Cette étude exploratoire vise essentiellement à identifier les principaux facteurs psychologiques des gardiens de but au hockey ayant connu du succès. Plus précisément, cette étude nous a permis d’approfondir le sujet à l’aide d’entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées menées auprès de sept gardiens de but et huit entraîneurs des gardiens de but issus de la Ligue de hockey junior majeur du Québec (LHJMQ). Nous avons ensuite comparé les réponses de ces deux groupes d’experts dans le domaine afin de dresser un portrait précis de l’aspect mental entourant cette position au hockey. Nos résultats démontrent que les mêmes facteurs psychologiques majeurs ressortent du discours des gardiens de but et de celui de leurs entraîneurs. Il a ainsi été possible d’identifier neuf attributs psychologiques prédominants provenant des discours de chacune des parties. Plus précisément, ces neuf facteurs psychologiques reliés à l’atteinte d’une performance athlétique hors pair seraient les traits de personnalité, la résilience, le niveau de confiance, la passion, l’état d’esprit optimal, l’éthique au quotidien, un niveau de concentration optimal, la relativisation des événements et le contrôle des émotions. De manière générale, nos résultats vont dans le même sens que les conclusions tirées des autres études sur les différents aspects mentaux des athlètes de niveau élite. Toutefois, on observe un manque de données scientifiques en ce qui a trait à la psychologie du sport chez les gardiens de but au hockey. Cette étude constitue donc un premier développement dans l’identification des atouts psychologiques influençant la performance des gardiens de but au hockey. / The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify the major mental skills used by successful hockey goaltenders. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven goaltenders and eight goaltender coaches from the Quebec Major Hockey League (QMJHL) to be able to get a better knowledge on the topic. Afterwards, we were able to compare the data from the goaltenders and their coaches in order to get a precise picture of the mental characteristics associated with goaltenders in hockey. Our results demonstrate that the same major psychological factors would be identified by the selected athletes and their coaches. It was therefore possible to identify nine psychological attributes from the answers of both parties. More precisely, the nine psychological attributes related to hockey goaltender’s performance are personality traits, resiliency, confidence level, passion, mental readiness, work ethic, optimal concentration level, put into perspective events and emotion control. From a general perspective, our results are consistent with results from other research on the mental aspects of elite athletes. On a more narrow perspective though, we can clearly observe a lack of scientific evidences on the topic of sport psychology related to hockey goaltenders. This study therefore becomes an important first step in the identification of the performance psychological attributes related to the position of goaltending in hockey.

Success in sport depends on many aspects as training according to B. Libby (1982) is one of the most complicated and a lot of psychological resistance requiring profession. Coach must be a good judge not only of tactics and technique of special kind of sport, but also find ways how to teach sportsmen these things. It is very important for a coach to have skills in leadership and communication, in other words coach should be experienced in case to train different sportsmen uniting them into motivated and harmonic team. According to P. Karoblis, A. Raslanas, K. Steponavičius (2002), ability to adopt other knowledge, experience also to master teoretical, practical knowledge and skills increase activity, independence, creativity, that is professional experience of coaches. In our scientific work we tried to answer the question what peculiarity obstacles of social interaction (stress, conflict, EGO state expression) are in coach job? Our goal was to ascertain peculiarities of social interaction obstacles in coach job, and the task was to investigate stand point of coaches and future coach to the peculiarities of social interaction obstacles. The results of the research showed that both point of view to stress and conflict as the obstacle of social interaction, peculiarities in most case diferent very much. Whereas EGO state expression, as the obstacle of social interaction, peculiarities are connected with the adjusted child‘s, EGO state expression, which is more characteristic... [to full text]

