The work is about development of spain retailing chain in the field of textile and clothing. The goal of work is finding development the company during timeframe and comparing position of company with competitions.

Thesis( MTech( Marketing Management)) -- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / South Africa’s retail sector is competitive, and is characterized by a tough and uncertain business environment (Barlow, 2002:21). Amidst such challenges, Dotson and Patton (1992:15-28) found that retailers do not deliver desired services to their customers. To ensure competitive survival, retailers should differentiate themselves and continuously seek ways to maximize the value that they offer to their customers (Parikh, 2006:45-55). Service quality has been identified by Berry (1986:1-9) as the most basic strategy for retailers to create competitive advantages and to improve customers’ shopping experience. This study focuses on determining consumer perceptions of service quality of large clothing retailers within the Cape Metropolitan area, with the aim of identifying areas for improvement, as well as service quality determinants, which are most important to consumers.Secondary objectives include: to establish consumer expectations in terms of service quality determinants; to establish, which areas of service quality require improvement; to provide recommendations to improve service quality based on findings from the study, and to compare consumer perceptions of service quality amongst ad hoc shoppers against those who have accounts (credit facilities) at various retail stores. Quantitative research was conducted by means of face-to-face survey research, and includes results from 120 questionnaires. Interviews, which took the form of store intercepts, were conducted outside the entrance of selected retail stores, and took place during the last week of March. Stores were selected through random multi-stage sampling, while respondents were selected through a systematic sampling process. A descriptive research design was used. The content of the questionnaire was developed based on Dabolkar, Thorpe and Rentz’s (1996:3-16) RSQS structure, which captures the dimensions of service quality in retail stores. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software, and was presented numerically by making use of charts. The major findings of the study relates to levels of consumer satisfaction with the existing levels of service quality delivered by large clothing retailers within the Cape Metropolitan area for ad-hoc shoppers, as well as account holders. The findings of this study could bring about new strategies for the improvement of service quality among large clothing retailers in the Cape Metropolitan area. These strategies will contribute towards creating a competitive advantage through the use of service quality, and will ultimately contribute towards the long-term success of large clothing retailers within the Cape Metropolitan area.

Forskning bekräftar att ett gap mellan intention och handling finns. Denna studie belyser etiska konsumenter samt gapet mellan att vilja handla etiskt och hållbart men att inte alltid göra det. Fokus har legat på att ta reda på varför detta gap uppstår och att skapa en förståelse för de faktorer som påverkar konsumenters köpbeteenden. En avgränsning till klädbranschen har gjorts då det finns begränsat med forskning kring gapet inom detta område samt ett till synes begränsat utbud av etiska och hållbara kläder. Genom en kvalitativ metod har 37 semistrukturerade intervjuer gjorts. Intervjuerna har ägt rum i två olika köpcentrum i Sverige. Resultatet visar att det finns respondenter som känner igen sig i det så kallade gapet och de främsta faktorerna respondenterna menar påverkar deras handlingar är pris, hållbara kläder ansågs dyra, informationsbrist, svårt att veta vad som är hållbart och inte samt bekvämlighet, orken att söka information på egen hand är begränsad. Det framkom även att en bristande tillit till det media och företag kommunicerar finns från konsumenternas sida och att detta kan vara en bidragande faktor till att gapet uppstår. Respondenter uttryckte att det aldrig finns några garantier för att de produkter som sägs vara tillverkade under bra förhållanden faktiskt är det. En slutsats om att det inom klädbranschen finns mycket för företag att arbeta med för att öka sin trovärdighet gentemot konsumenterna har kunnat dras. Det ligger dock även ett ansvar hos konsumenter att våga göra sin röst hörd samt att vara öppna för förändring. Det är en ömsesidig relation mellan företag, individer och samhälle / Consumers’ intentions don’t always result in actions. This study focuses on ethical consumers in order to investigate why a gap between intention and action occur. Based on this an improved understanding for the underlying factors that impact buying behaviour is created. A delimitation has been made to focus this study on retail apparel and ethical and sustainable clothes. Some factors have been seen to be of bigger importance to the gap than others, such as price, lack of information and convenience. The results also imply that there is a missing trust from the consumers’ point of view when it comes to trusting what is communicated about ethical and sustainable work within the clothing industry.

