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[pt] Nesta dissertação fazemos uma exposição do Teorema Fundamental do Apreçamento para modelos em tempo discreto, o qual afirma que, sob certas hipóteses, a ausência de oportunidades de arbitragem equivale a existência de uma medida de martingal equivalente. Discutimos inicialmente o resultado no caso de espaços amostrais finitos e posteriormente o caso geral, através da técnica da Transformada de Esscher. / [en] This dissertation is concerned with the Fundamental Asset Pricing Theorem for discrete-time models which asserts that, under suitable hypothesis, absence of arbitrage opportunities is equivalent to the existence of an equivalent martingale measure. We first discuss the case of finite sample spaces and then the general case, by the use of the Esscher Transform technique.

Background: The idea of ​​achieving success in sport is something both players as well as fans dream of, but few clubs achieve it. Oakland Athletics succeeded in what many thought was impossible when in the 2002 season, they managed to perform better than most of their competitors whilst having one of the leagues smallest budgets, by recruiting undervalued players based on data and statistics. The concept of "moneyball" was coined therefrom and has since then influenced sport organizations more and more. But how the use of data and statistics has affected the governance in sport organizations is relatively unexplored.  Purpose: The purpose is to create an understanding of how data analytics has affected sports organizations  Method: The study is a qualitative multiple-case study based on an abductive approach to intertwine the theoretical framework together with the empirical data in an analysis that results in conclusions. Seven sport organizations within football and hockey have been the basis for the empirical data.  Conclusion: Data analytics has influenced the corporate governance in sport organizations in many ways. Data and statistics have provided an objective approach to investments and acquisitions of players that did not previously exist. As a result, sport organizations can recruit players who fit their strategy and style of play with greater accuracy. Furthermore, sport organizations can use data analytics as a competitive advantage by using resources more efficiently to find undervalued players in the market and experience both financial and sporting success. However, “moneyball” is a combination of objective aspects in terms of data and statistics, together with subjective aspects, where both are important to be able to use it as a competitive advantage. Today, data analytics is incorporated as part of sport operations where it is used as a part of designing strategies, as well as a basis for decision-making regarding investment appraisal and recruitment. / Bakgrund: Tanken om att nå sportslig framgång är något spelare såväl som fans drömmer om, men få klubbar uppnår det. Oakland Athletics lyckades med det som många trodde var omöjligt när de säsongen 2002, lyckades prestera bättre än de flesta av konkurrenterna samtidigt som man förhöll sig till en av ligans minsta budget genom att värva undervärderade spelare baserat på data och statistik. Konceptet “moneyball” myntades därifrån och har sedan dess influerat sportorganisationer mer och mer. Men hur användningen av data och statistik har påverkat styrningen i sportorganisationer är relativt outforskat.   Syfte: Syftet är att skapa förståelse för hur dataanalys har påverkat sportorganisationer.  Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ flerfallsstudie med utgångspunkt i en abduktiv ansats för att sammanfläta den teoretiska referensramen tillsammans med den empiriska datan i en analys som mynnar ut i konklusioner. Sju sportorganisationer inom fotboll och hockey har varit till grund för det empiriska datan.   Slutsats: Dataanalys har influerat verksamhetsstyrningen i sportorganisationer på många sätt. Data och statistik har tillfört ett objektivt synsätt vid investeringar och förvärv av spelare som tidigare inte fanns. Till följd av detta kan sportorganisationer rekrytera spelare som passar deras strategi och spelsystem med större träffsäkerhet. Därtill kan sportorganisationer använda dataanalys som konkurrensfördel genom att mer effektivt nyttja resurserna för att hitta undervärderade spelare i marknaden och uppleva både ekonomiska såväl som sportsliga framgångar. Däremot är “moneyball” en kombination av det objektiva i form av data och statistik tillsammans med det subjektiva, där båda aspekterna är betydelsefulla för att kunna använda det som en konkurrensfördel. Dataanalys är idag en integrerad del i sportsliga verksamheter där det används i utformandet av strategier såväl som underlag vid beslutsfattning gällande investeringsbedömning och rekrytering.

