66 Abstract - Flexible forms of working hours This diploma thesis deals with the flexible forms of working hours and its goal is to describe this issue in intelligible and comprehensive way. It is being very interesting and current theme which is to a great extent not subject to direct legal regulations and provides its contracting parties with a big amount of freedom of contract. This fact assists in bigger flexibilization of labour market and represents a significant instrument in the fight against unemployment and economic crisis. This thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter One introduces the term flexible forms of working hours and briefly describes the content of following chapters. Chapter Two delimits the area of labour law in relation to other branches of law and describes law principles relating to labour law. The following Chapter Three deals with legal regulations of working hours, its length, ways of allotment and international legal regulations. Chapter Four represents an introduction to the flexible forms of working hours. The basic methods of division of flexibility in the relation to the labour market are mentioned here as well as flexible forms of work are divided on the basis of typology which is used in this diploma thesis. This chapter is followed by Chapter Five, which is the most...

In the past ten years the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become a phenomenon, which is nowadays considered to be one of the major future perspectives of an economy. For many economists and politicians, the FDI is perceived as a saving instrument, which should help solve problems such as structure, regional discrepancies and most importantly a high unemployment rate especially under the conditions of global economic and financial crisis. The inflow of the FDI to host economy brings many positive effects that cannot be substituted. In fact, it is considered as a positive externality that must be paid. In order to attract the FDI in a country, the investment incentives are proposed and current incentives are being rebuilt. But attracting FDI at all costs can also be counterproductive. The intended aim of this thesis is to analyze positive and negativ effects of the FDI.

Les vibrations aléatoires sont les sollicitations les plus représentatives à celles qui se trouvent dans l'environnement réel. Elles sont souvent rencontrées dans l'environnement de fonctionnement automobile, aéronautique, spatial, ferroviaire et d'autres. La particularité des vibrations aléatoires est l'utilisation de son analyse par fatigue. Grâce aux propriétés statistiques des signaux aléatoires que les méthodes spectrales permettent d'estimer la moyenne du dommage d'une façon efficace et économique mais avec certaines limitations. Une étude numérique sur un système électronique embarqué accompagnée des essais expérimentaux ont été mis en place dans cette thèse pour présenter une démarche complète d'une analyse spectrale des vibrations aléatoires. Une modélisation par éléments finis a été réalisée ainsi qu'une technique du 'zoom structural' en analyse spectrale des vibrations aléatoires a été proposée dans ce travail avec la présentation des équations de cette technique. Une application numérique a montré la validité de la technique proposée en appliquant une étude de l'endommagement par fatigue par l'approche temporelle et par l'approche spectrale. Les résultats numériques de cette application mènent à une estimation d'un temps à l'initiation de la fissure très proche du temps de défaillance observé dans les résultats des essais expérimentaux. Cette technique montre la performance et l'efficacité des méthodes spectrales dans l'estimation du dommage par fatigue aléatoire. Une étude de l'optimisation d'un système soumis aux sollicitations aléatoires a été développée. L'objectif de cette étude est de rechercher la conception optimale du système soumis aux vibrations aléatoires en posant des limitations sur le dommage qui en résulte. Ce dommage estimé par les méthodes spectrales de Dirlik et de Single Moment ne doit pas dépasser un dommage cible pour assurer la fiabilité du système étudié. / Random vibrations are the most representative excitations that can be found in the real environment. They are often encountered in the automotive, aeronautical, space, railway and other operating environments. The special feature of the random vibrations is their important role in damage fatigue analysis. The spectral methods allow to estimate efficiently and economically the mean of the damage using the statistical properties of the random signals. A numerical study on an embedded electronic system with experimental tests was set up in this thesis to present a complete spectral analysis of random vibrations methodology. A finite element model was performed as well as submodelling technique in spectral analysis of random vibrations with associated equations was proposed in this work. A numerical application has shown the validity of the proposed technique by applying the fatigue damage study using the time-domain approach and the spectral approach. The numerical results of this application lead to the estimation of a crack initiation time very close to the failure time observed in the experimental tests. This technique shows the performance and efficiency of spectral methods in the estimation of random fatigue damage. The optimization of a system subjected to random excitations has been developed in this work. The objective of this study is to retrieve the optimal design of the system subjected to random vibrations with limitations on the resulting damage. This damage estimated by Dirlik and Single Moment spectral methods must not exceed defined target damage in order to insure the reliability of the studied system.