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But : Ce projet de recherche a comme objectif principal de mieux comprendre diverses facettes de la relation entraîneur-entrainée. Cette relation entre un entraîneur masculin et une athlète féminine en volleyball sera observée selon trois niveaux de compétition des athlètes – secondaire, collégial et universitaire. Trois aspects seront étudiés à travers les questions posées dans cette recherche : (1) Est-ce que la perception que les athlètes ont de la relation entraîneur-entraîné est différente selon le niveau de compétition de l’athlète? (2) Existe-il des différences dans la nature de la relation à l’intérieur d’un même niveau? (3) Est-ce que le nombre d’années qu’une athlète a passé avec le même entraîneur affecte la qualité de la relation?. Méthodologie : Évoluant sur le circuit québécois, les six équipes de volleyball et leur entraîneur respectif représentent l’échantillon de la présente étude. Les tests utilisés afin de réaliser les analyses univariées et bivariées de cette étude sont : le Test de Welch, les corrélations de Pearson ainsi que les tests post-hoc de Games-Howell. Résultats : (1) Les athlètes du secondaire partagent une relation de meilleure qualité avec leur entraîneur que celles du cégep et de l’université. (2) Dans un même niveau de compétition, ce qui différencie la qualité de la relation est : le rôle de la joueuse dans son équipe ainsi que le nombre de sports organisés dans lesquels elle participe (relations proportionnelles). (3) Une relation inverse existe entre le nombre d’années vécues par la dyade entraîneur-athlète et la qualité de la relation. / Objective : The main purpose of this study is to better understand certain aspects of the coach-athlete relationship. The relationship between a male coach and a female athlete in volleyball will be analyzed based on three different levels of competition: high school, cegep and university. The specific objectives of this study will be examined through three research questions: (1) Is the athlete’s perception of the coach-athlete relationship different based on the level of competition in which the athlete participates? (2) Is there any difference in the nature of the coach-athlete relationship within the same level of competition? (3) Does the number of years that an athlete plays for the same coach affect the nature of the relationship? Method: The sample of this study consists of six volleyball teams, playing within the Quebec conference, and their respective coaches. The univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted using the following tests: the Welch test, the Pearson correlations and the Games-Howell post-hoc tests. Results: (1) High school athletes have a relationship with their coach that is of higher quality than athletes from cegep and university. (2) The quality of the coach-athlete relationship differs within a same level of competition based on the athlete’s role in her team as well as the number of organised sports in which she participates (proportional relationships). (3) There is an inverse relationship between the number of years the athlete and the coach have been working together and the quality of their relationship.

The aim of this study was to investigate how the role of a coach affects the private life. In orderto fulfill the purpose of this study we have used a qualitative method with seven conductedinterviews. The questions that where asked in the interviews were in the themes of norms, roleand role identity. The collected information from the interviews was transcribed and used in atable and was analyzed through a thematic analysis. This was conducted for the purpose that itwould answer the issues of the study. The results showed that different variables, for examplethe opinions on the private role, the role as a coach, norms, and each individuals relation to thenorms, could affect the private life of the coaches. These variables can together with the usingof different theories give a picture of the reasons why each individual is affected in the waythey are. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur idrottsledarrollen påverkar privatlivet. För att besvarasyftet använde vi oss av en kvalitativ metod som innefattade sju intervjuer. Frågorna sombesvarades under intervjun handlade om normer, roll och rollidentitet. Den insamladeinformationen transkriberades och användes sedan i ett tabellschema för att sammanställas medhjälp av en tematisk analys. Detta gjordes för att kunna svara på studiens frågeställningar.Resultatet visade att olika variabler, såsom synen på rollen och sig själv, men även synen pånormer och förhållandet till dessa, kan påverka hur individerna påverkas i deras privatliv iåtagandet som idrottsledare. Dessa variabler kan med hjälp av olika teorier ge en fingervisningtill vad det är i individen som gör att dem påverkas på det sätt som dem gör.

