Bakgrund: Våld i nära relation är ett stort samhällsproblem såväl globalt som nationellt. Uppemot vart tionde barn i Sverige växer upp med att uppleva våld i nära relation. Att belysa barns upplevelser av våld bidrar i denna studie till en djupare kunskap för våldets karaktär samt våldets påverkan på anknytningen mellan barn och dess vårdnadshavare. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att syntetisera och analysera hur tidigare forskning beskriver barns upplevelser av våld i nära relation. Metod: Denna studie är en litteraturöversikt där 16 primärstudier samlades in och analyserades med en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet belyser hur barn på skilda sätt upplever våld i hemmet, samt hur de bär på enkänsla av rädsla och oro inför våldet. Resultatet visar även på att barnen inte är passiva åskådare till våldet, utan alla barn agerar på något sätt i samband med att våldet uppstår. / Background: Intimate partner violence is a major societal problem both globally and nationally. Up to one in ten children in Sweden grows up experiencing intimate partner violence. Illuminating children's experiences of violence in this study contributes to a deeper knowledge of the character of violence and the impact of violence on the attachment between children and their guardians. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to synthesize and analyze how previous research describes children´s experiences of intimate partner violence. Method: This study is a literature review where 16 primary studies were collected and analyzed using a thematic analysis method. Result: The results highlight how children experience violence in their own home in different ways, as well as how they carry a feeling of fear and anxiety in front of the violence. The results also show that children are not passive spectators to the violence, but all children act in some way in connection with the violence occuring.

Syftet med pilotstudien var att undersöka hur klienter som deltog i hästunderstödd behandling (n = 13) till följd av psykisk ohälsa såg på relationen till hästen och dess anknytningsfrämjande och alliansskapande egenskaper, samt i vilken utsträckning respondenterna hade ett auktoritärt förhållningssätt gentemot hästen. För jämförelse användes en grupp fritidsryttare (n = 23). Klientgruppen rekryterades genom intresseföreningen Organisationen för Hästunderstödda Insatser (OHI) och fritidsryttargruppen från två ridskolor. Deltagarna fick genomföra en enkät med frågor avseende anknytningsfrämjande kvaliteter i relationen till hästen, samt vilka relationsskapande egenskaper de ansåg hästen besitta. Resultatet indikerade att båda grupperna i hög utsträckning såg positiva egenskaper i hästen och såg relationen till hästen som positiv. Resultaten indikerade att klientgruppen i högre utsträckning såg egenskaper och relationella kvaliteter i hästen som kan ses som anknytningsfrämjande och alliansskapande. Fritidsryttargruppen uppgav i högre utsträckning ett auktoritärt förhållningssätt gentemot hästen. Trots det begränsade urvalet och att resultatet inte genomgående var entydigt, tolkas resultaten som att det finns belägg för vidare utforskning av ämnet och undersökning av frågeställningen för ett större urval med en reviderad kvantitativ enkät då pilotstudien fann signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna. / The purpose of this pilot study was to explore clients undertaking equine assisted treatment for mental illness (n = 13) view of the horses attachment and working alliance facilitating abilities. Further, the study aimed to explore to which extent the respondents viewed themselves as being authoritative in relation to the horse. For comparison a group of recreational equestrians (n = 23) were used. The respondents in the client group were recruited from the association Organisationen för Hästunderstödda Insatser (OHI) and the recreational equestrians were recruited from two riding schools. The participants undertook a survey with questions regarding attachment facilitating qualities in their relationship with the horse, and which relationship facilitating characteristics they experienced in the horse. The results indicated that the respondents in both groups over all viewed the horses’ characteristics and their relationship with the horse as positive. The results indicated that the client group to a higher extent regarded the horse as having characteristics and relational qualities that could be viewed as alliance and attachment facilitating. The recreational equestrians reported an authoritative approach toward the horse to a larger degree than the client group. Although there were limitations regarding the size of the sample, and coherence in the results, the results indicated that there are grounds for future research of the subject and research question at hand, with the use of a larger population and a revised survey, as the pilot study did find significant differences between the groups.

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to analyze the parent-child relationship in selected novels by Anita Desai. The novels chosen for the analysis are Cry, the Peacock; Clear Light of Day; Fire on the Mountain; Fasting, Feasting. The aim of the theoretical part is, firstly, to introduce Anita Desai and her style of writing, secondly, to lay the theoretical basis for further analysis of the attachment between children and their parents. In this part the author presents the Attachment theory, behavioural patterns and parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved). The theoretical part is concluded by a portrait of Indian society and typical Indian family structure - the environment in which Desai's protagonists live. The practical part consists of thorough analysis of the selected novels. The analysis shows Desai's tendency to portray such parenting styles that instil insecurity in children. The results prove that these approaches to raising a child affect the personality development negatively. It was interesting to find out that gender bias influences not only the life-path and self-concept of the protagonists but also the quality of their relationship with their parents.