En 1351 le moine bénédictin Jean le Long d’Ypres, abbé de Saint-Bertin en Saint-Omer, a traduit du latin en français six œuvres concernant les voyages et la connaissance de l’Orient (Hayton, Odorico da Pordenone, Wilhelm von Boldensele, Lettres de Togon Temür, De statu). Nous avons choisi d’étudier et d’éditer la traduction du Liber peregrinationis de Riccold de Monte di Croce, frère dominicain de Florence qui a visité la Terre Sainte, la Turquie, l’Arménie et a vécu à Bagdad entre 1288 et 1300. Dans la première partie nous avons étudié le texte latin, sa diffusion manuscrite et sa réception, ainsi que les deux traductions italiennes du 14e s. Ensuite, le texte français a retenu notre attention. La traduction a été transmise par six manuscrits et un imprimé, qui conservent également les autres cinq traductions de Jean le Long. L’étude des questions textuelles et de la diffusion manuscrite montrent deux voies de diffusion : l’une qui semble avoir circulé parmi la bourgeoisie picarde, l’autre qui a intéressé la haute aristocratie française (Jean sans Peur, Jean de Berry, Charles d’Orléans ; l’un de ces manuscrits contient en outre le Roman de Mélusine de Jean d’Arras). L’analyse linguistique, les questions traductiologiques et l’étude du lexique (régionalismes, orientalismes et mots rares) de l’auteur montrent bien son travail de « mise en roman » de ces textes, opération qui semble annoncer le Livre des merveilles de Jean de Mandeville de 1356. Nous avons donc proposé l’édition critique du texte français avec la source latine en face, suivi par un apparat des variantes et un glossaire. / In 1351 Jean le Long d’Ypres, abbot of Saint-Bertin in Saint-Omer, translated six works concerning the East and the knowledge of the Asiatic continent, namely of the Mongol Empire (Hayton, Odorico da Pordenone, Wilhelm von Boldensele, Lettres de Togon Temür, De statu). I studied and published the translation of Riccold de Monte di Croce’s Liber peregrinationis. The Florentine Dominican friar travelled from the Holy Land to Turkey, Armenia and Bagdad (he lived there for ten years) between 1288 and 1300. In the first part, I have studied the Latin text, its manuscript tradition and his reception; I added a study on the two Italian translation made in the 14th century. In the second part, I have studied the French translation. Six manuscript and a 16th century print transmit the six Jean le Long’s translation. The philological study and the manuscript tradition show two ways of circulation: one way concerning the Picard bourgeois, the other one concerning the French aristocrats (Jean the Fearless, Jean duke of Berry, Charles duke of Orleans; one of these manuscripts also contains Jean d’Arras’ Roman de Mélusine). The linguistic analysis, the traductological and the lexicological study (regionalisms, orientalism and rare words) allow me to affirm that Jean le Long has “mis en roman” the six Latin texts, few years before the redaction of Jean de Mandeville’s Livre des merveilles (1356). Finally, I prepared the critical edition of the Latin source and of its French translation, followed by a critical apparatus and a glossary.

