Totalentreprenad är en väletablerad entreprenadform inom byggbranschen. Det har länge använts för att upphandla byggprojekt och medför att totalentreprenören ansvarar för både projekteringen och produktion. Sveriges största beställare, Trafikverket, har nyligen startat en satsning mot att i större utsträckning upphandla sina projekt inom byggande av Sveriges infrastruktur på totalentreprenad. Tidigare har enbart vissa beståndsdelar av projekten varit upphandlade med denna kontraktsform. Förändringen som branschen nu står inför, där Trafikverket ändrat inriktning, syftar till att effektivisera byggprocessen. I och med detta ställs nu högre krav på entreprenörens kompetens att framgångsrikt driva sina projekt. Ansvaret för den omfattande och komplexa projekteringen inom infrastrukturprojekt förskjuts nu från beställare till entreprenör och det åligger entreprenören att driva projektering och produktion på ett effektivt sätt. Syftet med denna rapport är att påvisa hur en effektivisering av utvalda moment inom projekteringsarbetet kan bidra till en mer produktiv projekteringsprocess för Skanska, samt påvisa vilka brister som via fallstudie identifierats i referensprojektets projekteringsarbete. De moment som valts rör ämnena organisation, kommunikation och styrning. Under processens gång har svar till formulerade frågeställningar sökts genom studier av litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar och webbsidor. Intervjuer på två referensprojekt har också genomförts, varav enkät även skickades ut till deltagare i projekteringsarbetet för ett av de två referensprojekten. Slutsatserna, som presenteras i rapportens avslutande delar, är att det finns delar att förbättra i projekteringsarbetet för det huvudsakliga referensprojektet Stenkumla-Dunsjö, vilket utförs av Skanska. Omstrukturering av projekteringsorganisationen, där projekteringsledaren tillåts att ägna sig åt arbetsuppgifter som åligger den rollen, kan leda till en mer effektiv och tydlig styrning av projekteringen. Vidare kan en ansträngning för att i projekteringsarbetet involvera personal med koppling till produktion och låta dem aktivt deltaga i processen genom att inom sitt respektive teknikslag styra tillhörande projektörers arbete. Fortsättningsvis kan kommunikationens inverkan på projekteringsstyrningen inte belysas nog. Projekteringsledningen bör tidigt i processen etablera och befästa vilka kommunikationsvägar som ska nyttjas, och till vilka ändamål de ska användas. Ett modernt verktyg för kommunikation är visuell projektering, som syftar till att effektivisera och öka kommunikationen mellan parterna. Visualisering av projekteringstidplan och frågeställningar som rör projekteringen, kan underlätta för styrningen av denna process. För att knyta an till föregående mening där tidplanering nämndes, bör tidplaneringen ägnas en stor uppmärksamhet. Att detaljera tidplanen för projekteringen underlättar för styrningen av processen, då delmål åskådliggörs och tydligheten då ökar. Om detaljeringen dessutom utförs tillsammans med deltagande projektörer, kan detta åstadkomma en mer sammansvetsad grupp som arbetar mot samma mål. Avslutningsvis kan nämnas att en tydlig målformulering för projektet i allmänhet, och projekteringen i synnerhet, också bidrar till en effektivare projekteringsstyrning. Något att sträva efter i målformuleringen är att målen ska göras enligt SMART-modellen, då uppfylls kraven på att ett mål ska vara tydligt, realistiskt, mätbart och förankrat. / Design build is well established in the construction industry. It has been used for a long time in the procurement of construction projects, and the result of this type of contract is that the contractor is responsible for undertaking both the design and construction. Recent changes have been made in the procurement of infrastructure projects by Sweden’s largest client, Trafikverket, which intends to increase the use of design build contracts. Before these changes, only certain parts of their projects were procured with this type of contract. The change in the industry, aims to make the construction process more effective. By doing this, contractors are facing increased requirements in running their projects successfully. The responsibility of the comprehensive and complex design process in infrastructure is now shifted from the client to the contractor and it is within the contractor’s interest to manage the design and construction process in an effective way. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate how to improve the effectiveness of chosen elements in the design process, and how Skanska can manage the design process in a more productive way. Furthermore, it aims to show flaws identified in the design process of the main case study of this report. The chosen elements in the design process are in the area of organization, communication and management. During the process of answering the formulated questions, studies of literature, scientific articles and web sites have been made. Also, several interviews took place at the studied constructions projects, with staff both from the contractor and the design firms. Lastly, a survey was conducted within one of the case study’s organization gather opinions on the contractor’s management of design. The conclusions, which