Diploma thesis The Right to be Forgotten on the Internet applies to the functions of Internet search engines, search algorithms and the impact of the digital footprint that on the Internet user essentially leaves. With this issue is, on the one hand, inseparably linked the protection of personal data in the online environment, on the other hand the constitutionally enshrined right to information and other fundamental rights. Not ignored should be also the risk of censorship of the Internet. An application of the right to be forgotten adds a whole new dimension to this problems. The right to be forgotten is inferred from the judgment of the European Court of Justice on 13 May 2014 in the case Costeja versus Google Spain, where an Internet user named Mario Costeja Gonzáles first succeeded with a request of removal of unflattering information about himself from results of the search engine Google. Thus a reform precedent will have a big impact on seeking information on the Internet in the future, since the pronouncement of the judgment about the removal of his personal data may ask any European Internet user. The thesis aims to analyze the issue of right to be forgotten in the context of searching for information on the Internet in the European Internet environment - it means not to be searched on the...

Due to their contagiousness, communicable disease require healthcare staff to not only see to the needs of their patient, but also to the protection of themselves and other people from getting infected. Ethical issues and dilemmas tied to the patient’s anatomy and confidentiality arise as interventions to prevent further spread of the disease necessarily involve informing others about the risk of infection. Knowledge of and about communicable disease is necessary for acts of caution to be taken by both the person carrying it and those who are at risk of becoming infected. The Swedish communicable disease control system is regulated mainly with the Communicable Diseases Act (smittskyddslag, SFS 2004:168) and confidentiality within healthcare is regulated by the Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act (offentlighets- och sekretesslag, SFS 2009:400). In this thesis we identify dilemmas and concessions in the taking of measures to prevent the spread of communicable diseases, focusing especially on these two laws. This is done from the perspective of social work in healthcare settings with some focus on healthcare counsellors. For this purpose we have used content analysis with a deductive approach, produced a coding schedule, and analyzed relevant data in official documents. To discuss identified dilemmas and concessions further, we have used a theory of care ethics and utilitarianism. In our results we describe dilemmas consisting of situations where it is impossible to both maintain secrecy regarding the patient’s status as ill while informing others about their risk of infection, situations where differing interests arise, and situations where several principles which need to be followed differ from one another. These dilemmas are ethical in nature rather than legal, although professionals must make decisions regarding what information to share and what to keep secret. This makes for situations where practical answers to ethical dilemmas are necessary, and the contagious nature of the patient’s disease makes work more difficult. / I arbetet med smittsamma sjukdomar ska hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal inte enbart värna om patienten, utan även andra människor. Sjukdomarnas smittsamhet medför försvårande omständigheter och medför andra etiska frågor än andra sjukdomar. Inte minst uppstår etiska problem kopplade till patientens autonomi och sekretesskydd vid smittsamma sjukdomar på grund av risken för att också andra kan bli sjuka. Vetskap om sjukdomen är ett måste för att rimliga försiktighetsåtgärder ska kunna vidtas av både den smittade och osmittade personer. Smittskyddet i Sverige regleras främst genom smittskyddslagen (SFS 2004:168) och hälso- och sjukvårdens sekretess genom offentlighets- och sekretesslagen (SFS 2009:400). Vi identifierar dilemman och avvägningar i det praktiska arbetet med att besluta om och vidta smittskyddsåtgärder utifrån lagstiftningen, och diskuterar sedan dessa. Vårdetik lyfts och appliceras. Uppsatsens utgångspunkt är socialt arbete i hälso- och sjukvård, och delvis rollen som hälso- och sjukvårdskurator. Metoden består av innehållsanalytisk bearbetning, kodning, av lagtext och förarbeten med en deduktiv ansats. I resultatet redovisar vi hur balans mellan olika rättigheter och skyldigheter genomsyrar smittskyddslagen (2004), vars primära syfte är att tillgodose befolkningens behov av skydd mot smittsamma sjukdomar. För att uppnå detta görs flera avsteg från sekretessen som annars gäller i hälso- och sjukvård. Vi identifierar och beskriver de dilemman och avvägningar som uppstår som situationer där det är omöjligt att både hemlighålla patientens sjukdomsstatus och skydda andra från smitta, då det råder skilda intressen, och situationer då skilda principer behöver följas. Dessa dilemman är främst etiska och praktiska i och med att den som fattar beslut om och vidtar smittskyddsåtgärder måste besluta vilka uppgifter som ska röjas och på vilket sätt. Etiska riktlinjer är inte irrelevanta och kan utgöra både vägledning genom olika dilemman och avvägningar, men också försvåra det praktiska arbetet i och med de verkliga konsekvenser smittskyddsåtgärder har för människorna de berör. Dessutom väger alltid lagen tyngre när det gäller att instruera professionella i hur de ska agera. Skyddet mot spridning av vissa sjukdomar prioriteras över skyddet av patientens sekretess.