La alta competencia preexistente en el rubro de confecciones cada vez demanda mayores esfuerzos hacia las empresas del sector; las cuales, deseando mejorar sus procesos, descuidan aspectos operacionales, generando baja eficiencia productiva. Por ello, diversos autores han demostrado que las herramientas Lean Manufacturing y otras herramientas, como estandarización del método de trabajo, son efectivas en diversas industrias en este aspecto. Sin embargo, sus beneficios no suelen mantenerse. Por tal razón, la propuesta de mejora descrita en el presente artículo se basa en la integración de la estandarización de procesos con el Mantenimiento Autónomo aplicando la herramienta 5S de manera integral, asegurando su sostenibilidad en el tiempo, con el objetivo de reducir la variabilidad del flujo de proceso y así, lograr un incremento de la eficiencia productiva. El principal resultado que se espera de la simulación realizada en este sector es que la eficiencia se incremente en un 12.5% y se reduzcan las averías de las máquinas, al menos en un 42%. En este estudio, se concluye que la integración de estas tres herramientas no solo mejora la eficiencia productiva en una empresa del sector de confecciones, sino que mejora el ambiente laboral y la satisfacción tanto de los empleados como la de los clientes. / The high pre-existing competition in the clothing industry increasingly demands greater efforts from the companies in the sector, which, wishing to improve their processes, are neglecting operational aspects, resulting in low production efficiency. For this reason, several authors have shown that Lean Manufacturing tools and other tools, such as work method standardization, are efficient in several industries in this aspect. However, their benefits are not usually maintained. That is why the improvement proposal described in this article is based on the integration of process standardization with Autonomous Maintenance by applying the 5S tool in an integral way, achieving sustainability over time, with the objective of reducing the variability of the process flow and increase production efficiency. The main result expected from the simulation carried out in this sector is that efficiency will increase by 12.5% and machine breakdowns will be reduced by at least 42%. This study concludes that the integration of these three tools not only improves production efficiency in a company in the confection sector, but also improves the work environment and the satisfaction of both employees and customers. / Trabajo de investigación

Impulse purchases on mobile applications are an important source of income for clothing companies in today's society. Thoughtful store communication on shopping apps is therefore necessary in the competitive clothing industry. Environmental elements are various communication tools in online visual merchandising (OVM) which have a great influence on consumers' purchasing behavior but whose impact on impulse purchases separately has not yet been explored. The purpose of the study is therefore to elucidate which environmental elements stimulate impulse buying behavior online on mobile shopping apps in the clothing industry. To investigate this, a qualitative study was conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews. According to the study, all environmental elements besides audio on video stimulate online impulse buying behavior on mobile shopping apps within the clothing industry. However, certain conditions exist for the execution of these environmental elements for this stimulus to occur. The study's results therefore show a problem that exists in securing which environmental elements stimulate impulse buying behavior when there are many embodiments of environmental elements that are experienced in different ways depending on who is exposed to them that causes an element to be able to stimulate but also prevent impulse purchases depending on this. / Försäljning genom impulsköp via mobilappar är en viktig inkomstkälla för klädföretag i dagens samhälle. Behovet av genomtänkt butikskommunikation på shoppingappar är därför stort i den konkurrenssatta klädbranschen. Miljömässiga element är olika kommunikationsredskap inom online visual merchandising (OVM) som har stort inflytande på konsumenters köpbeteende men vars påverkan på impulsköp var för sig ännu inte har utforskats. Syftet med studien är därför att belysa vilka miljömässiga element som stimulerar impulsköpbeteende online på mobila shoppingappar inom klädbranschen.  För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ studie genomförts i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Enligt gällande studie stimulerar alla miljömässiga element förutom ljud till video till impulsköpbeteende online på mobila shoppingappar inom klädbranschen. Dock förekommer vissa premisser för utförandet av dessa miljömässiga element för att denna stimulans ska ske. Studiens resultat visar således en problematik som förekommer vid säkerställandet av vilka miljömässiga element som stimulerar till impulsköpbeteende då det förekommer många utföranden av miljömässiga element, som i sin tur upplevs på olika vis beroende på vem som exponeras för dem att det gör att ett element många gånger verkar kunna stimulera men också förhindra impulsköp beroende av detta.

The goal of this thesis is to describe the most important trade policy instruments that have been used in international trade in textiles since the second half of the 20th century, and to deduce the implications of the instruments on the textile sector, mainly the European one. The thesis introduces the classification of instruments in the trade policy used in the international trade in textiles and economic consequences of chosen instruments; brief characteristics of evolution of international trade in textiles since the second half of the 20th century, change in localization and sector structure of the textiles and clothing industry and main trends in its evolution. There are described most important multilateral agreements concerning the trade in textiles: Short-Term Arrangement regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, Long-Term Arrangement regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, Multifibre Arrangement, Agreement on Textiles and Clothing and current trends in contractual instruments followed by autonomous instruments such as anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures and particular cases. The thesis includes consequences of the instruments mentioned above. In the last chapter, the trends in the evolution of instruments are summarized and the reflection on possible solutions for the European, and thus also Czech textile and clothing industry, is mentioned.