The archive and the historian are symbiotically dependent on one another. The archive relies on the historian to make use of the records it houses, and the historian looks to the archive to reconstruct history. But can a historian responsibly reconstruct history when the archive is fraught with relativity and bias? This thesis serves two purposes; one, pulling from seminal archival science and collections management texts, it chronicles the monumental, intellectual changes to American archival sciences, theories, and institutions, and two, it shows how these early conversations pertaining to archival theories are both not far removed from digital preservation efforts and at times incompatible with the unique non-analogous problems created by web-born sources. But as this thesis argues, theoretical offerings are not always the most implementable for archives; the crux of archival science has historically and contemporarily been responsibility versus practicality, particularly in regard to appraisal theory. These problems exacerbate in the digital realm where the sheer amount of records and material produced by the second warrants extremely narrow but careful collecting. To not add to the overwhelming problem of digital appraisal theory, this thesis offers tangible solutions to help mitigate irresponsible collecting practices.

[pt] Esta pesquisa lança luz às estratégias discursivas dos discursos de defesa proferidos pelos advogados atuantes nos casos Ângela Diniz (1979) e Mari Ferrer (2020) durante as audiências de julgamento. O objetivo é comparar como tais discursos avaliam a vida dessas mulheres sob um prisma ideológico atravessado por crenças e relações de poder concernentes à vida social e à esfera jurídica. Assim, buscamos lastros e rastros que atualizam e (re-)entextualizam tal discurso moralizante sobre mulheres que visam à culpabilização da vítima. Os dados usados para esta pesquisa são públicos e foram gerados a partir das transcrições e do áudio do episódio O Julgamento, do programa de podcast Praia dos Ossos, produzido pela Rádio Novelo e disponível em site próprio; e do vídeo do julgamento do caso Mari Ferrer, disponibilizado em canal da rede social YouTube. Este trabalho apoia-se em estudos recentes (in-)disciplinares da Linguística Aplicada (LA) que tratam o discurso para além do texto, como algo que pode ser entendido como ação e que gera, projeta e/ou reverbera efeitos na sociedade. O desenho teórico-metodológico desta pesquisa é de base qualitativa e apoia-se na perspectiva socioconstrucionista e nos estudos pós-modernos da Análise do Discurso a fim de investigar os efeitos do discurso na vida social, na (co-)construção das relações e ações por meio de práticas discursivas situadas em um contexto social e espaço-temporal. Em nível microdiscursivo, a análise das escolhas léxico-gramaticais baseia-se no Sistema de Avaliatividade, apontando como as relações de poder, as crenças e os valores sociais operam no discurso. / [en] This research sheds light on discursive strategies of defense speeches given by the attorneys during the trial hearings of the Ângela Diniz (1979) and Mari Ferrer (2020) cases. It is our objective to compare how such speeches evaluate the lives of these women under an ideological prism, permeated by beliefs and power relations concerning social life and the legal sphere. Thus, we seek the bases and traces that update and (re-)entextualize a moralizing discourse on women which aims at blaming the victim. The data used for this research are public and were generated from the transcripts and audio of the Praia dos Ossos podcast episode O Jugamento, produced by Rádio Novelo and available on their website; and the video of the Mari Ferrer case trial, available on YouTube. This work is supported by recent (in-)disciplinary studies of Applied Linguistics (AL) that treat discourse beyond the text, as something that can be understood as action and that generates, projects and/or reverberates effects in society. The theoretical-methodological design of this research is qualitative, drawing on the socio-constructionist perspective and on post-modern studies of Discourse Analysis in order to investigate the effects of discourse on social life, on the (co-)construction of relationships and actions through discursive practices situated in a social and spatiotemporal context. At a micro-discursive level, the analysis of lexical-grammatical choices is based on the Appraisal System, pointing out how power relations, beliefs and social values operate in discourse.