Die Arbeit soll zeigen, dass es zu einer breiteren Durchsetzung von Schadensersatzansprüchen wegen kartellrechtswidrigem Verhalten eines eigenständigen Informationsanspruchs des Rechtsanwalts als Organ der Rechtspflege gegenüber der EU-Kommission und den deutschen Kartellbehörden bedarf, und zwar sowohl aus tatsächlicher Notwendigkeit, als auch auf Grund europarechtlicher und grundgesetzlicher Vorgaben. Anhand des europarechtlichen Effektivitätsgrundsatzes aus Art. 4 Abs. 3 EUV und des Rechts auf effektiven Rechtsschutz aus Art. 47 der EU-Grundrechtecharta bzw. des Justizgewährungsanspruchs als Ausfluss des Rechtsstaatsprinzips, Art. 20 Abs. 3 GG, wird erörtert, wie ein solcher Anspruch mindestens beschaffen sein muss. Die Untersuchung bestehender, sekundärrechtlicher und einfachgesetzlicher Dokumentenzugangs-, Auskunfts- und Akteneinsichtsansprüche ergibt, dass bereits nach geltender Rechtslage dem Rechtsanwalt ein Informationsanspruch gegenüber der Europäischen Kommission und den deutschen Kartellbehörden zusteht. Die Interpretation der betreffenden Tatbestände nimmt hierbei die europarechtlichen und grundgesetzlichen Vorgaben auf und bewegt sich im Rahmen zulässiger Auslegung. Daneben wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie der Informationsanspruch über die Mindestvorgaben hinaus ausgestaltet werden könnte. / The work reveals that a for a better private enforcement of competition law in the form of damages claims an independent right of information vis-à-vis the EU-Commission and the German Cartel Authorities for an attorney without a client and a mandate is needed. This need not only derives from the factual necessity but also from European primary law and the German Grundgesetz. In light of the European principle of effectiveness, Article 4 para. 3 TEU, and the right to effective judicial protection, Article 47 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and Article 20 para. 3 German Grundgesetz respectively, the author develops the right and its boundaries. The examination of information rights and rights to access documents in EU secondary law and German law then shows that an independent right of information and access to documents for an attorney without a client and a mandate already exists if the law is interpreted in accordance with the EU primary law and the German Grundgesetz. The author further develops a recommendation as to how such an information right could be extended beyond its core that is determined by EU primary law and the German Grundgesetz.

Num mundo de difusão de imagens, por meios eletrônicos ou gráficos, onde conceitos, mensagens (publicidade comercial, estatal e política) e acontecimentos (por exemplo, no jornalismo) são mostrados, o direito humano à imagem é colocado à prova, pois detentores do direito reclamam do seu uso indevido. Para o Direito, algumas questões mostram-se relevantes, à medida que se busca a tutela do direito à imagem. O que é a imagem de uma pessoa? O que é imagem retrato e imagem atributo? Existe uma representação de grupo, imagem do grupo? Um determinado grupo pode reclamar direito à imagem? Quais as características de tal direito? Se imagens divulgadas (ex: imagens transmitidas pelas ondas eletromagnéticas) informam características fenotípicas de raça e cor, há uma imagem retrato das pessoas da cor/raça negra? Como os negros (as) querem ser representados na mídia? A pesquisa empírica mostra que as pessoas querem ser representadas na mídia com respeito. Tal postura comporta uma compreensão das pessoas como seres únicos, com suas próprias características. / In a world broadcast images, electronically or graphs, where concepts, messages (commercial advertising, political and state) and events (eg, journalism) are shown, the human right to the image is put to the test, as holders of rights complain about its misuse. To the Right, some questions show up relevant, as it seeks the protection of the right to the image. What is the image of a person? What is portrait image and image attribute? There is a group representation, group picture? A particular group can claim any rights to the image? What are the characteristics of such a right? If images released (eg images transmitted by electromagnetic waves) inform phenotypic characteristics of race and color, there is a portrait of people of color / black race image? How blacks want to be represented in the media? Empirical research shows that people want to be represented in the media with respect. This attitude involves an understanding of people as unique individuals with their own characteristics.

