Naturvårdsbränning är en åtgärd som avser att återskapa effekterna avnaturliga skogsbränder genom att påverka det ekologiska systemet. Trotsfördelarna föreligger risker, såsom oönskad eskalering och spridning av eld,rök och glöd, vilket kan negativt påverka mark, människor och samhällen.Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur ansvariga inom Länsstyrelsen hanterarrisker genom identifiering av kritiska incidenter utifrån Critical IncidentTechnique (CIT) baserad på intervjuer, samt att bidra till att öka den allmännakunskapen kring åtgärden.Resultatet visade att naturvårdsbränningsansvariga tar stor hänsyn till riskeroch arbetar kontinuerligt för att minimera dem. Dock identifierades treförbättringsområden inom riskhanteringsarbetet: säkerhet under bränningar,kommunikation under bränningar och kommunikation med samhället.Förbättringar inom dessa områden kan minimera risker under bränningar,minska oron i samhället och antalet falsklarm samt öka tryggheten igenomförandet för allmänheten och naturvårdsbränningspersonal vidnaturvårdsbränningar. / Hållbart sambruk av räddningsaktörer i svensk landsbygd

A study was conducted to describe and interpret the personal strategies that South African Police Service officers in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, use in their line of work. These are strategies to deal with the impact of the primary victims’ critical incidents of rape, domestic violence, murder and road accidents. The focus was on describing the impact of the critical incidents that the officers are exposed to, which manifest in a form of traumatic stress, namely, vicarious traumatisation, and management of this impact. Twenty participants were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling techniques from the family violence, child protection and sexual offences, domestic violence, field training, detective and social crime prevention units. Unstructured open-ended interviews, diaries and follow-up telephone interviews were used as data collection methods and data were collected in the participants’ home languages, Tshivenda and Xitsonga. Data gathered necessitated looking into both the aspects of the officers’ organisational and operational work. Data were thus analysed through the content thematic and constant comparative data analysis methods. The results first presented a profile of police vicarious traumatisation in the Vhembe District, which include the types of critical incidents exposed to, the organisational and operational stressors that lead to vicarious traumatisation, and the description of vicarious traumatisation symptoms. Second, a theoretical framework of the process of police critical incidents impact management (PCIIM) was developed. The framework shows that the management of the impact of the encountered incidents is inspired by various coping needs and subcultures of the officers, and the management takes place through the use of two styles of trauma management, namely, the linear and multilateral styles, which refer to application of coping strategies successively and the combination of horizontal and vertical application of coping strategies, respectively. The coping strategies used by the officers help them to have an objective understanding of the critical incidents encountered, have less severe symptoms of vicarious traumatisation, some symptoms last for shorter periods than before, and other symptoms are no longer experienced. Resilience to the encountered incidents is shown through the development of coping strategies to handle the incidents, facing them, and showing cognitive hardiness. The officers also manage to reflect on the experiences encountered, engage in narratives about them and mutual help thus still working towards attaining posttraumatic growth. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit den Folgen negativer kritischer Ereignisse und gibt Hinweise, was Manager vor und nach dem Ereignis tun könnten, um potentiell negative Effekte zu minimieren. Während sich die ersten zwei Aufsätze mit der Wirkung kritischer Ereignisse aus Sicht der Konsumenten befassen, widmen sich die Aufsätze 3 und 4 der Shareholder-Perspektive. Aufsatz 1 untersucht die Wahrnehmungsveränderungen in Folge verschiedener Ereignisse mit Hilfe des Konzepts der Markenpersönlichkeit. Die Ergebnisse des Online-Experimentes implizieren, dass die negative Wirkung von der Markenstärke, der Geschäftsbeziehung vor bzw. während des Vorfalls und der Art des Ereignisses abhängt. Aufsatz 2 analysiert, ob die Effekte auch mit Hilfe des Konzepts des kundenbasierten Markenwerts bestätigt und erweitert werden können. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Reaktionen nach Bekanntwerden derselben kritischen Ereignisse für die Markenwertdimension „Perceived quality“, „Perceived value“, „Brand personality“, „Organizational associations“, und „Loyalty“ quantifiziert. In Übereinstimmung mit den in Aufsatz 1 gewonnenen Erkenntnissen deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass sowohl ein hoher Markenwert und das anhaltende persönliche Produkterlebnis während eines kritischen Ereignisses den negativen Effekt mindert, als auch eine zwischen tatsächlichen und potentiellen Kunden differenzierende Kommunikationsstrategie im Nachgang sinnvoll sein könnte. Die Aufsätze 3 und 4 untersuchen auf Basis einer „Event study“ den Zusammenhang zwischen der Veröffentlichung von „Corporate Reputation-Rankings“ des Manager Magazins und dem Shareholder Value. Die gefundenen Ankündigungseffekte weisen darauf hin, dass, über die gezeigte Verbindung zwischen Reputation und Shareholder Value, die in Folge kritischer negativer Ereignisse resultierende Reputationsänderung durch Investoren berücksichtigt wird. / The doctoral dissertation analyzes effects of negative critical incidents and points out, what manager could do before and after an incident in order to minimize possible negative impacts. While the first two essays take a closer look at effects of critical incidents from the consumer’s point of view, the essays 3 and 4 deal with the shareholder perspective. Essay 1 examines perceptional changes in consequence of various incidents using the concept of brand personality. The results of the online experiment imply that the negative impact depends on brand strength, type of event and business relation before respectively during the incident. Essay 2 analyzes whether or not effects can be confirmed and extended using the concept of customer based brand equity. For this purpose, reactions of respondents are measured after getting exposed to the same critical incidents as in the previous essay. The reactions are quantified for brand equity dimensions such as perceived quality, perceived value, brand personality, organizational associations and loyalty. The results are in line with findings of Essay 1. They indicate, on the one hand, that high brand equity and persistent product experience during crisis reduce negative effects and, on the other hand, that a communication strategy which differs between actual and potential customers could be favorable after the incident. Using event study methodology, the Essays 3 and 4 examine the linkage between publications of corporate reputation rankings of the Manager Magazin and shareholder value. The existence of negative announcement effects indicates that investors consider a reputational loss in consequence of negative critical incidents via the observed linkage between reputation and share prices.