The aim of this study was to investigate how the role of a coach affects the private life. In order to fulfill the purpose of this study we have used a qualitative method with seven conducted interviews. The questions that where asked in the interviews were in the themes of norms, role and role identity. The collected information from the interviews was transcribed and used in a table and was analyzed through a thematic analysis. This was conducted for the purpose that it would answer the issues of the study. The results showed that different variables, for example the opinions on the private role, the role as a coach, norms, and each individuals relation to the norms, could affect the private life of the coaches. These variables can together with the using of different theories give a picture of the reasons why each individual is affected in the way they are. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur idrottsledarrollen påverkar privatlivet. För att besvara syftet använde vi oss av en kvalitativ metod som innefattade sju intervjuer. Frågorna som besvarades under intervjun handlade om normer, roll och rollidentitet. Den insamlade informationen transkriberades och användes sedan i ett tabellschema för att sammanställas med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Detta gjordes för att kunna svara på studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet visade att olika variabler, såsom synen på rollen och sig själv, men även synen på normer och förhållandet till dessa, kan påverka hur individerna påverkas i deras privatliv i åtagandet som idrottsledare. Dessa variabler kan med hjälp av olika teorier ge en fingervisning till vad det är i individen som gör att dem påverkas på det sätt som dem gör.

The aim of the study was to investigate coaches’ experiences of their own as well as their clubs’work with safeguarding children in Swedish sport. The study was carried out through qualitative interviews with five experienced coaches. The material was analyzed through a thematic analysis. The theoretical perspectives used to analyze the results were Systems theory and Learning theory. The results show some deficiencies in the proactive work and a certain lack of discussions about the subject in the clubs. The coaches showed individuals were prioritized higher than results, but identified flaws in sports in general. Results indicate that there has been a lack of coverage regarding abuse in the education coaches have received and they claimed that sexual abuse was particularly difficult to discover. Despite the lack of plans of action, the coaches were prepared to confront situations that might occur. The authors argue that Swedish sports is heading in the right direction, but that there is still a lot of work to be done. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka idrottsledares uppfattning om sitt samt sin förenings arbete med att skydda barn från att fara illa inom svensk idrott. Studien utfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fem erfarna tränare. Materialet analyserades genom en tematisk analys. De teoretiska perspektiv som användes för att analysera resultaten var systemteori och inlärningsteori. Resultaten visar på vissa brister i det förebyggande arbetet och viss brist på diskussioner kring ämnet inom föreningarna. Idrottsledarna visade att individer var prioriterade högre än resultat, men identifierade brister allmänt inom idrottsvärlden. Resultaten indikerar att det funnits vissa brister kring ämnet övergrepp i utbildningar idrottsledarna fått och de menar att sexuella övergrepp är särskilt svåra att upptäcka. Trots brist på handlingsplaner var idrottsledarna beredda att ta tag i situationer som kan uppstå. Författarna argumenterar för att svensk idrott går i rätt riktning, men att det fortfarande finns mycket arbete att göra.

Text in Afrikaans / The main objective of this investigative study was to determine the motivational strategies of sport coaches within the South African context. The theoretical investigation indicated that the setting of goals and feedback seem to be the two most popular methods used by sport coaches to motivate their athletes. Different motivational theories, as well as the possible role of these theories within the sporting realm, were addressed. For the empirical investigation the motivational theories elucidated in the theoretical investigation, were used as point of departure . A factor analysis of the gathered data gave rise to the emergence of four motivational strategies, namely reward, winning, a cognitive approach and self-confidence. An ANOVA procedure led to the following findings: Sport coaches show meaningful differences in their accentuation of these motivational strategies based on types of sport, gender and whether they have received formal training in Sport Psychology or not. No meaningful differences were found when institutions, qualifications and experience as sport coach were considered as variables. / Psychology / M. Sc. (Psychology)

