Com o fim da Guerra-Fria uma série de conflitos surge em diferentes pontos do globo. Em sua maioria eles são de natureza intra-estatal, marcados por alto grau de violência e com múltiplos atores envolvidos. Acompanha essa nova realidade a adoção de uma postura coercitiva por parte da Organização das Nações Unidas, doravante comum nas chamadas intervenções humanitárias. A partir deste quadro propõe-se aqui analisar os fatores constitutivos desses conflitos, representados em dois estudos de casos emblemáticos do tema em foco, Somália (1992) e Timor Leste (1999), bem como o comportamento da ONU em face desses novos desafios. O fio condutor de toda a pesquisa consistiu em demonstrar sua principal hipótese: o sucesso dos processos de resolução de conflitos chefiados pela ONU foi comprovado somente em episódios nos quais a organização internacional considerou outros recursos além do uso da força militar e enfatizou abordagens mais abrangentes, as quais consideravam atores da sociedade civil originários de diversas camadas sociais. / The end of the Cold War is followed by many internal conflicts around the world. Most of these conflicts, are characterized by a high level of violence and composed by actors from different origins. This work is an analysis of coercive power in humanitarian interventions, ruled by the United Nations, concerning conflict resolution process and humanitarian interventions undertaken in East Timor (1999) and in Somalia (1992). The main goal is to discuss the reasons why United Nations used military force in humanitarian interventions, as well as to highlight the approach to conflict resolution processes developed by international organizations. This work argues that conflict resolution processes tend to be successful when they are based on a broader approach, which concerns actors form civil society, coming from different social origins.

This is a study of how the United States has used different diplomatic strategies towards Iran and North Korea. The concept of coercive diplomacy is defined and explained, in or-der to see if it has been used by the United States, and if so, to what extent. After giving a brief historical background between the U.S and the two countries, the study will put a fo-cus on what and why the Bush administration has acted the way they have in their diplo-matic relation with Iran and North Korea. The study presents cases where you can see par-allels between strategies used, but also some significant differences. The latter part of the study will examine the reasoning behind the different strategies used. Conclusion drawn from this study was that, in the case of Iran, the United States has been forced to act in a certain way due to the other conflicts they are involved with in the region, i.e. the war in Iraq and the situation in Afghanistan. Due to the fear for North Koreas al-ready existing nuclear arsenal, the U.S. has shown a more restricted diplomatic policy to-wards the country, not wanting to push them towards starting a nuclear war.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work, we study the magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles dispersed in silica (SiO2) matrix. Samples were produced by the sol-gel method and synthesized at different temperatures. The average distance between the particles and thus the nature of inter-particle interactions were controlled for using different concentrations of iron and cobalt salts and the starting material tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). The samples were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetization as a function of magnetic field and temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the weight loss increases with increasing concentration of salts in the starting solution. The results of X-ray diffraction combined with the transmission electron microscope images confirmed the presence of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles dispersed into the SiO2 matrix. Magnetization measurements showed a typical behavior generally showed by a magnetic nanoparticles system, that is, the observation of a peak in the curve FC-ZFC with a thermal hysteresis in the low temperature region. In particular, we observed a dependence of the coercive field with temperature of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles that did not follow the predictions of the model Bean-Livingston. We believe that this fact is linked more to the effect of size distribution than the possible effects of interaction between the nanoparticles. In this regard, a model considering a particle size distribution in the coercivity of nanoparticles was used. The model was able to fit the experimental data to wide temperature range. / Neste trabalho, nós estudamos as propriedades magnéticas de nanopartículas de CoFe2O4 dispersas em uma matriz de sílica (SiO2). As amostras foram produzidas através do método sol-gel para diferentes temperaturas de síntese. A distância média entre as partículas e, deste modo, a natureza das interações inter-partículas foram controladas utilizando diferentes concentrações dos sais de ferro e cobalto e do reagente de partida tetraetilortossilicato (TEOS). As amostras foram caracterizadas através de medidas de termogravimetria (TG), fluorescência de raios X (FRX), difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e magnetização em função do campo magnético e da temperatura. As análises termogravimétricas mostraram que a perda de massa aumenta com o aumento da concentração dos sais de partida na solução. Os resultados de difração de raios X combinados com as imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão confirmaram a presença das nanopartículas de CoFe2O4 dispersas dentro da matriz de SiO2. As medidas de magnetização mostraram um comportamento típico de um sistema de nanopartículas magnéticas, ou seja, o aparecimento de um pico na curva de ZFC-FC com uma histerese térmica na região de baixas temperaturas. Em particular, nós observamos uma dependência do campo coercivo com a temperatura das nanopartículas de CoFe2O4 que não seguiu as previsões do modelo de Bean Livingston. Nós acreditamos que esse fato está ligado muito mais ao efeito da distribuição de tamanhos do que aos possíveis efeitos de interação entre as nanopartículas. Neste sentido, um modelo que considera a distribuição de tamanhos de partículas na coercividade das nanopartículas foi utilizado. O modelo foi capaz de ajustar os dados experimentais para amplo intervalo de temperatura.