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Issue d'un questionnement initié dans une pratique professionnelle de psychosociologue qui interrogeait la place de l'animal dans des récits de nature autobiographique, cette recherche s'est construite dans le but d'explorer la thématique du rapport à l'animal, dans le cadre des Sciences de l'éducation. Pour construire cet objet de recherche, des références théoriques pluridisciplinaires ont été mobilisées, de même qu'une démarche de recherche inscrite dans un cadre clinique d’orientation psychanalytique, qui met en jeu les élaborations contre-transférentielles du chercheur. Un cheminement exploratoire a été enrichi par l’analyse de deux entretiens cliniques de recherche. Ce premier temps met en évidence l’impact positif du lien d’attachement à l’animal dans la construction psychique d’un être humain. Dans cette recherche, les références théoriques et cliniques sont principalement les concepts d'attachement, de construction du rapport au savoir ainsi que les apports de W. R. Bion et de D. W. Winnicott. C’est sur cette base que s'est effectué le choix des vétérinaires comme corpus de recherche, profession éminemment concernée par la relation à l'animal. Cinq entretiens cliniques semi-directifs ont été effectués auprès de vétérinaires en exercice libéral, puis analysés quant à leurs dynamiques psychiques latentes. Les principaux résultats montrent que, pour ces professionnels, le lien à l’animal développé dans l’enfance est à l’origine de leur choix professionnel. C'est également ce lien, transformé, qui semble mobilisé comme une ressource psychique pour investir et réussir leurs études. Il apparaît aussi que le rapport au savoir construit dans l’interaction de l'enfant à l'animal représente une ressource possible dans la compréhension de la relation du maître avec son animal dans les pratiques de consultation. Un autre résultat de cette recherche démontre que l’intérêt pour l’animal chez l’enfant permet à certains sujets de développer des capacités cognitives qui sont mobilisables dans un savoir relationnel et professionnel ultérieur. / Stemming from a questioning initiated in a professional practice of psychosociolog which questioned the place of the animal in autobiographical stories, this research was carried out with the aim of exploring the relationship with the animal within the framework of the educational sciences. To build this focus of research, multidisciplinary theoretical references were mobilized, together with a research process within the clinical framework of psychoanalytic orientation, taking into account the counter transferential process of the investigator.An exploratory pathway has been enriched through the analysis of two clinical interviews. This first step highlights the positive impact of the human-animal attachment in the construction of the psychic identity of the human being. In this research, the notions of attachment and the construction of the relation to knowledge are the key theoretical and clinical concepts, enriched by contributions of W. R Bion and D. W. Winnicott. It is on this basis that was made the choice of the veterinarians as a corpus of this research, as this profession is highly concerned by the relation to the animal. Five semi-directive clinical interviews were carried out with veterinarians practising in liberal exercise, then analysed on the basis of their latent psychological dynamic. The main results show that for these professionals, the link to the animal developed during childhood is at the origin of their career choice. Also, it is this link, evolved through the time, which seems mobilized as a psychic resource to invest and succeed their studies. It also appears that the approach to the knowledge built during their interaction with animals as a child represents a possible resource to better understand the relationship between the owner and his animal during a veterinary consultation. Another result of this research shows that the interest for the animal as a child allows some subjects to develop cognitive capabilities which are mobilisable in ulterior relational and professional skills.