Dans l’industrie du vêtement d’Istanbul, les carrières sont courtes et le taux de renouvellement des ouvriers est élevé. La combinaison entre production flexible et accords de sous-traitance dans un environnement urbain informel amène un nombre croissant d’ouvriers à assumer des fonctions entrepreneuriales équivoques. Ces acteurs sont au cœur de cette thèse de doctorat. Pour maintenir leurs positions ces ouvriers temporaires sont souvent contraints de devenir de petits intermédiaires précaires qui redéfinissent les distinctions entre production et distribution. Basée sur des données empiriques recueillies grâce à un travail de terrain en profondeur à Istanbul, mon travail doctoral questionne sous un angle anthropologique les dynamiques changeantes de l’industrie du vêtement d’Istanbul à différentes échelles et le rôle des petits entrepreneurs dans la formation de ces dynamiques à travers leurs pratiques et leurs innovations. Alors que les petits entrepreneurs sont essentiels, ils sont rarement irremplaçables. Pour explorer ces questions, cette recherche trace les liens entre les différents débouchés de l’industrie du vêtement d’Istanbul et examine comment leurs processus de valuation respectifs sont entremêlés. Durant les dernières décennies, dans l’ombre des exports officiels vers l’Europe occidentale, le « commerce à la valise » vers des pays voisins, ainsi que le marché domestique se sont développés. En « joignant les deux bouts », les petits entrepreneurs de l’industrie du vêtement d’Istanbul sont des courroies de transmission entre ces marchés aux échelles transnationale et locale. Les étudier offre de nouvelles perspectives sur les contextes industriels modernes et le fonctionnement des marchés globaux. / In Istanbul’s garment industry, careers are short and worker turnover is high. The combination of flexible production and subcontracting agreements in an informal urban environment propel an increasing number of workers to assume equivocal entrepreneurial functions. These actors are at the core of this dissertation. In order to maintain their positions, irregular workers are often forced to become precariously positioned small brokers who reshuffle the distinctions between production and distribution. Based on empirical material gathered through in-depth fieldwork in Istanbul, my dissertation questions from an anthropological perspective the shifting dynamics of Istanbul’s clothing industry at different scales and the role of small entrepreneurs in shaping these dynamics through their skillful practices and innovations. While small entrepreneurs are essential, they are rarely irreplaceable. In order to explore these issues, this dissertation traces the connections between the various outlets of Istanbul’s garment industry and scrutinizes how their respective valuation processes are intertwined. Over the last decades, in the shadow of official exports to Western Europe, the so-called suitcase trade to neighboring countries as well as the domestic market have flourished. By “making things fit” and “making ends meet,” Istanbul’s small entrepreneurs are conveyor belts between these markets at both the transnational and local scales. Studying them offers new insights into modern industrial settings and the workings of global markets.

West Africa’s textile and clothing (T&C) industries have persevered through the decline following the economic liberalization policies in the 1980s. This thesis seeks to explore the sustainable and circular business models which exist in the West African region. It also explores the ways that businesses relate to the social conditions of poverty, a small T&C industry, strong competition from imports, and the concentrated levels of imported textile waste. Through a qualitative methodology, secondary data is collected on thirty T&C businesses in West Africa. These businesses are analyzed through the framework of the eleven sustainable business model (SBM) pattern groups by Lüdeke-Freund, et al. (2018). In the results, five main SBM pattern groups emerge: Supply Chain, Social Mission, Closing-the-Loop, Eco-design, and Cooperative pattern groups. Most of the businesses do not fall neatly into one pattern, but rather embody various hybrid sustainable business models. West Africa is unusual in facing both high poverty rates and textile waste landfills, which may influence the multi-dimensional approach to sustainability. By working with the local textile value chain and artisan communities, the thirty businesses contribute to poverty alleviation. They also pave the way for ‘artisan futurism,’ where handicraft is combined with circularity and eco-design initiatives, leading the West African T&C industry into the future.

Because of the growing pressure and expectations on companies' social and ecological responsibility from society, sustainability has become anincreasingly important aspect to integrate within companies. This study has analyzed how sustainability reporting can function as a tool for companiesto communicate their sustainability work. A content analysis was conducted on four of H&M Group’s sustainability reports from the years of 2002,2008, 2014 and 2020. Through the lens of a theoretical framework the analysis studied how the reports had changed over time, which themes couldbe distinguished and how they reflected good sustainability reporting according to science. The results of the analysis showed that H&M Group´ssustainability reports had an overall focus on responsibility, the value chain and the impact from external events. Furthermore, the focus shifted frombeing on the social aspects to including more of the ecological aspects over time. The results correlated with what science considers as good sustainability reporting. / I och med samhällets ökande press och förväntningar på företags sociala och ekologiska ansvarstagande har hållbarhet blivit en allt viktigare del förföretag att integrera. Den här studien har analyserat hur hållbarhetsrapportering kan fungera som ett verktyg för företag att kommunicera sitt hållbarhetsarbete. En innehållsanalys genomfördes på fyra av H&M Group:s hållbarhetsrapporter, år 2002, 2008, 2014 samt 2020. Genom stöd i ettteoretiskt ramverk undersöktes hur rapporterna hade förändrats över tid, vilka teman som kunde ur-skiljas samt hur de återspeglade forskningens synpå god hållbarhetsrapportering. Resultatet påvisade att H&M Group:s hållbarhetsrapporter hade ett övergripande fokus på ansvarstagande, värdekedjan samt påverkan från omvärlden. Vidare skiftade fokus från att ligga på de sociala aspekterna till de ekologiska aspekterna i rapporterna övertid. Resultatet gick i linje med vad som, enligt forskningen, anses som god rapportering.