This dissertation acknowledges that despite the global initiatives towards an inclusive information society, there are still some disparities in how communities access and use the information and communication technologies (ICTs) that are available. These disparities, or digital divide, have been interpreted and addressed from different interrelated theoretical view points. The provision of ICTs through public access centres has been widely applauded as one of the strategies to enable especially disadvantaged communities to participate in today‟s information led economy. Botswana has adopted the just noted approach. The country has also developed policies and supportive infrastructure to enable especially the rural communities to be part of the global information society. It is however regrettable that access and usage of ICT‟s is still notably low in rural communities. The concern over this worrisome situation motivated this study to explore the factors that enabled or inhibited access and use of ICTs that were available to the Letlhakeng community through public access centres. This descriptive case study was conducted in four sequential stages: designing, conducting the research, data analysis and development of conclusions. The study was characterized by a continued comparative analysis of data which was collected through interviews; observation and review of related documents from the service providers; the users and non users of the services. The Letlhakeng community had access to ICTs through individually owned stand alone centres and from government supported centres. These centres were used by both residents of Letlhakeng and people from nearby villages. The factors that promoted or inhibited access and use of the available ICTs differed within and between these communities. Despite the observed digital divide, the Letlhakeng community used the ICT public centres to access social services. There is a need to develop strategies to increase access to more technologies in the village and to equip the community / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

Submitted by FABRIZIO MENCARINI (fabriziogpp@gmail.com) on 2015-03-30T15:24:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Fabrizio_Final_v3.pdf: 6320754 bytes, checksum: a5e928e10e8ba1c2ff9f5a86356e6eb8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2015-03-30T16:41:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Fabrizio_Final_v3.pdf: 6320754 bytes, checksum: a5e928e10e8ba1c2ff9f5a86356e6eb8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-30T16:51:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Fabrizio_Final_v3.pdf: 6320754 bytes, checksum: a5e928e10e8ba1c2ff9f5a86356e6eb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Os bancos públicos representam, historicamente, importante instrumento do governo federal no âmbito da formulação e implementação de políticas públicas. A relevância das ações materializadas por eles, principalmente, em relação ao desenvolvimento econômico e social, por meio da utilização de vultosos recursos oriundos do tesouro nacional, desperta a atenção da sociedade interessada em conhecer mais sobre as operações de empréstimos. A política de transparência torna-se central à luz de relevantes conceitos de democracia e de desdobramentos importantes de publicidade, prestação de contas e Accountability, principalmente após a Constituição de 1988 pela necessidade de efetivação de mecanismos democráticos. Desta forma, esta pesquisa busca contribuir tanto para a discussão teórica quanto para a base empírica do tema de transparência nos bancos públicos. Com a realização de pesquisa documental estruturada para levantamento de dados e informações, foi possível analisar os fatores apresentados a partir dos casos do Banco do Brasil (BB), da Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF) e do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), avançando no debate da transparência dos bancos públicos. Esta pesquisa exploratória explica, além de outros fatores, como o conceito de transparência aplicado ao objeto de banco público no Brasil assume a característica de “conceito essencialmente contestado” (GALLIE, 1956). / Historically, public banks represent important instrument of the federal government as part of the formulation and implementation of public policies. The relevance of actions materialized for them, especially in relation to economic and social developments, through the use of significant resources from the national treasury, arouses the attention of the society interested in learning more about the loans. The policy of transparency becomes the central about the relevant concepts of democracy and important developments of advertising and accountability, especially after the 1988 Brazilian Constitution by the need for effective democratic mechanisms. Thus, this research aims to contribute both to the theoretical discussion as to the evidence base theme of transparency in public banks. With the completion of documentary research for structured data collection and information, it was possible to analyze the factors presented cases from the Bank of Brazil (BB), Caixa Economica Federal (CEF) and the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES), advancing the discussion of transparency of public banks. This exploratory research explains, among other factors, how the concept of transparency applied to public database object in Brazil takes on the characteristic of "essentially contested concept" (Gallie, 1956).