Much attention in recent years has gone to the evaluation of teacher effectiveness, and some scholars have developed conceptual models to evaluate the effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to compare three teacher evaluation models – the Texas Professional Development Appraisal System (PDAS), the teacher index model (TI), and the value-added model (VAM) – to determine teacher effectiveness using student demographic and longitudinal academic data. Predictive data from students included economic disadvantage status, ethnicity, gender, participation in special education, limited English proficiency, and performance on Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS). Data serving as dependent variables were scores from Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT®) verbal/critical reasoning and mathematics. These data came from 1,714 students who were 9.7% Hispanic, 9.2% African American, and 81.2% White. The models were tested for 64 English language arts teachers and 109 mathematics teachers, using student examination scores from the SAT® verbal/critical reasoning and mathematics. The data were aligned for specific faculty members and the students whom they taught during the year of the study. The results of the study indicated that the TI and VAM explained approximately 42% of the variance in college entrance exam scores from the SAT® verbal/critical reasoning and mathematics (R2 = 0.418) across mathematics and English language arts teachers, whereas the TI model explained approximately 40% of the variance in the SAT® scores (R2 = 0.402). The difference, however, in the R-squared values between the VAM and the TI model was not statistically significant (t (169) = 1.84, p > 0.05), suggesting that both models provided similar results. The least effective model used to predict student success on college entrance exams was the PDAS, which is a state-adopted model currently in use in over 1,000 school districts in Texas, The teacher PDAS scores explained approximately 36% of the variance in student success on the SAT® (R2 = 0.359). The study provides school leadership with information about alternative methods of evaluating teacher effectiveness without difficult formulas or high costs associated with hiring statisticians. In addition, results indicate that the models vary significantly in the extent to which they can predict which teachers are most effective in preparing students for college. This study also emphasizes the critical need to provide teacher evaluations that align with student achievement on college entrance exams.

In the first paper the effect of accessibility upon rent is investigated for office properties located in Downtown Stockholm. Starting from the firm’s cost minimization problem, a translog hedonic model is derived. The results suggest the model has good predictive power in explaining the variation in the log of the rent. A negative rent gradient is obtained with a base approximately 90 meters from the postulated focal point. It appears as if Space Syntax adds important information to the understanding of the intraurban office rent pattern. The second paper investigates assumed capitalisation rates in 3026 discounted cash flow valuations of office properties in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö during the time period 1998-2004. The study investigates determinants of property-level variation in cap rates and how going in and exit cap rates relate to each other. Exit cap rates exhibit substantial variation across properties. Part of this cross-sectional variation can be attributed to the location of the property, part of it is due to other characteristics of the property. Exit cap rates are differentiated between properties of the same type on the same market segment, which shows that valuers apply property level fine-tuning when setting exit cap rates. Properties with low market rent and high long-run vacancy assumption typically have high exit cap rates. Properties in peripheral parts of a city typically have higher exit cap rates than properties in central parts. The implicitly assumed going-in cap rate (defined as assumed net operating income year one divided by estimated market value) follows a similar pattern as the exit cap rate but exhibits more temporary, property-specific variation. Going-in cap rates are strongly influenced by temporary deviations of vacancy rates and rents from assumed “normal” levels of vacancy and rent. The difference between going-in and exit cap rates is influenced by assumed short-run growth in net operating income in the way stipulated by theory: high assumed short-run growth is associated with going-in cap rates being lower than exit cap rates. / QC 20101115

