The objective of the thesis is to provide a better understanding of the safety conditions inurban environments, particularly related to those found in transport nodes, in this case,underground stations, and surrounding areas1. First, the study starts with an analysis of theoverall city, identifying concentrations of crime in the urban fabric and then focusing on thecriminogenic conditions at and around underground stations. The analysis combines the useof Geographical Information Systems (GIS), statistical techniques and data of different typesand sources. Regression models were used to assess the importance of the environmentalattributes of underground stations on crime rates. Findings show that violent and propertycrimes show different hotspots at different times. Crime patterns tend to follow people’sscheduled patterns of routine activity. The socio-economic composition of the surroundingenvironment of the stations has a significant impact on crime at these transport nodes, butmore important were attributes of the physical and social environment at the stations. Forinstance, low guardianship and poor visibility at the stations together with mixed land-usesin the surrounding areas induced crime rates at the stations. It is therefore suggested thatintervention to improve safety conditions at the stations should focus on a holistic approach,taking into account the station and surrounding areas, but also being aware of crimevariation on specific places at specific times. / <p>QC 20130207</p> / Safety in transport nodes: the influence of environmental attributes on crime and perceived safety

No description available.

Cette thèse a pour objet de comparer le contrôle des concentrations tel qu’il est exercé en France et au Japon afin de souligner les différences et les points communs des deux systèmes en la matière. Cette comparaison s’effectuera tout d’abord sur le plan de la conception du contrôle, afin d’examiner quels types d’opérations constituent une opération de concentration faisant l’objet du contrôle, ce dans les deux systèmes étudiés. Cette étude sera suivie de la comparaison de l’analyse des opérations de concentrations, afin de déterminer les critères d’appréciation des opérations en France, en Europe et au Japon. Enfin il sera procédé à la comparaison des procédures et des décisions prononcées dans les deux systèmes. Cette thèse tient compte dans sa partie française des nouveautés apportées par la Loi de Modernisation de l’Economie (loi LME), et dans sa partie japonaise de la réforme de la procédure du contrôle des concentrations du 6 juin 2011 afin de rendre compte des dernières avancées en la matière. Elle s’attarde également sur l’état du contrôle européen des concentrations, celui-ci ayant une place fondamentale dans le système français / This thesis aims at comparing the merger control currently enforced in France and Japan in order to highlight the differences and common views of both systems in this field. This comparison will first focus on the conception of said control, in order to determine which kinds of mergers are targeted by merger control in both jurisdictions. This study will be followed by the comparison of the analysis of mergers, in order to determine the rationale used for the evaluation of mergers in France, Europe and Japan. Finally, we shall compare the merger control procedures and rulings of those systems. This thesis is based on the French antitrust law reform of August 4th, 2008 (loi “LME”), as well as the Japanese merger proceedings reform of June 14th, 2011 in order to give an insight on the newest developments in the merger control field. Because of its fundamental part in French antitrust law, this thesis also focuses on European merger control.

Depuis la révolution industrielle, les croissances économique et démographique ont augmenté de manière exponentielle induisant l’augmentation de la combustion d’énergies fossiles, telles que le charbon, le pétrole, et le gaz naturel. La combustion de ces sources d’énergie conduit à l’émission de gaz à effet de serre, principalement le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et le méthane (CH4), qui par leur accumulation dans l’atmosphère entraînent une augmentation de l’effet de serre. Selon le GIEC (Groupe d'experts Intergouvernemental sur l'Évolution du Climat), l’implication des émissions anthropiques dans l’augmentation de l’effet de serre est extrêmement probable avec un pourcentage de certitude qui dépasse 95%. Toutefois, l’estimation des bilans régionaux d'émissions de GES reste très incertaine. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l’amélioration de l’estimation des bilans régionaux de GES en France, en utilisant pour la première fois les concentrations atmosphériques du CO2 et de CH4 mesurées par le réseau ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) et la modélisation inverse à l’échelle régionale.Dans un premier temps, on s’est focalisé sur l’étude des concentrations mesurées de CO2, CH4 et CO (monoxyde de carbone) fournis par des stations de surface. Cette étude a pour objectif l'identification des mesures atmosphériques contaminées par les émissions locales (quelques kilomètres au tour de la station) et qui provoque ce qu’on appelle « les pics de concentrations ». Trois méthodes ont été appliquées sur des séries temporelles fournies par quatre stations du réseau ICOS, afin de déterminer leur degré de contamination. Les résultats des différentes méthodes ont été comparés entre eux, puis comparés à un inventaire de données contaminées préparé manuellement par les gestionnaires des stations. Cette comparaison a permis l’évaluation de la performance des trois méthodes pour la détection réussie des pics. À l’issue de ce travail, la méthode la plus performante a été proposée pour effectuer un nettoyage automatique des séries de mesure du réseau ICOS.Dans un deuxième temps, le modèle régional de chimie-transport CHIMERE est utilisé pour simuler les concentrations atmosphériques du CO2 et du CH4 de l’année 2014 sur un domaine centré sur la France. L’objectif de cette étude est d’étudier la sensibilité des concentrations simulées en utilisant différentes données d’entrées. Premièrement, on étudie la sensibilité des concentrations simulées par rapport au transport en utilisant deux modèles météorologiques AROME et ECMWF. Deuxièmes, on analyse la sensibilité des concentrations simulées face aux différentes cartes d’émissions. Dans cette dernière étape, on étudie les différences entre les cartes d’émissions anthropiques séparément des cartes d’émissions biogéniques. Ce travail nous permet de quantifier à la fois les erreurs liées aux transports et les erreurs liées aux flux d’émissions. La meilleure combinaison des données d’entrée va être sélectionnée pour l’étape d’inversion des flux.Dans un dernier plan, les mesures atmosphériques des concentrations de CO2 et du CH4 sont utilisées par le système d’inversion PYMAI (Berchet et coll., 2013 et 2015) afin d’estimer les bilans régionaux d'émissions des principaux GES en France. L’inversion s’est exécutée pour un mois d’hiver (janvier) et un mois d’été (juillet) en utilisant le modèle de transport CHIMERE forcé par ECMWF et les flux de surface (EDGAR et VPRM). Le résultat de ce travail permet une réduction des incertitudes des bilans nationaux à hauteur de 35 %, et la quantification les émissions de CO2 et de CH4 à l'échelle nationale et régionale. Par contre, cette inversion ne contraint que partiellement les flux d’émissions. Cependant, la question sur l’efficacité de la quantité d’informations disponibles ressort à nouveau. / Since the industrial revolution, the economic and the demographic growths have increased exponentially,leading to an enhancement of the fossil fuels combustion, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Consumingthese source of energy amplifies the greenhouse gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane(CH4), whose accumulation in the atmosphere lead to the increase of the greenhouse effect. According tothe 5th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is extremely likely(95-100% of certainty) that the observed increase in the greenhouse effect is related to the increase of theanthropogenic emissions. However, the estimations of the GHG budget at the regional and the nationalscales remains highly uncertain. The aim of this thesis is to improve the estimation of the CO2 and CH4fluxes in France, using data assimilation techniques and atmospheric measurements provided by theIntegrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network.The first phase focuses on analyzing the measured CO2, CH4, and CO (Carbon monoxide) atmosphericconcentrations provided by surface monitoring stations. This study is concerned with the problem ofidentifying atmospheric data influenced by local emissions that can result in spikes in the GHG time series.Three methods are implemented on continuous measurements of four contrasted atmospheric sites. The aimof this analysis is to evaluate the performance of the used methods for the correctly detect the contaminateddata. This work allows us to select the most reliable method that was proposed to perform daily spikedetection in the ICOS Atmospheric Thematic Centre Quality Control (ATC-QC) software.Secondly, we simulate the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and CH4 using the chemistry transport modelCHIMERE in a domain centered over France for the year 2014. The objective of this study is to evaluate thesensitivity of simulated concentrations using different input data (sensitivity to the meteorological transportand sensitivity to the surface fluxes). This work led to the quantification of both the transport and surfacefluxes errors based on the combination of different simulations. Thus, the most reliable combination of thebest input data was selected for the flux inversion study.Lastly, the measured CO2 and CH4 concentrations are used by the PYMAI inversion system (Berchet et al.,2013 and 2015) in order to estimate the CO2 and CH4 fluxes in France. The Inversion is performed for onemonth in winter (January) and one month in summer (July), using the transport model CHIMERE. Theinversion results have provided very interesting results for the regional estimation of the CO2 and CH4surface fluxes in France with an uncertainty reduction that may attain 35% of the national totals.