This research will explore how social workers in the Swedish childcare system argue about semi coercive measures, tensions between voluntariness and coercion, and their discretion for those actions. Semi coercive measures are regulated by The Care of Young Persons Act (LVU), section 22. To investigate this a qualitative method was adopted. Eight semi- structured interviews were conducted with social workers that have experience when it comes to work within social services regarding children and young people. The research utilises a thematic analysis as a means of processing the data. To analyse the results, Lipsky’s theoretical concept; Street-level bureaucracy and Foucault’s theoretical concept of power; discipline and disciplining based on panopticism and pastoral power, are used. The analysis of the results indicates that the respondent’s views of the tension between coercive and voluntary measures differ, and that there is no clear distinction. Most of the respondents considered the regulations on semi coercive measures as unnecessary while others thought they are a useful tool when implemented correctly. Moreover, social workers use similar forms of semi coercive measures but not according to section 22 LVU. Respondents use their discretion in different ways, which influences their views on whether the section is necessary or not.

Bakgrund: Att vårdas mot sin vilja medför en komplicerad vårdsituation, trots detta måste patienten kunna erbjudas en god humanistisk psykiatrisk hälso- och sjukvård på lika villkor. Att bli utsatt för tvångsåtgärder under vårdtiden kan medföra trauma och skadar behandlingsalliansen med patienten. Således blir en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att kunna uppnå en god psykiatrisk vård att i största möjliga mån försöka undvika tvångsåtgärder under vårdtiden. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa patienters uppfattning av faktorer som bidrog till tvångsåtgärder. Metod: Studien utfördes som en kvalitativ litteraturstudie och utgick från sökningar i de vetenskapliga databaserna, PubMed, Cinahl och PsycINFO. Åtta kvalitativa artiklar inkluderades i resultatet, vilka alla var utförda i nordiska länder. Studierna analyserades genom en metasyntes som utgick ifrån Thomas & Hardens metod för tematisk syntes. Resultat: Det framkom att patienterna tyckte att det var personalen som i stor omfattning bidrog till att tvångsåtgärder blev nödvändiga. Sexton första nivåns teman identifierades i artiklarna. Fyra andra nivåns teman framkom där bland annat maktfaktorer, brister hos personalen och bristande delaktighet framkom, vilket slutligen mynnade ut i två resultatteman: Tvångsvård kunde skapa en maktobalans som missbrukades och ledde till onödiga tvångsåtgärder och starkare mellanmänskliga relationer mellan vårdare och vårdtagare bidrog till en mer personcentrerad vård som minskade antalet tvångsåtgärder. Efter bedömningen av GRADE CERQual framkom att det är möjligt att fyndet är en rimlig representation av fenomenet. Konklusion: För att kunna minska antalet tvångsåtgärder måste patienternas perspektiv stå i fokus, vilket innebär en personcentrerad vård där personalen utgår ifrån patientens synvinkel och behandlar dem som likvärdiga människor så att de kan vara mer delaktiga i sin vårdprocess. / Background: Being cared for against one's will entails a complicated care situation, despite this, the patient must be able to be offered good humanistic psychiatric health care. Being subjected to coercive measures during the care can lead to trauma and damage the treatment alliance with the patient. One of the most important factors to be able to achieve good psychiatric care is to try as much as possible to avoid coercive measures during the care. Aim: The aim of the study was to shed light on patients' perceptions of factors that contribute to coercive measures.Method: The study was conducted as a qualitative literature study and was based on searches in the scientific databases, PubMed, Cinahl and PsycINFO. Eight qualitative articles were included, all were made in the Nordic countries. The studies were analyzed through a meta-synthesis based on Thomas & Harden's method for thematic synthesis. Results: It emerged that the patients thought that it was the staff who to a large extent contributed to the necessity of coercive measures. Sixteen first-level themes were identified in the articles. Four second-level themes emerged where, among other things, power factors, staff shortcomings and lack of participation emerged. Which ultimately resulted in two result themes: Compulsory care could create a balance of power that was abused and led to unnecessary coercive measures, and stronger interpersonal relationships between caregivers and care recipients contributed to a more person-centered care that reduced the number of coercive measures. After the assessment of GRADE CERQual, it emerged that it is possible that the finding is a reasonable representation of the phenomenon.      Conclusion: To reduce the number of coercive measures, the patients' perspective must be in focus, which means a person-centered care where the staff starts from the patient's point of view and treats them as equal people so that they can be more involved in their care.