La présente thèse a pour objectif d'analyser le rôle des institutions sur la croissance économique, et notamment sur l'attractivité et l'effet des investissements directs étrangers (IDE). Pour cela, nous avons utilisé douze indicateurs de mesure de la qualité des institutions et testé leurs effets en retenant un échantillon important de pays développés, en voie de développement et en transition. Notre démarche se décline en trois chapitres. Le chapitre 1 est consacré à l'évaluation de l'effet direct des institutions sur la croissance économique en fonction du niveau de développement des pays étudiés. Les résultats montrent que la qualité des institutions a un effet plus important sur la croissance dans les pays à revenu intermédiaire, en particulier la stabilité politique et la lutte contre la corruption. Pour les pays à revenu élevé le facteur le plus déterminant est le respect des lois et des contrats. Le chapitre 2 analyse l'effet indirect des institutions sur la croissance à travers les IDE. Les résultats mettent en évidence l'existence des seuils institutionnels qui conditionnent l'effet des IDE sur la croissance selon la situation géographique et le niveau de développement des pays. Il ressort notamment que la lutte contre la corruption et l'amélioration de la démocratie sont les canaux travers lesquels les IDE favorisent la croissance dans les pays d'Afrique du Nord et du Moyen-Orient et d'Asie, la stabilité d gouvernement et le respect des contrats étant les plus importants dans les pays d'Europe et d'Amérique. Le chapitre 3 s'intéresse à l'effet de l'ouverture financière et du développement financier sur l'attractivité des IDE en mettant e évidence le rôle des institutions. Les résultats montrent que pour les pays qui ont libéralisé leur compte de capital, l'entrée d'IDE est plus importante lorsqu'ils disposent d'une bonne qualité institutionnelle. De la même manière, l'attractivité des IDE est favorisée par 1 passif liquide des banques et les crédits au secteur privé, mais il est moindre pour les pays dotés d'importantes ressources naturelle: Les résultats soulignent l'existence d'un seuil institutionnel à partir duquel le poids de la capitalisation boursière et des litres échangé en bourse favorisent l'attractivité des IDE. La confrontation des résultats des chapitres 2 et 3 permet d'avancer que le seuil institutionnel à travers lequel le développement financier améliore l'attractivité des IDE est plus élevé que le seuil à travers lequel les IDE impactent la croissance. Dans les pays e développement en particulier, la qualité des institutions constitue une contrainte plus sévère en termes d'attractivité qu'en termes d'effet des IDE sur la croissance. / This thesis aims to investigate the role of institutions on economic growth, specifically through the attractiveness and the impact of Foreign Direct lnvestment. For this, we use twelve measures of the institutional quality and we test their effects using a set of developed, developing and transition countries. Our approach is divided into three parts. Chapter 1 analyzes the direct effect of institutions on economic growth by level of development of countries. Results show that the quality of institutions has a greater effect on growth in middle-income countries, particularly the effects of political stability and fightinç against corruption. For high-income countries, the most important factors are respect of laws and contracts. Chapter 2 examines the indirect effect of institutions on growth through FDI. Results highlight the existence of institutional thresholds that condition the effect of FDI on economic growth by countries and by level of incarne. It appears that fighting against corruption an improving democracy are the mechanisms through which FDI promotes growth in the MENA and the Asia group, and through the respect of contracts and government stability in the Europe and the America group. Chapter 3 assesses the effect of financial openness and financial development on the attractiveness of FDI by highlighting the role o institutions. Results indicate that countries that have opened their capital account have received more FDI inflows and the effect is higher in countries with good institutional quality. Similarly, FDI attractiveness is enhanced by liquid liabilities and credit to the private sector but is lower in natural resouce endowed countries. The results highlight that countries are able to attract FDI through stock market capitalization and traded only above an institutional threshold. We highlight in this thesis that the institutional level through which financial development impact the attractiveness of FDI is higher than the institutional level through which FDI contributes to growth. ln the developing group, the quality of institutions is an important constraint in term of attractiveness than in terms of the effect of FDI on GDP growth.