that the fundamental rights to privacy and protection of personal data of the EU citizens will be respected. However, although the EU is the party dictating the terms for these transatlantic transfers of personal data, the current provisions of the US law are able to provide for derogations from every possible renewed agreement unless they become compatible with the EU data privacy law. Moreover, as much business is at stake and prominent US companies are involved in this battle, the pressure toward the US is not only coming from the EU, but some American companies are also taking the fight for EU citizens’ right to privacy and protection of their personal data.