Häktning är ett av de mest ingripande tvångsmedel som staten kan vidta gentemot enenskild person. I kombination med restriktionsanvändning riskerar det att kränka ett flertalav den enskildes grundlagsskyddade rättigheter. Att reglera en häktningslagstiftninginnebär att göra en noggrann avvägning mellan de brottsutredande myndigheternas möjlighetertill en effektiv utredning samt lagföring och den enskildes skydd för grundläggande fri- och rättigheter. Med en så ingripande åtgärd mot en ännu ej dömd person är det av största vikt att ställa höga krav på reglering och tillämpning av tvångsmedlet och dess överensstämmande med grundläggande principer och rättigheter. Senaste årens ökningav häktningstider är således oroande och kräver förändring. Sverige har under flera decennier fått återkommande och omfattande kritik för sin regleringkring häktning. Kritiken har riktat sig mot att det inte finns någon övre tidsgränsför hur länge en person kan sitta häktad, en omfattande restriktionsanvändning samt avsaknaden av effektiva alternativa tvångsmedel till häktning. Till följd av kritiken presenterade regeringen år 2020 ett flertal förslag som syftade till en effektivare häktningsreglering. I min framställning kommer jag ta sikte på möjligheterna att minska de långa häktningstiderna.Flertalet av förslagen har indirekt betydelse för möjligheterna att minska delånga häktningstiderna och det mest omdebatterade förslaget är det om införandet av enövre tidsgräns för hur länge man får sitta häktad.I min slutsats argumenterar jag för att nuvarande utformning och tillämpning av häktningsregleringenkan antas strida mot överordnad rätt och i viss mån vara anledningen tillde långa häktningstiderna. Jag ställer mig positiv till de förslag regeringen presenterar isyfte att förändra nuvarande häktningslagstiftning. Jag tror det finns en stor sannolikhet för att förslagen kommer kunna leda till minskade häktningstider. Samtidigt ställer jag mig tveksam till i vilken utsträckning den maxtidsgräns som presenteras kommer lösasamma problem. Visserligen anser jag att den gräns som presenteras är viktig ur legalitetssynpunkt, men att den inte i tillräcklig utsträckning avhjälper den proportionalitetsproblematik som förekommer. Jag är inte heller övertygad om att häktningstiderna faktiskt kommer minska till följd av införandet av denna gräns. Konsekvenserna av förslagen innebär på det stora hela en minskad användning av häktning, en mindre godtycklig häktningsprocess och minskade häktningstider. Förhoppningen är att förslagen i viss mån kommer underlätta för åklagare och domstol vid beslut om häktning och särskilt bedömningen av huruvida häktningen är proportionerlig eller ej. Jag menar emellertid att mer kan göras för att komma tillrätta med nuvarande häktningsregleringoch långa häktningstider varför ytterligare förslag på förändring kommer presenterasi denna framställning. / Pre-trial detention is one of the most intervening means of coercion that the state authorities can use against an individual. In combination with the use of restrictions there is risk that it will infringe a numerous of the constitutional rights of the individual. To regulatet he law of detention means to balance the interests of the possibilities of the stateauthorities to an efficient investigation and prosecution and the individuals protection oftheir constitutional rights. With such an intervening action against a not yet condemnedperson it is of paramount importance to ensure high demands on the regulation and applicationof the means of coercion and its compatibility with constitutional principles andrights. The increasing times of pre trial detention the last couple of years are therefore agitating and requires a change. Sweden has during several decades received recurrent and extensive criticism regardingits regultation on detention. The critic has been adressed against that there is no upperlimit for how long a person can undergo pre-trial detention, a comprehensive use of restrictions and the lack of efficient alternative means of coercion to pre trial detention.Following the criticism the government 2020 presented a numerous proposals on how to change the legislation in purpose of a more efficient regulation of detention. In my thesis I focus on the possibilities to decrease the long times of detention. Most of the proposalsare of relevance for the possibilities to decrease the long times of detention and the most debated proposal is the one regarding the imposition of an upper limit of how long aperson can remain in continual detention.In my conclusion I argue for that the present regulation and application of detention canbe assumed to infringe superior constitutional law and to a certain extent be the cause of the long times of detention. I remain positive towards the proposals the government present in order to change the current regulation of detention. I think it´s highly likely thatthe proposals can lead to shorter times of detention. At the same time I remain doubtfultowards in what extent the upper time limit that is presented can solve the same problem. Indeed I believe that the presented limit is important in an aspect of legality, but that it´s not enough to remedy the complex problem of proportionality that exists. I´m neitherconvinced that the long times of detention actually are going to decrease as a consequence of the imposition of this limit.The consequences of the proposals can overall lead to reduced use of detention, a less arbitrary detention process and shorter times of detention. Hopefully the proposals canfacilitate for public prosecutors and courts regarding decisions of detention and especiallythe assessment of whether the detention is proportional or not. However, I mean that morecan be done to settle current regulation and long times of detention why further proposals will be presented in this paper.