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a produção escrita huguenote no exílio no decorrer de um período de aproximadamente trinta anos (1676-1707), época marcada pela revogação do édito de Nantes (1685). Dentre as dezenas de milhares de reformados proscritos da França em virtude das perseguições religiosas ocorridas durante o reinado de Luís XIV, alguns indivíduos publicaram, nomeadamente na Inglaterra e nas Províncias Unidas, escritos de gêneros totalmente distintos, como relações de viagem, cartas pastorais, tratados políticos, teológicos e filosóficos, utopias e projetos coloniais. A finalidade da dissertação é examinar detalhadamente tais escritos, identificando propostas e debates de ordem política, social, econômica e/ou religiosa, que indubitavelmente refletiam as inquietações e expectativas dos huguenotes no referido momento, ou seja, suas diferentes reações diante de uma conjuntura histórica antagônica. / The objective of this study is to analyze the Huguenot written production in exile during a period of approximately thirty years (1676-1707), a time marked by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Amongst tens of thousands of protestants banned from France because of religious persecution that occurred throughout the reign of Louis XIV, some individuals published, particularly in England and the United Provinces, completely different genres of writings, like travel accounts, pastoral letters, political, theological and philosophical treaties, utopias and colonial projects. The purpose of the dissertation is to examine these writings in detail, identifying proposals and debates on political, social, economic and/or religious order, which undoubtedly reflected the concerns and expectations of the Huguenots in that time, ie, their different reactions under an antagonistic context.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eciene Helena Pereira Dantas de Oliveira.pdf: 546319 bytes, checksum: a8e90e00c6691b8d03892c9dde3789de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-04-30 / The objective of this research was to study the behavior of those who get depressed in a therapeutic context, where behavior approach was used starting from the presumption of the Applied Analysis of the Behavior, with emphasis on the Psychological Behaviorism by Arthur Wilbur Staats among others. Two people from the feminine gender with diagnoses of depression took part in this study and both of them were selected following pre-established criteria by the researcher between May 16th and September 08th, 2003, with a break of thirty days between the INT-II and INT-III. These sessions took place in an office at a private clinic of psychological treatment in Goiânia. Besides the video camera, which had a photographic camera and video, VHS tape, color TV, computer (PC) and printer, were also used and authorization signed by both participants on the procedures adopted in each session, Questionnaire of Vital History (Lázarus, 1980), sheet of auto evaluation of the emotional state, which used to be filled in through verbal answer of the participants at the beginning and at the end of each session, Depression Inventory Beck (BDI), which specifically measures the intensity of depression, with written answers of the participants and the behavior changes record, applied in two phases of the outline (LB-I e INT-III), by a member of the family, with the objective of recording the behavior changes shown by the participants, during and after the intervention. For the development of the adopted procedure, the Outline of Reversion in the format ABAB-B was used, considering that in interventions I, II and III the Generalized Conditional Reinforcement was used when the researcher was reinforcing the positive verbal account with an Approval Sing contingent upon positive verbalized ideas and a Disapproval Sign contingent upon negative verbalized ideas of each participant for all emotional positive and negative speech in each session. The procedure for the typescripts of the shot sessions consisted in the observation and record of all positive speech of the participants during the forty eight sessions, being twenty four of each participant. In the same way was proceeded the enumeration of the negative speech. At the end of the research, according to the graphics and tables it is possible to note that there was a reduction on the intensity of negative verbal emotional repertoire, common in depressed people, having as a primordial element the use of Generalized Conditional Reinforcement in the depressive behavior change in a clinic context. / O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi o estudo do comportamento de deprimirse no contexto terapêutico, onde foi utilizada a abordagem Comportamental a partir dos pressupostos da Análise Aplicada do Comportamento, com ênfase no Behaviorismo Psicológico de Arthur Wilbur Staats entre outros. Participaram desse estudo duas pessoas do sexo feminino com o diagnóstico de depressão, sendo