This study extends Regulatory Fit Theory (Higgins, 2000) to examine horizontal regulatory fit (Scholer & Higgins, 2010) in the context of performance feedback. Participants completed the Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (Higgins et al., 2001) to measure their chronic motivational orientation, then worked on an adapted version of an in-basket task (Holmes & Hauenstein, 2012) across two sessions. Hypotheses predicted that compared to instances of non-fit, conditions of regulatory fit between chronic and situational and motivational orientations (Promotion vs. Prevention) would have a significantly greater impact on the following three outcomes: 1) Variety and Frequency of Feedback Use, 2) Feedback Recall, and 3) Attitudes toward both Feedback and the In-basket Task. Overall results supported this assertion. Participants in condition of regulatory fit engaged in a significantly greater variety of behaviors and did so more frequently than those in non-fit conditions. Additionally, participants in regulatory fit conditions had stronger positive attitudes toward feedback than those in non-fit conditions. Counter to previous research, regulatory fit did not have significant impact on feedback recall in the current study, nor did regulatory fit have a significant impact on the attitudes toward in-basket task. / Master of Science

Syftet med studien var att undersöka distriktssköterskors och undersköterskors upplevelser av medarbetarsamtal och dess motiverande funktion på en vårdenhet. Utifrån en kvalitativ metod undersöktes detta genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med distriktssköterskor och undersköterskor som arbetade på samma vårdenhet. Genom en tematisk analys identifierades fyra teman: struktur och process, feedback, chefens engagemang och trivsel. Resultatet av studien visade att deltagarna uppskattade strukturerade medarbetarsamtal, samtidigt som de önskade mer flexibilitet för att göra samtalen mer personliga och öppna för diskussion. De efterfrågade också mer konstruktiv feedback för att kunna identifiera utvecklingsområden och därigenom främja arbetsmotivationen. Chefens engagemang framstod som avgörande för att medarbetarsamtalen skulle vara effektiva och motiverande. Diskussion om trivsel under medarbetarsamtalen sågs som ett sätt att öka engagemanget och arbetsmotivationen på arbetsplatsen. Studiens slutsats underströk vikten av att individanpassa medarbetarsamtalen för att främja arbetsmotivationen hos medarbetarna. / The purpose of the study was to investigate district nurses and certified nurse assistants experiences of performance appraisal interviews and its motivating function in a healthcare unit. Using a qualitative method, this was examined through eight semi-structured interviews with district nurses and certified nurse assistants working in the same healthcare unit. Through thematic analysis, four themes were identified: structure and process, feedback, manager engagement, and well-being. The results of the study showed that participants appreciated structured performance appraisal interviews while also desiring more flexibility to make the conversations more personal and open for discussion. They also requested more constructive feedback to identify areas for development and thereby promote work motivation. Manager engagements were perceived as crucial for the effectiveness and motivation of performance appraisal interviews. Discussion about well-being during performance appraisal interviews was seen as a way to increase engagement and work motivation in the workplace. The study's conclusion emphasized the importance of individualizing performance appraisal interviews to promote employees' work motivation.

This corpus-based study aims to uncover differences between Chinese political documents and their official English translations regarding the portrayal of the United Nations (UN) and China’s role within it. All mentions of the UN (联合国 liánhéguó) was extracted from a corpus of 149 documents. Evaluating language regarding the UN and China’s role in the UN was identified and classified within the appraisal system. 351 appraisal epithets were identified in the Chinese corpus and compared to their respective translations. Translations were classified as either equivalent translation or one of four non-equivalent translation strategies, with regards to how the evaluation of the appraisal epithet had been transferred. Equivalent translation was the dominant translation strategy within both categories and all appraisal categories. Non-equivalent translation strategies were more common for the China category, and omission of the appraisal epithet (zero translation) was the most common non- equivalent translation strategy in the category. A downgrade in evaluation (down-shifting translation) was the most common strategy for the UN category. Since only positive evaluation was identified in the corpus, the results suggest that China’s active and positive role in the UN is downplayed in the translations, and that the evaluation of the UN is also downplayed, albeit not to the same extent. The reasons for the translation shifts identified in the study are likely to be a combination of linguistic accommodation, cultural accommodation, and ideological accommodation. The ideological reasons can be traced back to self-serving purposes of adjusting the evaluations for a domestic and international audience.