Früh traumatisierte Kinder, die in den ersten Lebensjahren von ihren Bindungspersonen vernachlässigt, mißhandelt oder sexuell mißbraucht wurden, führen Sonderpädagogen und Kinderanalytiker schnell an ihre professionellen Grenzen. Besonders in der Kinderanalyse besteht im Bereich der Frühtrauma-Folgestörungen ein theoretisch-konzeptionelles wie behandlungstechnisches Defizit. Die vorliegende Dissertation, eine theoretische Literaturarbeit, leistet einen Beitrag zur interdisziplinären psychoanalytischen Konzeptforschung, indem sie den Begriff der „frühen Traumatisierung“ auf dem Hintergrund von Befunden aus Säuglingsforschung, Bindungstheorie und Neurobiologie neu konzipiert. Darüber hinaus entwickelt sie eine traumabezogene modifizierte tiefenpsychologisch fundierte Behandlungsmethode weiter, indem auf der Basis dieses interdisziplinär gewonnenen Konzepts „früher Traumatisierung“ entwicklungsorientierte mit traumazentrierten Interventionen verbunden werden: Während der therapeutische Hintergrund von entwicklungsorientierten Behandlungzielen geprägt ist (Bindungssicherheit, „Beantwortung“ nonverbaler Inszenierungen, Spiegelung und Regulation von Affekten sowie Förderung der Mentalisierungsfähigkeit), werden im traumazen-trierten Vordergrund, insbesondere im posttraumatischen Spiel, traumaassoziierte Phänomene (Übererregung, Intrusion, Dissoziation) erkannt und durch Einsatz distanzierender und stabilisierender Techniken (traumatherapeutische Imaginationsübungen, Dissoziationsstops) eingedämmt. Um den Behandlungserfolg zu gewährleisten, bedarf es ferner einer intensiven Kooperation mit medizinischen, pädagogischen und sozialpädagogischen Fachkräften einschließlich der Integration verfahrensfremder, z.B. übender Elemente in die psychodynamische Traumatherapie. / Traumatized children who have been neglected or physically or sexually abused by attachment figures in their first years of life quickly take special education teachers and child analysts to their professional limits. Particularly in child analysis, there is a theoretical/ conceptual as well as technique deficit in the field of secondary disorders of early trauma. The present dissertation, a theoretical literature review, contributes to interdisciplinary psychoanalytic concept research by redefining the term of “early traumatization” against the backdrop of findings from infant research, attachment theory and neurobiology. In addition, it further develops a trauma-related, modified psychodynamic treatment method by linking development-oriented interventions with trauma-centered interventions on the basis of this interdisciplinary concept of “early traumatization”: While the therapeutic background is characterized by development-oriented treatment goals (attachment security, “responding” to non-verbal enactments, mirroring and regulation of affects as well as the promotion of mentalization ability), in the trauma-centered foreground, especially in post-traumatic play, trauma-associated phenomena (hyperarousal, intrusion, dissociation) are recognized and curtailed through the use of distancing and stabilizing techniques (trauma therapy imagination exercises, dissociation stops). In order to ensure treatment success, this furthermore requires an intensive cooperation with medical, educational and special education experts that includes the integration of elements outside of the method, e.g. practicing elements, into psychodynamic trauma therapy.

<p>The aim of the thesis was to examine the applicability of attachment theory to adult and adolescent religiosity. Attachment theory is an empirically oriented research paradigm that takes evolutionary theory as the starting point in the study of child-parent relations and their socioemotional correlates in development. The work consisted of two interrelated tasks. First, limitations in theory and research in the psychology of religion, particularly the traditional psychodynamic perspectives, were highlighted, and attachment theory was proposed as an integrative framework to remedy some of those limitations. Second, four empirical studies (I-IV), based on attachment theoretical predictions, were conducted to investigate relations between individual differences in attachment and religiosity. </p><p>The combined results from the studies suggest the existence of two religiosity profiles in relation to attachment. Both profiles resemble influential descriptions of individual religiosity differences in the psychology of religion literature. The religiosity of individuals in the first profile is similar to their parents' religiosity and is likely to be stable over time. If religious changes have been experienced, these are likely to be gradual, to occur early in life, and in a context pointing to the importance of relationships with religious significant others. Such individuals' God image is likely to be loving, and not distant. It was hypothesized that these religiosity characteristics stern from experiences with sensitive attachment figures in childhood, and that such experiences have promoted partial adoption of the attachment figures' religious standards. The mental representations of attachment resulting from the favorable experiences were suggested to be responsible for a corresponding image of a loving God. </p><p>The religiosity of individuals in the second profile is independent of parental religiosity, and is likely to fluctuate (increase and decrease) over time. Their religious changes are more sudden and intense, occur relatively later in life, and in a context pointing to an emotionally supportive function for religion. Such individuals' God image is more distant, and less loving. These religiosity characteristics were hypothesized to stem from experiences with insensitive attachment figures in childhood. It was suggested that they reflect an affect regulation strategy to obtain/maintain a sense of felt security, and that God is utilized as a compensatory attachment-like figure in this regard. </p><p>Findings pertaining to the profiles generally emerged regardless of whether the design was cross-sectional (I-IV) or longitudinal (III); whether participants were adults (I, II, and IV) or adolescents (Study III); and whether attachment was assessed with self-report questionnaires (I-IV) or independent ratings based on a semi-structured interview (IV).</p>