A study was conducted to describe and interpret the personal strategies that South African Police Service officers in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, use in their line of work. These are strategies to deal with the impact of the primary victims’ critical incidents of rape, domestic violence, murder and road accidents. The focus was on describing the impact of the critical incidents that the officers are exposed to, which manifest in a form of traumatic stress, namely, vicarious traumatisation, and management of this impact. Twenty participants were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling techniques from the family violence, child protection and sexual offences, domestic violence, field training, detective and social crime prevention units. Unstructured open-ended interviews, diaries and follow-up telephone interviews were used as data collection methods and data were collected in the participants’ home languages, Tshivenda and Xitsonga. Data gathered necessitated looking into both the aspects of the officers’ organisational and operational work. Data were thus analysed through the content thematic and constant comparative data analysis methods. The results first presented a profile of police vicarious traumatisation in the Vhembe District, which include the types of critical incidents exposed to, the organisational and operational stressors that lead to vicarious traumatisation, and the description of vicarious traumatisation symptoms. Second, a theoretical framework of the process of police critical incidents impact management (PCIIM) was developed. The framework shows that the management of the impact of the encountered incidents is inspired by various coping needs and subcultures of the officers, and the management takes place through the use of two styles of trauma management, namely, the linear and multilateral styles, which refer to application of coping strategies successively and the combination of horizontal and vertical application of coping strategies, respectively. The coping strategies used by the officers help them to have an objective understanding of the critical incidents encountered, have less severe symptoms of vicarious traumatisation, some symptoms last for shorter periods than before, and other symptoms are no longer experienced. Resilience to the encountered incidents is shown through the development of coping strategies to handle the incidents, facing them, and showing cognitive hardiness. The officers also manage to reflect on the experiences encountered, engage in narratives about them and mutual help thus still working towards attaining posttraumatic growth. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

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This thesis examines life stories of three chosen preschool directresses. Based on life story interviews it brings and partially compares their life stories, picks out the critical incidents and characteristic features of their lives, gives insight into individual phases of their director's role and document their reflection of the role itself. The in - depth interviews focus on complex understanding of individual's life. The directresses are examined based on both their professional development and personal experiences. This thesis documents own interpretations of life stories; it is a source of self-reflection for the examined directresses. It also serves as an inspiration source for directors newly in the office. It is formally divided into two parts: the theoretical one gives an overview of life-story interview as a methodological approach applied. Furthermore, it is also devoted to the director as an individual being defined mainly in the Czech School Law. It also represents the existing results of both teachers' and directors' life stories research. The research part represents an analysis of life story interviews with three chosen preschool directresses in connection to the research questions.