are presented in the last parts of the report, is that there are some parts to improve in the design process of the main case study, a project called Stenkumla-Dunsjö managed by Skanska, in this report. Firstly, a restructuring of the management organization, where the design manager is allowed to focus on the duties that comes with the role, can result in a more effective and accurate management of design. Furthermore, the integration of construction in the design process, which originates from the concept of concurrent engineering, allows the contractor to use its knowledge from construction in the early stages of design. This can be made by involving construction managers and allowing them to be design managers as well. Also, the importance of communication cannot be underestimated. In the early stages of the project, the people involved in the design management should establish ways to communicate within the design group. Visual design is a communication tool, with the purpose to increase and make the communication more effective within the group. The visualization of time schedule and current issues may facilitate a more effective management of design. Moreover, the scheduling is a very important part in managing the design process. The schedule should be detailed thoroughly with inputs from members in the design group. This facilitates a clearer image of the design process and when documents are to be delivered. Also, when producing the time schedule together within the design group, this may lead to a more integrated group. Lastly, when formulating goals for the design process, the goals should be SMART, which leads to a specific, realistic, measurable and accepted goal.

Syfte: Syftet är att identifiera målvaktens involvering i spelet för ett elitsatsande U17-lag, samt analysera om ökat deltagande av målvakten i spelet statistiskt leder till fler respektive färre offensiva bollkontroller, målchanser, samt mål. Metod: Arbetet har genomförts utifrån en strukturerad empirianalys av formen icke- deltagande observationsstudie. Till analysen hade ett okomplicerat kodningsschema konstruerats. Datan analyserades utifrån fyra faktorer med utgångspunkt i målvaktens involvering vid uppbyggnadsspel. Efter bearbetning utfördes en tematisk analys på resultat för att identifiera liknande teman kopplat till målvaktens involvering. Empirin analyserades från programmet HUDL där samtliga 26 relevanta matcher från säsongen 2020 fanns tillhanda. Teori: Arbetets teoretiska ramverk är beslutsfattandeteorin. Den härstammar från decision field theory som utvecklats av Busemeyer och Townsend (1993) och är i grunden en spelteori. Resultat och slutsatser: Under säsongen avancerade laget till offensiv planhalva med bollkontroll 1050 gånger, vilket gav ett snittvärde på 40,4 gånger per match. Av dessa var målvakten direkt eller indirekt involverad i 44%. Laget avancerade ytterligare till sista offensiva tredjedel 596 gånger (22,9 i snitt) och samma siffra för målvakten var då 40%. Vidare var målvakten direkt eller indirekt involverade i 42% av lagets 313 (12 i snitt) målchanser och 28% av lagets 36 mål (1,4 i snitt) som utgick från uppbyggnadsspelet. Avslutningsvis fanns det även ett psykologiskt och positionsbaserat övertag som skapas av att involvera målvakten i spelet. Genom att använda målvakten som en extra mittback möjliggjordes minskade bolltapp, ökat bollinnehav, större kontroll av spelet och därigenom möjlighet att styra matchbilden. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the goalkeeper’s involvement in the game for an elite development U17-team, and to analyze if increased involvement of the goalkeeper in the game, statistically leads to more or fewer offensive ball controls, goal chances, and goals. Method: The study was performed based on a structured data analysis with a non- participation observational study. To the analysis, a simple coding scheme was created. The data analysis was based on four factors connected to the goalkeeper’s involvement during the initial play. After the processing, a thematic analysis was applied to the results with the purpose of identifying similar themes connected to the goalkeeper’s involvement. The data was analyzed from the program HUDL where all 26 relevant games from the 2020 season existed. Theory: The studies theoretical framework was decision-making theory. It is based on decision field theory which was developed by Busemeyer and Townsend (1993) which from the start is a game theory. Results and conclusion: During the season, the team advanced to the offensive half with ball control 1050 times, which indicated 40,4 on average per game. The goalkeeper was directly or indirectly involved in 44%. The team advanced to the last third of the field 596 times (22,9 on average) and the goalkeeper was involved 40%. Furthermore, the goalkeeper was directly or indirectly involved in 42% out of the teams 313 goal chances (12 on average) and 28% out of 36 goals (1,4 on average). There is also a psychological and position-based advantage being created by involving the goalkeeper in the game. By using the goalkeeper as an extra central defender, is enables less ball losses, increased possession, larger control of the game and thereby possibility to control the game structure.