The aim of the thesis was to examine the applicability of attachment theory to adult and adolescent religiosity. Attachment theory is an empirically oriented research paradigm that takes evolutionary theory as the starting point in the study of child-parent relations and their socioemotional correlates in development. The work consisted of two interrelated tasks. First, limitations in theory and research in the psychology of religion, particularly the traditional psychodynamic perspectives, were highlighted, and attachment theory was proposed as an integrative framework to remedy some of those limitations. Second, four empirical studies (I-IV), based on attachment theoretical predictions, were conducted to investigate relations between individual differences in attachment and religiosity. The combined results from the studies suggest the existence of two religiosity profiles in relation to attachment. Both profiles resemble influential descriptions of individual religiosity differences in the psychology of religion literature. The religiosity of individuals in the first profile is similar to their parents' religiosity and is likely to be stable over time. If religious changes have been experienced, these are likely to be gradual, to occur early in life, and in a context pointing to the importance of relationships with religious significant others. Such individuals' God image is likely to be loving, and not distant. It was hypothesized that these religiosity characteristics stern from experiences with sensitive attachment figures in childhood, and that such experiences have promoted partial adoption of the attachment figures' religious standards. The mental representations of attachment resulting from the favorable experiences were suggested to be responsible for a corresponding image of a loving God. The religiosity of individuals in the second profile is independent of parental religiosity, and is likely to fluctuate (increase and decrease) over time. Their religious changes are more sudden and intense, occur relatively later in life, and in a context pointing to an emotionally supportive function for religion. Such individuals' God image is more distant, and less loving. These religiosity characteristics were hypothesized to stem from experiences with insensitive attachment figures in childhood. It was suggested that they reflect an affect regulation strategy to obtain/maintain a sense of felt security, and that God is utilized as a compensatory attachment-like figure in this regard. Findings pertaining to the profiles generally emerged regardless of whether the design was cross-sectional (I-IV) or longitudinal (III); whether participants were adults (I, II, and IV) or adolescents (Study III); and whether attachment was assessed with self-report questionnaires (I-IV) or independent ratings based on a semi-structured interview (IV).

Syfte. Undersöka användningen av kängurumetoden hos extremt för tidigt födda barn. Bakgrund. Kängurumetoden (KM) är en evidensbaserad metod som innebär att barnet bärs hud mot hud på förälderns bröst i upprätt ställning. Metoden har många fördelar för det för tidigt födda barnet och har visat sig vara effektiv för att skapa starka band föräldrar och barn emellan. Forskning visar att det är en säker vårdmetod även för extremt för tidigt födda barn.   Design. En retrospektiv explorativ journalgranskningsstudie med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Journaler granskades för de 49 extremt för tidigt födda barn vårdade vid Norrlands universitetssjukhus mellan oktober 2011 och oktober 2013. Metod. Statistiska beräkningar gjordes med icke parametrisk korrelation enligt Spearman och Wilcoxon signed ranks test. I den kvalitativa delen utfördes textanalys av journalanteckningar. Resultat. Medianålder vid kängurudebuten var fyra dagar. De flesta barn kängurudebuterade med mamman, och pappor utövade känguruvård i mindre utsträckning än mammor. Ju tidigare barnet var fött, desto längre dröjde kängurudebuten, men känguruvård har förekommit så tidigt som dag fyra hos de mest för tidigt födda barnen. Slutsats. Neonatalvården har mycket att vinna på om vårdpersonalen lyckas hjälpa föräldrar i allmänhet, och pappor i synnerhet, till att tidigt våga närma sig och känguruvårda sina extremt för tidigt födda barn. Med utbildning och träning för personal och stöd till föräldrarna, kan KM användas i större utsträckning för de extremt för tidigt födda barnen. Kliniska implikationer. Resultaten av denna studie bidrar till insikter och djupare kunskap om användningen av KM för extremt för tidigt födda barn. Resultatet kan användas för att identifiera utvecklingsmöjligheter men även för att utvärdera framtida förbättringsarbete. Kunskapen om och tron på vinsterna med KM kan rädda liv. / Aims. To study the use of the KMC for extremely preterm infants. Background. Kangaroo-Mother care (KMC) is an evidence-based method that involves carrying the infant skin to skin on the parent’s chest in an upright position. The method brings many benefits for the preterm infant and has proven to be effective for creating strong bonds between parents and infants. Research shows that KMC is a safe method even for extremely preterm infants. Design. A retrospective exploratory medical records review using both quantitative and qualitative approach. Medical records were reviewed for the 49 extremely preterm infants cared for at Norrland’s University Hospital between October 2011 and October 2013. Methods. Statistical analysis were made by non-parametric correlation by Spearman and Wilcoxon´s signed ranks test. In the qualitative part text analysis of medical records was performed. Results. KMC onset was in a median age of four days after birth. The kangaroo onset was most often with the mother, and fathers performed less KMC than mothers. The more preterm the infant was born, the later kangaroo onset, but KMC has occurred as early as day four for the most preterm infants. Conclusion. Neonatal care has much to gain if nursing staff succeed in helping parents in general, and fathers in particular, to an early KMC onset. With education and training for staff and support to the parents, KMC can be used for the extremely preterm infants to a greater extent. Relevance to clinical practice. The results of this study contribute to the understanding and deeper knowledge about the use of KMC for extremely preterm infants. The result can be used to identify needs for development, but also to evaluate future improvements. Knowledge of and belief in the benefits of KMC can save lives.

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