que as mesmas foram selecionadas, segundo os critérios: a) ser diagnosticadas por psiquiatra como tendo sintomas depressivos; b) disponibilidade de horário compatível com o andamento da pesquisa; c) apresentar um repertório verbalemocional negativo; d) concordar em comparecer ao consultório duas vezes por semana durante o período selecionado para a coleta de dados; e) não estar fazendo uso de medicamentos por pelo menos 90 dias. As sessões terapêuticas e procedimentos foram realizados pela mestranda/pesquisadora, entre o período de 16 de maio a 08 de setembro do ano de 2003, com um intervalo de 30 dias entre a Intervenção-II (INT-I) e Intervenção-III (INT-III). Estas sessões foram realizadas em consultório de uma clínica particular de atendimento psicológico em Goiânia. Além de câmera de vídeo com tripé para máquina fotográfica e vídeo, fita de VHS, aparelho receptor de televisão em cores, computador (PC) e impressora, foram também utilizadas uma autorização assinada pelas participantes para o procedimento das sessões de atendimento psicológico, ficha controle de procedimentos adotados em cada sessão, Questionário de História Vital (Lázarus, 1980), folha de auto-avaliação do estado emocional, a qual era preenchida mediante resposta verbal das participantes no início e final de cada sessão, Inventário de Depressão Beck (BDI), que mede especificamente a intensidade da depressão, mediante resposta escrita pelas participantes e o Registro de Mudanças Comportamentais, aplicado em duas fases do delineamento Linha de Base I(LB-I) e Intervenção (INT-III), por um membro da família, visando registrar as mudanças comportamentais manifestas das participantes, durante e após a intervenção. Para o desenvolvimento do procedimento adotado, foi utilizado o Delineamento de Reversão no formato ABAB-B, sendo que nas Intervenções-I, II e III foi utilizado o reforço condicionado generalizado quando então a mestranda/pesquisadora reforçava os relatos verbais positivos com um Sinal de Aprovação contingente as verbalizações positivas e um Sinal de Desaprovação contingente as verbalizações negativas de cada participante para todas as falas emocionais positivas e negativas em cada sessão. O procedimento para transcrição das sessões filmadas consistiu na observação e registros de todas as falas positivas das participantes nas quarenta e oito sessões, sendo vinte e quatro de cada participante. Do mesmo modo procedeu-se a enumeração seqüencial das falas negativas. Ao final da pesquisa, de acordo com os gráficos e tabelas pode-se observar que houve uma redução na intensidade do repertório verbal-emocional negativo, comum em pessoas depressivas, tendo como elemento primordial a utilização dos reforçadores condicionados generalizados na mudança de comportamento depressivo em contexto clínico.

[pt] O propósito deste trabalho é analisar o impacto da tributação na seleção de produtos de acumulação de recursos de longo prazo sob o ponto de vista de um investidor individual. Para o investidor tributado e avesso a risco é realizada uma simulação de seu patrimônio final líquido de impostos sob três estratégias distintas: aplicação em fundo de investimento, aplicação em plano de previdência PGBL e aplicação em seguro de vida com cobertura por sobrevivência VGBL. Além da hipótese de resgate total dos recursos, é realizada a comparação dos veículos sob a ótica do recebimento de uma renda mensal após o período de acumulação. São examinados diferentes horizontes de investimento, saldos acumulados iniciais, faixas de renda, taxas de retorno e tipos de fundos onde estarão aplicados os recursos. O trabalho incorpora as alterações das regras tributárias divulgadas no final de 2004 e início de 2005 (Leis 11.033/2004 e 11.053/2004 e suas regulamentações) e se propõe a auxiliar os investidores na escolha do melhor veículo de investimento. / [en] The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of taxation on the selection of long term wealth accumulation products under an individual investor's point of view. For the tax paying and risk averse investor, a simulation of his final after-tax net worth is accomplished under three different strategies: investments in mutual funds, investments in retirement plans similar to Individual Retirement Account (IRA) in the USA and investments in life insurance with coverage for survival. Besides the hypothesis of total redemption of the accumulated balance, a comparison of the three vehicles above is accomplished under the assumption of reception of a monthly income after the accumulation period. The analysis is performed under different investment horizons, initial invested balances, levels of income and profiles of funds where the resources will be invested. The research incorporates the new tax rules alterations published in late 2004 and early 2005 (Laws 11.033/2004 and 11.053/2004 and their regulations) and it intends to aid investors on how to choose the best investment vehicle.