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Introduction: Some intracanal medicaments used in regenerative endodontics may compromise the bond strength of root cements and lead to tooth discoloration. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of 1) low concentrations of TAP and DAP (1 mg/mL) on push-out bond strength of various root cements, and 2) low concentrations of TAP and DAP (1 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL) on crown discoloration. Materials and Methods: Single rooted human teeth (n = 144) were horizontally decoronated and instrumented according to standardized protocol. The samples were randomized into six experimental groups (Ca(OH)2, 1000 mg/mL TAP and DAP, 1 mg/mL TAP and DAP, and no medicament control group. After four weeks, the medicaments were removed and each group was divided into three subgroups to receive MTA cement, Biodentine cement, or Endosequence Bioceramic putty cement for two weeks. Then, two root cylinders were obtained from each root and push-out bond strength testing was performed. For the crown discoloration experiment, 160 crowns were obtained from intact human molars and randomized into experimental groups as described earlier with the addition of two groups (10 mg/mL TAP and DAP). The pulp chambers in half of the samples from each group were coated with an adhesive bonding agent before receiving the assigned intracanal medicament. Color changes (ΔE) were detected by spectrophotometer at 1 day, 1 week, and 4 weeks after application, as well as after thermocycling. Results: In the push-out bond strength experiment, 1 mg/mL DAP generally demonstrated significantly higher bond strength of root cements compared with the other treatment groups. For the crown discoloration experiment, when an adhesive bonding agent was used prior to (10 mg/mL or 1000 mg/mL) TAP, the crowns had significantly less discoloration than those without adhesive. DAP 10 mg/mL had the least significant color change at all time points regardless of whether adhesive was used. Conclusion: 1) 1 mg/mL DAP and Ca(OH)2 did not have significant negative effect on the bond strength of calcium-silicate-based cement to radicular dentin. 2) 1 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL of DAP and Ca(OH)2 had significantly less effect on the color change of the human tooth crown than all intracanal medicaments used in this study. / 2020-08-13

Pesticide use in rice farming is a common practice in the Mekong Delta and poses ecological risks to aquatic organisms, the environment, and human health. This study focused on the ecological risk assessment of pesticide use in rice farming using the PRIMET model as a decision support tool to evaluate the risks of pesticide exposure, ecotoxicity, and risk characterization, as well as employing the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) assessment model to calculate the potentially affected fraction (PAF) of species based on the computed predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) from PRIMET. The study involved collating and analyzing data on pesticide inventories and the application of 138 farmers, which formed the basis for pesticide use, farming practices,environmental variables, and ecological indicators from two provinces in the Mekong Delta: Dong Thap and Hau Giang. This study showed that pesticide use was high with a wide range of pesticide types. The ecotoxicity assessment indicated that some pesticides pose a potential acute and chronic risk to non-target organisms. The active ingredient identified as posing acute toxicity risk with an ETR &gt;100 is the insecticide indoxacarb, which belongs to the chemical class of oxadiazine of which Arthropods were seen to be highly sensitive to when exposed making them more at risk even at very low concentrations. In contrast, fish generally exhibit moderate tolerance and are sensitive to certain chemicals. The risk characterization revealed that the ecological risks of pesticide use were higher in Dong Thap than in Hau Giang due to differences in ecological conditions, pesticide practices, and farming systems. Overall, this study highlights the need for improved pesticide management practices in rice farming in the Mekong Delta region to reduce ecological risks and protect the environment and human health. The practical and theoretical implications of this study are discussed.

No description available.

No description available.

Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separates molecules based on their actual size rather than their molecular weight. This indicates that the smaller a molecule is, the longer it will be held in the column since it can penetrate the pores more effectively than a bigger molecule, resulting in a longer retention time, whereas the larger molecule has a shorter retention time. In order to achieve reliable and accurate results the asymmetry factor of the packed columns should be between 0.6-1.4. The aim for this project was to examine whether or not the batch variations of the base matrix used to derive WorkBeads™ 40S and 40Q displayed either hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions by running different types of proteins through columns packed with the base matrices. The project was performed using an ÄKTA explorer equipped with an ultraviolet (UV) detector and a refractive index detector (RID). The data was gathered and analyzed with the Unicorn™ by Cytiva. The results from the first experiments showed that lysozyme did not elute as expected or not at all, thus leading to a concern that the there might be some hydrophobic interactions in the base matrix, which is a porous media in the form of spherical particles that have been selected for their physical stability and inertness (lack of reactivity and adsorptive properties), and lysozyme. With this suspicion in mind, the different batches of the base matrix underwent hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), where the results may be interpreted in a way that there might electrostatic interactions instead of hydrophobic interactions. However, due to the gel not being suitable for HIC the results were unreliable. By subsequently running lysozyme and other proteins through the columns at different NaCl concentrations the results showed consistent elution at NaCl concentrations &gt; 150 mM, yet inconsistent at a concentration of 150 mM for lysozyme. The elution order by size showed that although lysozyme has a larger hydrodynamic radius (Rh) than cytochrome c it eluted later, which is theoretically incorrect, but it might be owing to some of the base matrix's characteristics or the lysozyme's dual nature of expressing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions on the base matrix. Because of the inconsistent results from lysozyme, another experiment just at 150 mM was conducted where lysozyme did elute consistently with a KD value &lt; 1.  Lastly, a titration was performed on the base matrix where some of it was brominated and some of it was not, which was the reference. The results showed that there could be hydrophobic interactions on the brominated sample and hydrophilic interactions on the reference sample. However, what is more likely is that lysozyme is an unreliable protein to use to determine hydrophobicity on this type of gel. / Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separerar molekyler baserat på deras faktiska storlek snarare än deras molekylvikt. Detta indikerar att ju mindre en molekyl är, desto längre kommer den att hållas i kolonnen eftersom den kan tränga sig in i porerna mer effektivt än en större molekyl, vilket resulterar i en längre retentionstid, medan den större molekylen har en kortare retentionstid. För att uppnå tillförlitliga och nogranna resultat bör asymmetrifaktorn hos de packade kolonnerna vara mellan 0.6-1.4. Syftet med detta projekt var att undersöka huruvida batchvariationerna av basmatrisen som användes för att ta fram WorkBeads™ 40S och 40Q uppvisade antingen hydrofoba eller hydrofila interaktioner genom att köra olika typer av proteiner genom kolumner packade med basmatriserna. Projektet utfördes med en ÄKTA explorer utrustad med en ultraviolett (UV) detektor och en refractive index detector (RID). Data samlades in och analyserades med Unicorn™ av Cytiva. Resultaten från de första experimenten visade att lysozym inte eluerade som förväntat eller inte alls, vilket ledde till en oro för att det kan finnas vissa hydrofoba interaktioner i basmatrisen, som är ett poröst medium i form av sfäriska partiklar som har har valts ut för deras fysikaliska stabilitet och inerthet (brist på reaktivitet och adsorptiva egenskaper), och lysozym. Med denna misstanke i åtanke genomgick de olika bactherna av basmatrisen hydrofob interaktionskromatografi (HIC), där resultaten kan tolkas på ett sätt att det kan förekomma elektrostatiska interaktioner istället för hydrofoba interaktioner. Men på grund av att gelen inte var lämplig för HIC var resultaten opålitliga. Genom att efteråt köra lysozym och andra proteiner genom kolonnerna vid olika NaCl-koncentrationer visade resultaten konsekvent eluering vid NaCl-koncentrationer &gt; 150 mM, men ändå inkonsekventa vid en koncentration av 150 mM för lysozym. Elueringsordningen efter storlek visade att även om lysozym har en större hydrodynamisk radie (Rh) än cytokrom c, eluerade det senare, vilket är teoretiskt inkorrekt, men det kan bero på några av basmatrisens egenskaper eller lysozymets dubbla natur att uttrycka både hydrofoba och hydrofila interaktioner på basmatrisen. På grund av de inkonsekventa resultaten från lysozym, utfördes ett annat experiment enbart vid 150 mM där lysozym eluerade konsekvent med ett KD-värde &lt; 1. Slutligen utfördes en titrering på basmatrisen där en del av den var bromerad och en del av den inte, vilket var referensen. Resultaten visade att det kunde finnas hydrofoba interaktioner på det bromerade provet och hydrofila interaktioner på referensprovet. Men vad som är mer troligt är att lysozym är ett opålitligt protein att använda för att bestämma hydrofobicitet på denna typ av gel.