In recent years, multi-jet fusion technology became more popular as it has unlimited potential. Thanks to this technology, it became possible to produce products with complex geometries.This gives a massive advantage compared to the conventional manufacturing process, as by utilising 3D printers, the costs and environmental impact are reduced exponentially with regards to the fact that this is a new technology. Product quality is one of the most important factors when it comes to product manufacturing for a company to stay competitive in the market. This study was conducted in FABLAB at Halmstad University. The research focuses on different aspects of the fabricated test artefacts, such as surface roughness, tensile strength and dimensional deviation. How different printing parameters can affect the printing quality of the printed parts is then analysed. The result is then compared with designed CAD model. During this study, some experiments were conducted by printing test samples at different build orientations to define the printing quality. Measurement is conducted on the different test artefacts and quantified. The effect from build orientation on surface roughness, tensile strength and dimension accuracy were studied during this thesis. The test samples were measured by using appropriate measuring equipment that was available at Halmstad University. From the test results, it becomes clear that the build orientation directly impacts the printing quality of the printed test samples from the HP multi-jet fusion 3D printer

Modern build systems that build large software projects often utilize a distributed compiler, allowing the compilation of object files to be parallelized over multiple machines. These build systems are often not able to fully utilize all the resources available on all machines. As linking is not part of this distributed process, the unused resources could be used to perform linking instead, reducing the total build time. However, linking is often performed at the end of the build process, thus not being able to access the previously unused resources. In this thesis project, a linker that runs concurrently with the compilation process of the build system is designed, implemented, and evaluated . As the compilation process produces an object file, the linker performs a partial link using this file. The link is finalized at the end of the build, not unlike a traditional linker. The results show that the total build time is reduced when using the new linker in a build system utilizing a distributed compiler. In some cases, the time spent linking at the end of the build system is reduced over 50 percent when compared to the reference linker.

This master’s thesis addresses the design concept of the new hotel building located in Valašské Meziříčí, a town located in the Zlín region of the Czech Republic. The hotel building consists of a total of 21 accommodation units, a restaurant, and a cafe. The accommodation units vary from double rooms and triple rooms to three-person apartments with a kitchen – providing an accommodation capacity of a total of 47 guests. The hotel is designed as a building with a cellar that consists of one underground and four above-ground floors. The parking spaces for guests and employees are located on the ground floor together with technical equipment such as ventilation systems and utility rooms. The first floor is divided into two parts – the hotel’s operational space and the guest’s section. These two parts are structurally divided with a separate access entrance leading to each part. The operational part consists of facilities for employees, kitchens with food storage rooms, and hotel management offices. The guest area is comprised of an entrance hall with a reception, a restaurant, and sanitary facilities. On the second floor, there is a cafe with a terrace, storage for bedding, a hotel lounge as well as seven accommodation units oriented to the southwest. The third floor consists of a freely accessible terrace, bedding storage, and a lounge. There are also another seven accommodation units with balconies and a two-person apartment with a kitchen. Apart from another the bedding storage and the lounge room, the fourth floor also has two two-room apartments with a kitchen and a balcony for three people. There are also four more accommodation units with a balcony that can house 2-3 people. The thermal insulation of the building is solved by the external thermal insulation composite system, internationally referred to by the abbreviation ETICS. The basalt wool insulation facade panels is used as the main thermal insulator on the external walls of the entire building.