Le statut et la fonction de l'entraîneur sportif se sont progressivement développés avec la naissance du sport moderne, à partir de la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Du début du XXe siècle à aujourd'hui, le modèle le plus prégnant est celui du technicien de « terrain » dont les méthodes se construisent avant tout sous l'influence socioculturelle dans laquelle il est « baigné ». À partir des années 1980, le processus de professionnalisation qui s'est développé a eu comme conséquence une subdivision des modèles stabilisés en nombreux profils individuels, qui vont bien au-delà du simple triptyque technicien-meneur d'hommes-stratège, mis en avant dans les différentes représentations de sens commun. L'analyse des discours de vingt entraîneurs sportifs, choisis pour représenter au mieux l'ensemble de cette population, nous permet de confirmer les modèles socioculturels connus, et de faire apparaître des profils individuels variés. Elle permet surtout de mettre en évidence l'ensemble des logiques de professionnalisation de cette population. Qu'elles soient communicationnelles, techniques, organisationnelles ou de formation, ces logiques ont comme intérêt scientifique de montrer comment les entraîneurs sportifs se construisent professionnellement aujourd'hui. / The status and function of the sport coach have steadily developed since the birth of modern-era sport, in the late 18th century. From the early 20th c. to the present day, the most significant model is that of the field technician whose methods have been built under the influence of his or her social and cultural background. The 1980s saw the emergence of a professionalisation process which subdivided the existing patterns into a variety of individual models, going further beyond the mere three-dimensional combination of the technician-leader-strategist that seems to be the most received representation. Material collected from twenty interviews with sport trainers who were chosen as the best possible sample of the population has been analyzed. This analysis both confirms the received social and cultural patterns and highlights various individual models. In particular, it traces all the logical sequences that define the professionalisation of the population.Be they related to communication, techniques, organisation or training, these sequences find their scientific value in the demonstration they make of how sport coaching takes shape nowadays.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad tränare inom truppgymnastik för barn mellan 8-12 år har för erfarenheter av skador och skadeförebyggande träning och hur man på bästa sätt främjar en stimulerande och motiverande träningsmiljö. Design och metod: Deskriptiv och explorativ kvalitativ design. Semistrukturerade intervjuer av fem tränare inom truppgymnastik för barn i åldern 8-12 år. Data bearbetades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman. Resultat: Tränarna hade erfarenhet av fysiska skador och arbetade med skadeprevention genom preventiva övningar och att upprätthålla säkerhet i träningen. Tränarna fann utmaningar i att bedöma allvaret i en skada, hur man kan förebygga den och hur den ska rehabiliteras. De önskar ökad kunskap i form av riktlinjer, utbildning, ökat föreningsengagemang samt samarbete med fysioterapeuter. En positiv träningsmiljö ansågs bäst för trivsel och framgång i sin idrott. Tränarna ska vara förebilder, ge positiv feedback och främja träningsglädje och skapa god gruppgemenskap. Det viktigaste var slutligen att ha roligt och inte hur bra man presterar. Konklusion: Erfarenheter av skador fanns men kunskaperna var begränsade kring prevention och rehabilitering. Yytterligare utbildning önskades samt konsultation från exempelvis fysioterapeut. Tränarnas sätt att främja en god psykosocial träningsmiljö för unga gymnaster överensstämmer med riktlinjer från idrottsförbunden och har vetenskaplig evidens och bör därför bibehållas i fortsättningen.  TeamGym, coach, children, injury prevention, rehabilitation, psychosocial,  physical therapy / Purpose: To investigate the experiences of a group of TeamGym coaches regarding physical injuries, injury prevention and how to enhance a stimulating and motivating environment for  training and competition for children in the ages of 8-12, in the best way possible. Design and method: Descriptive and explorative qualitative design. Semi-structured interviews with five coaches in TeamGym. Data analysis was conducted by using a qualitative content analysis. Results: The coaches have experienced physical injuries and work with injury prevention such as using preventive exercises and maintaining safety at all times. They found it challenging to assess the severity of an injury, how to prevent it and how to pursue rehabilitation. They need increased knowledge through education, commitment from their clubs and cooperation with physical therapists. A positive environment for training was considered vital concerning well-being in sports. Coaches should be role models and provide positive feedback and maintain a good team spirit. The most important aspect is to have fun rather than the gymnastic performance. Conclusion: Coaches in Teamgym have perceived lacks of knowledge regarding injuries and a limited experience from injury prevention and rehabilitation. Possible solutions are increased education and consultation from physical therapists. The coaches are encouraging a rewarding psychosocial training environment in a way which is coherent with guidelines from Swedish sports federations and is supported by existent scientific evidence. Hence they ought to maintain it.