The chemistry of a stream is the result of different transport routes of the precipitation and the processes it undergoes in the catchment area to the stream. The transport route can involve natural processes in the ground, called diffuse sources, or some more anthropogenic sources titled point sources. In the stream, this chemistry is affected by dilution and different sources and sinks of substances. From Hovgårdens waste facility, a point source situated in Tomtaåns water catchment (20 km NE of Uppsala), waste water is released in the nearby Hovgårdsbäcken stream, bringing various metals, salts and nutrient salts. This is then transported to Lissån stream and further on to Tomtaån stream. Before connecting to Lissån, Tomtaån flows through a rural landscape without known larger point sources. This project has two purposes, one is to investigate if substance concentrations in the water changes on its transport along Hovgårdsbäcken, Lissån and Tomtaån streams and why. The other is to determine whether the mass transport from Tomtaån stream is significant for the water chemistry compared to Lissån stream. This project is based on substance concentrations measured by Uppsala Vatten AB from 2009-2014 and the writers’ own measurements from spring of 2016. The substances concerned in this project are N-tot, P-tot, NH4+, PO43-, Fe, SO42-, NO3-. The samplings made by Uppsala Vatten AB does not include Tomtaån upstream the inflow from Lissån. To obtain the size of the mass transport of Tomtaån, modelled substance concentrations along with surface types from GIS have been used. A mass balance was then calculated. The reliability of these values are then discussed. The own measurements included discharge measurements and water sampling to carry out analysis of pH, alkalinity as well as anions Cl-, SO42- and NO3-. The results showed that for Fe, P-tot and PO43-, the values were peaking after the inflow of Lissån to Tomtaån, meaning that these ones come in higher values from Tomtaån than Hovgården. N-tot, NH4+ and SO42- decrease in concentration along the transport which indicates the opposite for Fe, P-tot and PO43-. The mass transport calculated with the modelled values indicates an absurd deficit, which brings the conclusion that these are not reliable. / Ett vattendrags kemi är ett resultat av nederbördens olika transportvägar och dess processer i avrinningsområdet. Transportvägen kan innefatta naturliga processer i mark, så kallade diffusa utsläpp, och mer antropogena källor som har en bestämd utsläppspunkt, vilka benämns som punktkällor. Väl i vattendraget påverkar utspädning, källor och sänkor ämnenas halter. Från Hovgårdens avfallsanläggning, en punktkälla som ligger i Tomtaåns avrinningsområde (2 mil nordost om Uppsala), rinner avfallsvatten ut i den närliggande Hovgårdsbäcken med en rad olika typer av metaller, salter och närsalter. Detta transporteras vidare till Lissån vars flöde går ihop med Tomtaån. Tomtaån rinner innan sammanflöde med Lissån genom ett jordbrukslandskap utan större kända punktkällor men där diffusa utsläppskällor kommer till uttryck. Projektet har två syften, det ena är att undersöka om ämneshalterna i vattnet på sin transport längsmed Hovgårdsbäcken, Lissån och Tomtaån förändras och varför. Det andra är att slå fast om masstransporten från Tomtaån är betydande för vattenkemin jämfört med Lissån. Till grund för projektet ligger ämneshalter tagna vid olika punkter av Uppsala Vatten AB år 2009-2014 respektive prover tagna av författarna våren 2016. Ämnen som ligger i fokus är; N-tot, P-tot, NH4+, PO43-, Fe, SO42-, NO3-. Uppsala Vattens provtagningar innefattar inte Tomtaån uppströms. För att få fram storleken på Tomtaåns masstransport, har istället schablonvärden och markanvändningsareor tagna ur GIS använts. Med dessa schablonvärden och de empiriskt uppmätta halterna från Uppsala Vatten har massbalansberäkningen sedan gjorts. Vi kommer föra en diskussion om denna metod var tillförlitlig eller ej. Av författarna mättes vattenföring och vattenprover togs, vilka analyserades för pH och alkalinitet såväl som anjonerna: Cl-, SO42- and NO3-. Resultatet visade att ämneshalterna för Fe, P-tot and PO43- var högst efter Lissåns inflöde med Tomtaån. Vilken betyder att vattenkemin påverkas mer av Tomtaån än Hovgården. Resterande ämnen minskar i halt längsmed transporten, Hovgården bidrar med högst ämneshalt och Tomtaån påverkar vattenkemin genom utspädning. Masstransporten beräknad med schablonvärden indikerar ett massivt orimligt underskott, bedömningen är att schablonhalter ej är tillförlitliga.