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Att nå effektivitet, en bra kostnadsbild och hantera den växande frågan gällande minskad belastning på miljön är viktiga delar i dagens byggprojekt. Att välja totalentreprenad som entreprenadform kan vara ett sätt att nå detta. För att bland annat hantera brister med denna entreprenadform kan man istället använda sig utav den relativt nya metoden ECI (Early Contractor Involvement). Metoden bygger på att få tillgång till entreprenörens kunskap tidigt och att gemensamt kunna angripa de utmaningar projektet står inför. Detta ställer höga krav på relationen mellan parterna. Syftet med denna studie uppnås först genom att visa att tidigare studier konstaterar att ECI bidrar gällande aspekterna effektivitet, kostnadsbild och i viss mån även till miljö- och hållbarhetsarbete, att fördelsfaktorerna överträffar nackdelsfaktorerna och att metoden är att föredra kontra en traditionell totalentreprenad. Sedan genom en surveystudie med en webbaserad enkätundersökning hos beställare, entreprenörer och projektörer/byggledare på en SME-byggentreprenörs (små och medelstora företag) marknad baserad i Stockholm. Här erhölls information om att ECI i det stora hela bidrar väldigt väl i aspekter kopplade till effektivitet och kostnadsbild och väl gällande miljö- och hållbarhetsfrågor kontra en traditionell totalentreprenad. Även information om att fördelsfaktorerna överträffar nackdelsfaktorerna på marknaden erhölls här, vilket stämmer överens med tidigare studier. Det kunde även konstateras att relationsbaserade faktorer är oerhört viktiga i ECI. Implementeringen och skapandet av ett gemensamt engagemang med tydliga ramar framhävs i de rekommendationer för ECI som lämnas i slutet. / Achieving efficiency, a satisfactory project cost and dealing with the growing issue of reduced impact on the environment are important parts of today's construction projects. Choosing design and build contract (D&B) in your project can be a way to achieve this. A way to manage shortcomings with this form of contract, you can instead use the relatively new method ECI (Early Contractor Involvement). The method is based on gaining access to the entrepreneur's knowledge early on and being able to jointly tackle the challenges the project faces. This places high demands on the relationship between the parties. The purpose of this study is first achieved by showing that previous studies state that ECI contributes in terms of efficiency, project cost and to some extent also to environmental and sustainability work, that the benefit factors outweigh the disadvantage factors and that the method is preferable to a traditional D&B-contract. Then through a survey study with a web-based survey of clients, contractors and designers/construction managers at a SME-construction company’s market (Small and Medium Enterprises) based in Stockholm. Here, information was obtained that ECI, overall, contributes very well in aspects related to efficiency and project cost and well regarded environmental and sustainability issues versus a traditional D&B-contract. Information showed that the advantage factors exceed the disadvantage factors on the market, which is then consistent with previous studies. It could also be stated that relationship-based factors are extremely important in ECI. The implementation and creation of a joint commitment with a clear framework is emphasized in the recommendations for ECI that are provided at the end.