Submitted by Armando Pereira (armandopereira1967@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-29T12:54:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1300195 bytes, checksum: 680676252d71ac8e10e4b3405284c357 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rafael Aguiar (rafael.aguiar@fgv.br) on 2016-04-19T19:41:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1300195 bytes, checksum: 680676252d71ac8e10e4b3405284c357 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-04-20T18:31:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1300195 bytes, checksum: 680676252d71ac8e10e4b3405284c357 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T18:31:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1300195 bytes, checksum: 680676252d71ac8e10e4b3405284c357 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / The main goal of this dissertation is to critically examine the archival situation of the Araruama City Council, describing and analyzing the organization, the management and the production of documents on the Legislative Power presenting. In order to contribute to the processes of record management in the House, the dissertation presents an outline of a draft resolution. The work is justified by the importance of a correct and efficient management of the records therein produced and archived so the House can ensure compliance with the constitutional principle of public transparency, regulated by Federal Law nº. 12.527/2011 and known as the Access to Information Act. / O principal objetivo desta dissertação é examinar criticamente a situação arquivística da Câmara Municipal de Araruama, descrevendo e analisando de que forma ocorre a organização, a gestão e a disponibilização de documentos por parte do poder legislativo daquele município apresentando, ao final, com o intuito de contribuir para a gestão documental na Câmara, esboço de um Projeto de Resolução. O trabalho justifica-se pela importância de uma correta e eficiente gestão de documentos para que se possa garantir o cumprimento do princípio constitucional da transparência pública, regulamentado pela Lei Federal nº 12.527/2011 conhecida como Lei de Acesso à Informação.

Documented value of indigenous knowledge (IK) in the lives of communities raises the need to facilitate its accessibility. Public libraries in South Africa can play an important role in facilitating access to this knowledge by integrating it into their services. Apart from positively contributing to the quality of lives of indigenous communities, integration of IK would result in the provision of inclusive and transformed library services. The purpose of this study was to explore how public libraries in South Africa may integrate IK into their services. Located within the critical theory paradigm, a qualitative multiple-case study was conducted among four purposefully selected provincial library services in South Africa. Directors of the selected provincial library services were interviewed. Collection development policies of the selected libraries were also analysed to determine the extent of their alignment with the provision of IK. Atlas.ti. was used to analyse data thematically. Findings revealed that libraries have not integrated IK into their services. Furthermore, collection development policies were not aligned to the provision of IK. Factors contributing to non-integration of IK in public libraries included the perception that librarians did not seem to regard IK as within their purview but rather an aspect for archival institutions. Non- alignment of policies to IK integration, content that is not accessible to indigenous communities and dwindling funding for library services provision also emerged as contributory factors. It was concluded that the hegemony of western knowledge continued to marginalise IK, possibly contributing to its non-integration. A framework based on principles of community involvement, inclusivity, access and transformation was recommended for integrating IK into services of public libraries. It was recommended that public librarians, as stakeholders in the transformation of library services need to engage in the IK discourse in order to enhance their ability to provide inclusive services. The importance of involving communities in defining IK according to their contexts to enable meaningful integration into library services was highlighted. A need to expand the study to other provinces in South Africa to determine librarians’ understanding and views regarding integration of IK was identified. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