La réussite du marketing relationnel dépend des préférences individuelles des clients, ceux-ci n'étant pas tous également réceptifs aux approches relationnelles. Il apparaît, à ce titre, nécessaire d'approfondir la connaissance des bénéfices relationnels attendus par les clients. Dans un design mixte séquentiel, des entretiens non-directifs menés auprès de clients en gestion de patrimoine, puis auprès de clients de banques de réseau, montrent et confirment l'existence de trois profils relationnels distincts : transactionnel, relationnel psychologique et relationnel socio-valorisable. Une matrice combinant l'attitude à l'argent et le stéréotype du banquier révèle des profils hybrides souhaitables vs indésirables. L'étude quantitative crée une échelle de mesure du stéréotype du banquier, enrichit l’échelle de l’attitude à l’argent de la dimension tabou, et aménage une échelle des bénéfices relationnels attendus. Le test d'hypothèses dans un modèle d'équations structurelles montre le rôle du stéréotype du banquier, de l'attitude à l'argent du client, de ses valeurs culturelles et des incidents critiques, dans l'explication des bénéfices relationnels attendu. / The success of relationship marketing depends on individual preferences, knowing that clients are not all equally receptive to relational approaches. It appears necessary for this purpose to improve knowledge about client’s expected relational benefits. Within a sequential mixed design, non-directive interviews conducted with wealth management clients, then with retail bank clients, show and confirm the existence of three distinct types of relational profiles : transactional, psychological relational and socio-valuable relational. A matrix combining the money attitude and the banker stereotype reveals desirable vs undesirable hybrid profiles. The quantitative study creates a scale to measure the banker stereotype, enriches the money attitude scale with the taboo dimension, and produces a scale for the expected relational benefits. The test of hypotheses in a structural equations model shows the role of the banker stereotype, the money attitude, the cultural values and critical incidents, in the formation of expected relational benefits

Introduction: Incident reporting systems have been implemented in health care for over a decade and contain reports of critical incidents (CI). These must be analyzed in order to suggest, implement and evaluate solutions for minimizing the risk of future CIs to occur, thereby increasing patient safety. Drug-related CIs (DRCI) are one type of CI which may represent up to 1/3rd of all CIs, therefore this CI-type is characterized in this study. Aim: To categorize and characterize DRCIs reported in the Critical Incident Reporting System North Rhine-Westphalia (CIRS-NRW). Materials & Methods: In this explorative, retrospective, descriptive study, 553 reports from the CIRS-NRW, reported between the 1st of January 2019 and the 15th of September 2021, were analyzed. These were categorized by setting, medication use process stage, ATC-code, patient age and look-alike, sound-alike (LASA), and then analyzed via descriptive statistics. Various subgroup analyses were also conducted. Results: DRCIs occurred mostly in the hospital (48,5%) and pharmacy (40,7%) settings, during the prescribing (33,8%) and administration (33,5%) of drugs and the ATC-codes N02 (9,4%), B01 (6,9%) and N05 (5,4%) were commonly involved. Patient age contained >50% missing data and LASA was involved in 16,5% of DRCIs. Subgroups were often small, likely resulting in low statistical power. Conclusion: By successfully characterizing the DRCIs, some potential areas of improvement for reducing future DRCIs were highlighted, however there are many more variables of relevance for patient safety than those analyzed in this study, underlining the need for further studies characterizing more DRCIs including additional variables.