[pt] Racionalizar processos produtivos para conceber produtos que atendam plenamente às expectativas e anseios do consumidor, mas em paralelo buscar produzir veículos com custos aceitáveis e competitivos de forma a permitir a competitividade da sua organização têm sido um grande desafio da indústria automobilística ao longo de sua história. Nos últimos anos surgiram dois estudos que buscaram melhorar os resultados esperados, analisando a questão da produção sob encomenda na indústria automobilística: O 3DayCar e o Intelligent Logistics for Innovative Product Technologies (ILIPT). O 3DayCar enfocou em sua análise a indústria inglesa, enquanto que o ILIPT enfoca a indústria européia. O presente trabalho apresentará os processos de produção de veículos ao longo de sua história e levantará aspectos básicos do funcionamento da cadeia de suprimentos. Para cada um deles, analisará a proposta do 3DayCar e os resultados desse projeto e apresentará a proposta do ILIPT sua concepção, perspectivas e primeiros resultados preliminares. Finalmente será feita uma análise da exeqüibilidade de emprego de ambos projetos na indústria automobilística brasileira. / [en] Creating smart productive processes in a way of obtaining products that fulfill costumer`s expectations and desires, but at the same time researching for the production of competitive vehicles with acceptable costs, has been a huge challenge for the automobilistic industry along its history. Most recently, two academic studies have tried to improve the expected results by analyzing the issue compaigns related to the build to order concept in the automobilistic industry. They are the 3DayCar and the Intelligent Logistics for Innovative Product Technologies (ILIPT). The 3DayCar focused the English industry, while the ILIPT focused the European Industry. The present thesis brings to knowledge the vehicle production processes in history and raises the basic aspects of the supply chain function for each phase of them, as well as the understanding of the purpose of the 3DayCar and the purpose, conception, perspectives and first results of the ILIPT. Finally, an analysis of the viability of using both projects at Brazilian Automotive Industry is made.

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Stockholm växer och infrastrukturen byggs ut. Infrastrukturprojekten upphandlas allt mer som totalentreprenader vilket ställer höga krav på att samarbetet mellan entreprenörer och konsulter fungerar bra. Ett fungerande samarbete bygger på bra förståelse och syftet med detta examensarbete var att, för Sweco Civil AB:s räkning, öka konsulternas förståelse för entreprenörerna med förhoppningen att utveckla samarbetet parterna emellan. Resultatet baserades på intervjuer med entreprenörer och konsulter. Intervjuerna utfördes med tre konsulter från Sweco och fem entreprenörer från olika företag, som alla hade en roll i totalentreprenader. Resultatet visar att återkommande problem som uppstår i samarbetet mellan parterna under projekteringen var kommunikation, bristfälliga handlingar och att konsulterna överlag uppfattas ha svårt att hålla tidplaner. Entreprenörerna förväntade sig att konsulterna skulle leverera byggbara handlingar med god kvalitet i rätt tid. Resultatet visar även att faktorerna som påverkade entreprenörernas val av konsulter skiljdes åt mellan de svenska och de utländska entreprenörerna. För att uppnå en god kommunikation kan parterna inte undanhålla information från varandra. De måste kommunicera sina förutsättningar och ta hänsyn till dessa. Undersökningen visar att konsulterna måste medverka vid samordningen av tidplanerna för att ha möjlighet att leverera i tid med önskad kvalitet. Med hjälp av fler frekventa platsbesök alternativt projektkontor kan förståelsen för produktionen i konsultens organisation öka och därmed utveckla handlingarna mot entreprenörens krav / Stockholm is growing and the infrastructure expands. Infrastructure projects are increasingly being procured as design and build contracts. This impose high demands on cooperation between contractors and consultants. Functional cooperation is based on good understanding and the purpose of this study was to, on behalf of Sweco Civil AB, increase the consultants' understanding of the contractors with the hope of developing better cooperation between the parties. The result is based on interviews with contractors and consultants. The interviews were held with three consultants from Sweco and five contractors from different companys, all of whom had a role in design and build contracts. The results show that repetitive problems that arose in the cooperation between the parties during the procurement were bad communication, insufficient construction documents and that the consultants had difficulties to deliver on time. The contractors expected the consultants to deliver quality construction documents according to schedule. The results also show that the factors influencing the contractors' choice of consultants differ between the Swedish and the foreign contractors. In order to achieve good communication, the parties cannot withhold information from each other. They must communicate their preconditions and take them into account. The study shows that consultants must participate in the coordination of timetables in order to be able to deliver on time with desired quality. With the help of more frequent site visits or alternatively project offices, the understanding of production can increase in the consultant’s organizations. Thus, developing the construction documents against the contractor's requirements.