Syftet med studien var att se i vilken utsträckning mellantvånget tillämpades i Sverige och om det fanns några samband gällande tillämpning, kunskap och/eller ställningstagande kring mellantvånget. Studien utgår från en kvantitativ metod genom en webbenkät som besvarades av 109 socialsekreterare. Den insamlade data analyserades utifrån teorin om gräsrotsbyråkrater. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av socialsekreterarna aldrig hade tillämpat mellantvånget. Det erhölls signifikanta samband gällande socialsekreterarnas tillämpning, kunskap och ställningstagande kring mellantvånget. Socialsekreterarna hade bristfällig kunskap om mellantvånget och ett önskat behov om ett förändrat mellantvång, vilket gav en indikation på varför det tillämpades i den utsträckning det gör. Tidigare forskning belyste vikten av tidiga insatser i form av mellantvånget för att tillgodose barnets rättigheter och förebygga att de far illa. / The aim of this study was to analyze how frequent coercive measures were applied in Sweden and if there were any connections regarding practice, knowledge and/or their standpoint. A quantitative method was used with a web survey which 109 social workers answered. The collected data was analyzed based on the theory of street-level bureaucrats. The result showed that the majority of the social workers never had applied coercive measures. There were significant connections regarding the social workers application, knowledge or their standpoint regarding coercive measures. The social worker's knowledge of coercive measures was inadequate and indicated that they desired to increase it. That gave an indication of why it is applied to the extent that it does. Previous research illuminated that early action is needed to cater the child’s rights and prevent them from getting hurt.

No description available.

M. Tech. (Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Retailing refers to the activities involved in selling goods or services to the final consumer for personal use as opposed to business purposes. It is a socio-economic system that gets people together to interchange goods and services for a small payment, which matches the final consumers’ needs. In South Africa, the industry has grown by a yearly average of 3 percent in the past eight years and Gauteng, as a province, contributed 26.5 percent to this growth. Therefore, the retail industry has been growing at a very slow rate. Letooane (2013:2) asserts that that there is a need for research in leadership power bases, QWL and how best the needs of employees can be satisfied to improve their intention to stay. In this reard, the primary objective of the study was to examine the relationship between leadership power bases, quality of work life (QWL) and intention to stay among employees at a selected retail outlet in Gauteng province. The research methodology applied to conduct the study was a consolidation of a literature review and an empirical study.The study focused on the work of French and Raven (1959) power sources, namely coercive, legitimate, reward, referent and expert power. It also looked at QWL as the nature of the workforce in retail today is generally very different from the workforce of the past decades. In addition, the study explored how QWL will assist retailers in enhancing their employees’ intention to stay. A quantitative research approach was followed in this study and a simple random probability sampling method was adopted. A structured questionnaire, divided into four sections, was utilised to survey 300 (both male and female) employees from three branches of the selected retail company in the Daveyton township. The pilot study preceded the main survey and the internal consistency reliability was ascertained. Of the 300 questionnaires distributed to the participants, a total of 285 responses were usable for data analysis (response rate of 95 percent). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25.0, was used to analyse data into descriptive statistics, reliability and validity analysis, correlations and finally, regression analysis, which was used to test the relationship among the constructs under investigation. The results indicated that coercive power base (β=0.456) and legitimate power base (β=0.210) contribute positively to the prediction of QWL, while reward power indicated a negative prediction of QWL (β= -0.044). Furthermore, the influence of QWL towards employees’ intention to stay was represented by a positive beta weight of (β=0.754). Additionally, all Cronbach’s alpha values ranged from 0.764 to 0.913, (exceeding the threshold of 0.7) thus suggesting that all the items in the scale tap into the same underlying constructs. Results from this research study will assist retailers to increase the QWL levels in their companies by advancing the factors that were identified in this research study. Additionally, these results may enable retail store managers to comprehensively understand how employees perceive power bases and how these employees’ perceptions influence QWL and, subsequently, their intention to stay. The implications of the results are addressed as well as the limitations of the study and future research opportunities are further identified.