During the 21st century, electronic resources have become an important component in every sector of society and the academic sector is no exception. Academic libraries worldwide have adopted the technologies involved in electronic resources, with some replacing their traditional collections with e-resources, which are more accessible by users. This study was conducted at the University of South Africa (Unisa) and was aimed at investigating the levels of awareness and usage of e-resources by third-year students in the School of Arts. The study used the descriptive survey study design, which is quantitative in approach. The target population comprised of 5 377 third-year students enrolled in the seven departments in the School of Arts and a proportional sample of 360 students was drawn from the population by using stratified random sampling. Library staff was also included in the study, in order to determine students’ usage patterns of e-resources and to establish initiatives available at the Unisa Library to increase awareness and use of e-resources. Online questionnaires distributed via Survey Monkey were used as the data collection instrument. The study established that the Unisa Library subscribes to a wide range of e-resources and has a number of initiatives in place to encourage the awareness and usage of these resources. However, 50, 3% of the student respondents were unaware of the availability of Unisa e-resources. The study also established that the majority of students use e-resources for study and research and that, although they have basic information and communication technologies (ICTs) skills, the majority of students lack advanced information search and retrieval skills, which are required to utilise e-resources properly. The four main barriers that prevent students from accessing and using e-resources were the cost of access to the internet, unavailability of relevant literature for studies, lack of time to do online searches and preference for information freely available on the internet. To encourage increased awareness and use of e-resources, the study recommend the development of an e-resources marketing strategy, the introduction of an information literacy module for all first-year students, the provision of infrastructure and technologies for access, development of specialised library assistance services, balancing of the electronic library collections across different subjects, tutors including more e-resources references in study guides and tutorial letters and hiring of more library staff. The study concludes that the Unisa Library has a wide variety of electronic library resources and services needed in academic institutions, but awareness and usage of the resources is quite low, due to several factors highlighted in the study. Therefore, the Library should step forward and ensure that the resources are fully utilised by following the recommendations suggested in the study. / Information Science / M. Inf.

Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2017-12-05T17:14:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Deila Batista Salino-Dissertação-Mestrada-IBICT-UFRJ-2016.pdf: 1439653 bytes, checksum: 7387f9fca454e1881c99b4615e17d7a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-05T17:14:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Deila Batista Salino-Dissertação-Mestrada-IBICT-UFRJ-2016.pdf: 1439653 bytes, checksum: 7387f9fca454e1881c99b4615e17d7a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-04 / A pesquisa destaca a importância da promoção da transparência no acesso à informação pública, tendo como foco de análise os Tribunais de Contas do Brasil. O estudo propõe um diálogo entre a Ciência da Informação e Filosofia da Linguagem para discutir as questões de informação pública sobre o ponto de vista epistemológico e aplicado. Para esta abordagem teórica, adota-se parte dos conceitos da segunda fase de pensamento de Ludwig Wittgenstein, a saber, ―jogos de linguagem‖, ―semelhança de família‖, ―formas de vida‖ e ―regras‖, encontrados, predominantemente na obra Investigações Filosóficas, como forma de contribuir para a compreensão do uso das noções ―informação pública‖, ―transparência pública‖ e ―desinformação‖. O estudo tem como procedimento metodológico a pesquisa descritiva, bibliográfica e documental, tendo por foco analítico as legislações internas pesquisadas nos sites dos Tribunais de Contas do Brasil, na busca da aplicação da Lei nº 12.527, de 18 de novembro de 2011 (Lei de Acesso à Informação – LAI). Tais legislações, que visam à promoção da transparência através dos serviços prestados, podem ser compreendidas nesta pesquisa a partir das semelhanças e dessemelhanças entre as Cortes de Contas estudadas. As noções wittgensteinianas possibilitam entender as dimensões histórico-institucionais a partir do modo como estas comunicam suas transformações, evidenciando que a pragmática da linguagem influencia na constituição das práticas sociais cotidianas. Assim, a análise da linguagem em sua inserção contextual passa a ser vista como uma ferramenta de compreensão da LAI e de sua aplicação. / The research highlights the importance of promoting transparency in the access to public information, with the focus of analysis the Audit Courts of Brazil. The study proposes a dialogue between the Information Science and Philosophy of Language to discuss the public information issues on the epistemological point of view and applied. For this theoretical approach, we adopt part of the concepts of the second phase of thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein, namely "language games", "family resemblances", "life forms" and "rules" found predominantly in work Philosophical Investigations, in order to contribute to the understanding of the use of the concepts "public information", "public transparency" and "disinformation". The study's methodological approach descriptive research, bibliographic and documentary, with the analytical focus the national legislation surveyed in the portals of the Audit Courts of Brazil, seeking the application of Law n. 12.527 of 18 November 2011 (Access Law to Information - LAI). Such legislation, aimed at promoting transparency through the services provided, can be understood here from the similarities and dissimilarities between the Accounts of Cortes studied. The notion of "language games" makes it possible to understand the historical and institutional dimensions, showing that the pragmatics of language influences the constitution of everyday social practices. Thus, the analysis of language in its contextual integration is seen as an understanding tool of LAI and its application.