La transposition de la directive relative aux services de paiement du 13 novembre2007 en droit français est à l’origine de la création d’une nouvelle catégorie d’acteurs bancaires : l’établissement de paiement. La fourniture de services de paiement cesse ainsi d’être du domaine exclusif des établissements de crédit pour devenir l’activité principale des établissements de paiement. S’il est vrai que cette nouvelle répartition des activités bancaires ébranle le monopole bancaire, elle n’y met cependant pas fin. Pour une meilleure lisibilité et un contrôle plus efficace des acteurs, il est proposé une mutation du système bancaire grâce à d’une part une scission complète des activités bancaires, et d’autre part une indépendance des établissements de paiement face aux établissements de crédit. La sécurisation du marché des paiements dépend également de l’encadrement des opérations de paiement. La préservation de la confiance du consommateur est essentielle au bon fonctionnement du marché des services de paiement. / The transposition into French law of the Payment Services Directive of 13November 2007 led to the creation of a new category of players in the banking sector: the payment institution. The provision of payment services is no longer the sole domain of credit institutions but becomes the main activity of payment institutions. Although this new distribution of banking activities undermines thebanking monopoly, it does not terminate it. For a better legibility of the bankingsystem and a more efficient control of banking institutions, it is proposed amutation of the banking system through on the one hand, a complete separation of banking activities, and on the other hand payment institutions independence from credit institutions. Securing the payments services market also depends on the supervision of payment transactions. Preserving consumer’s trust is essential to awell-functioning payment services market.

A quoi sert la responsabilité contractuelle ? « Réparer » répond la doctrine classique. « Payer ! » conteste un courant doctrinal audacieux. « Punir ? » s’interrogent quelques voix ici et là. La responsabilité contractuelle cherche à reconstituer une situation à l’image de celle qui aurait découlé de l’exécution du contrat. Ce faisant, elle ne remplit pas une fonction unique mais plusieurs fonctions. Elle est d’abord tournée vers le créancier, auquel elle offre un substitut en argent de l’exécution elle-même (fonction de paiement) et la compensation des préjudices consécutifs à l’inexécution (fonction de réparation). Les dommages et intérêts en lieu et place de l’exécution et les dommages et intérêts compensatoires se complètent et permettent le rétablissement du créancier. La responsabilité contractuelle est ensuite tournée vers le débiteur : elle punit l’inexécution d’une particulière gravité en le condamnant à verser une somme supérieure à celle due au titre du paiement et de la réparation (fonction de peine privée). Cette punition peut notamment prendre la forme d’une restitution des profits, sanction de portée générale de la violation lucrative du contrat. L’étude des fonctions de paiement, de réparation et de peine privée révèle le caractère hybride de la responsabilité contractuelle, lequel forge sa spécificité et fonde son autonomie. Des fonctions qui sont reconnues à la responsabilité contractuelle dépendent directement les conditions qui président à sa mise en oeuvre, les effets qui sont les siens, la place qu’elle occupe au sein du droit de l’inexécution, son articulation avec les autres sanctions et la frontière qui la sépare de la responsabilité délictuelle. Cette étude de droit comparé, qui inclut, aux côtés du droit français, les droits allemand et anglais, examine les interactions entre les fonctions et les sanctions de la responsabilité contractuelle en vue d’une meilleure compréhension et d’une possible reconstruction de cette institution. / What is the purpose of contractual liability? “To compensate” will be the classical answer. “To provide a substitute for performance!” will dissent some daring scholars. “To punish?” will ask some voices here and there. Contractual liability aims at reproducing a situation similar to the one that would have resulted from performance. In doing so, it fulfils not one, but several functions. Firstly, looking at the creditor, contractual liability offers him a monetary substitute for performance itself (satisfactory function) and a compensation for the consequential loss suffered due to the breach of contract (compensatory function). Secondly, turning to the debtor, contractual liability punishes particularly serious breaches of contract by allowing an amount of damages greater than the cost of performance and compensation (punitive function). In case of a profit-oriented breach, this punishment can take the form of an account of profits. The clarification of these three functions reveals the hybrid nature of contractual liability that forges its specificity and provides the conceptual foundations for its autonomy. On these functions depend the conditions and effects of contractual liability, its place in contract law and its articulation and combination with the other remedies for breach of contract, as well as its borderline to tortious liability. This comparative work in French, German and English Law examines the interactions between the functions and the sanctions within contractual liability in view of a better understanding and a possible rational reconstruction of the concept of contractual liability.