Ce mémoire de maitrise s’intéresse aux expériences spécifiques des femmes en contexte sectaire. Partout dans le monde, les droits des femmes ainsi que leur liberté ne sont, pour certains, toujours pas acquis ou, dans certains cas, remis en question. Il est établi que certains types de crimes, notamment les agressions sexuelles, sont plus susceptibles d’être perpétrés à l’encontre des femmes, tout comme certains contextes, relations intimes ou conjugales en particulier, sont plus propices à voir se développer différentes formes de violence principalement dirigées contre les femmes. Considérant le fait que ce sont des types de violence que l’on retrouve également en contexte sectaire, il apparait alors pertinent d’étudier l’expérience de femmes au sein de ces communautés. À la lumière de ces éléments, ce mémoire a pour objectif principal de cerner l’expérience des filles et des femmes dans les groupes sectaires en mettant l’accent, le cas échéant, sur les expériences de victimisation, ceci à partir du témoignage d’anciennes membres de tels regroupements. À l’aide d’une méthodologie qualitative, huit entrevues en profondeur, de type entretiens semi-directifs, ont été menées avec d’anciennes membres de groupes sectaires. Les témoignages des participantes ont été analysés selon une perspective féministe, en se basant sur la théorie du contrôle coercitif de Stark (2007). Les résultats permettent de constater que les femmes sont soumises au contrôle coercitif par le leader, lequel est renforcé par les autres membres et parfois la famille, impliqués dans le groupe. Elles sont enfermées dans des rôles souvent issus d’une vision patriarcale de la place de la femme dans la société, les obligeant à répondre aux exigences du leader et de leur communauté d’appartenance. Les femmes rencontrent aussi des difficultés à la sortie du groupe, notamment en lien avec la recherche d’aide formelle. À la lumière des données recueillies, il se dégage un réel besoin de sensibilisation et de formation sur la compréhension des expériences sectaires spécifiques aux femmes dans le but de leur venir en aide tout en respectant ce qu’elles ont vécu. De même, de nouvelles pistes de recherche concernant spécifiquement l’expérience des femmes dans les sectes sont ouvertes, ce mémoire ne faisant, somme toute, qu’effleurer le sujet. Il aura néanmoins permis de montrer que le sujet mérite sans l’ombre d’un doute d’être davantage exploré. / This master's thesis focuses on the specific experiences of women in a cultic context. Throughout the world, women's rights and freedoms are, for some, still not acquired or, in some cases, questioned. It has been established that certain types of crime, specifically sexual assault, are more likely to be perpetrated against women, just as certain contexts, in for example in intimate relationships, are more conducive to the development of various forms of violence directed primarily against women. Considering that these types of violence are also found in cultic contexts, it seems relevant to study the experience of women within these communities. In light of these elements, the main objective of this thesis is to identify the experience of girls and women in cultic groups, with an emphasis on experiences of victimization, if applicable, based on the testimony of former members of such groups. Using a qualitative methodology, eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with former female cult members. The participants' testimonies were analyzed from a feminist perspective, based on Stark's (2007) theory of coercive control. The results show that women are subject to the coercive control by the leader, which is reinforced by other members and sometimes by family members involved in the group. Participants are locked into roles that often stem from a patriarchal vision of women's place in society, forcing them to respond to the requirements of the leader and the community to which they belong. Women also encounter difficulties when they leave the group, particularly in relation to seeking formal help. Considering the data collected, there is a real need for awareness and training on understanding the specific cultic experiences of women in order to help them while respecting what they have experienced. Similarly, new avenues of research specifically concerning the experience of women in cults are open, as this thesis only scratches the surface of the subject. Nevertheless, it has had the merit of showing that the subject deserves without a shadow of a doubt to be investigated further.