In Sweden, the statistics show how women are underrepresented in organisational hierarchies; as managers, executive managers, CEOs and board of directors. Qualitative research reveals that women in management positions perceive the working life in Sweden as unequal and how men and women have different terms for making a career. Previous career studies told from women's narratives with a gender perspective caught our interest to examine how women reason and relate to their careers in 2019. The purpose of this study is to examine what emerges in stories about career and gender by women with management experience. We seek to understand how women relate to their career stories and how dilemmas are handled and how strategies are being used. We applied a narrative research design to obtain women's own stories about their careers. Ten narrative interviews were conducted with women with management experience within different companies and across several industries. The findings reveal how women in their career find themselves in minority positions in an environment imprinted by men's homosociality, including a language and toughness, that is difficult to relate to for the women. The minority position gives grounds to multiple approaches for women. The narratives show the urge to prove oneself, to legitimise one's position and to make oneself visible by showing will-power and determination. We found three strategies that women use in order to sustain self-esteem while coping with gender structures. We have named these strategies the individualistic strategy, the positive strategy and the explicit structure strategy. The individualistic strategy makes gender invisible by focusing on individual characteristics and traits. The positive strategy focuses on the advantages of being a woman and, the explicit structure strategy relates the meaning of gender to structures rather than to oneself. A central finding in our material is how the women switch between coping strategies. Switching between the individualistic strategy and the explicit structure strategy unveils two different themes. The first I don't want to generalise, but, illustrates how women relate gender to structures while they at the same time do not want to generalise between the genders. The second switch the Trojan horse explains how women are aware of gender structures and conform to men to sustain control and thereby sustain their self-esteem. Finally, to switch between stressing the benefits of being a woman and the burden of being a woman, we interpret as efforts to unburden the weight of gender structures. These switches between strategies give rise to contradictive reasoning, which we find entirely understandable as a means for women to make sense of their own reality. / I Sverige visar statistik hur kvinnor är underrepresenterade i organisationshierarkier; som chefer, VD, i ledninggrupper och styrelser. Kvalitativ forskning visar att kvinnor på chefspositioner upplever arbetslivet i Sverige som ojämnställt och att män och kvinnor har olika villkor att göra karriär. Tidigare karriärsstudier med ett genusperspektiv, berättade från kvinnors narrativ fångade vårt intresse att undersöka hur kvinnor resonerar kring och förhåller sig till sin karriär 2019. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad som framkommer i berättelser om karriär och kön av kvinnor med chefserfarenhet. Vi ämnade förstå hur kvinnor förhåller sig till sina berättelser och hur dilemman hanteras och hur strategier används. Vi tillämpade en narrativ forskningsdesign för att erhålla kvinnors egna berättelser om sin karriär. Tio narrativa intervjuer genomfördes med kvinnor med chefserfarenhet inom olika företag och branscher. Resultaten avslöjar hur kvinnor i sin karriär befinner sig i minoritetsposition i en miljö som präglas av mäns homosocialitet, inklusive ett språk och tuffhet som är svårt att relatera till för kvinnorna. Minoritetspositionen ger upphov till flera förhållningssätt bland kvinnorna. Berättelserna skildrar behovet att behöva bevisa sig själv, att legitimera sin ställning och att göra sig synlig genom att visa viljestyrka och beslutsamhet. Vi hittade tre strategier som kvinnor använder för att upprätthålla sin självkänsla medan de hanterar könsstrukturer. Vi har namngett dessa strategier: den individualistiska strategin, den positiva strategin och den explicita strukturstrategin. Den individualistiska strategin gör kön osynligt genom att fokusera på individuella egenskaper och förmågor. Den positiva strategin fokuserar på fördelarna med att vara kvinna och den explicita strukturstrategin relaterar betydelsen av kön till strukturer snarare än till individen. Ett centralt resultat i vårt material är hur kvinnorna växlar mellan strategierna. Växling mellan den individualistiska strategin och den explicita strukturstrategin avslöjar två olika teman. Den första jag inte vill generalisera, men, illustrerar hur kvinnor relaterar kön till strukturer medan de samtidigt inte vill generalisera mellan könen. Den andra växlingen den trojanska hästen förklarar hur kvinnor är medvetna om könsstrukturer och efterliknar män för att upprätthålla kontrollen och därigenom självkänslan. Slutligen, växlingen mellan att betona fördelarna med att vara kvinna och belastningen av att vara kvinna, tolkar vi som en stävan mot att avlasta bördan av könsstrukturer. Dessa växlingar mellan strategier ger upphov till motsägelsefulla resonemang som vi finner helt förståeliga som ett medel för kvinnor att begripa sin verklighet.

Small businesses growth and profitability is a national problem in South Africa (SA) and the Emerging Contractors (ECs) in the construction industry in Gauteng Province are no exception. The SA government expect ECs to become the main players in economic transformation and growth, job creation and income generation. However, ECs fail to live up to the expectations as some are characterised by low performance levels and are at risk of business closure. The purpose of this research is to examine the perceptions of Small Business Executives (SBEs) on determinants of business performance so that a performance model that could guide ECs within the construction business is developed. The researcher used a mixed approach to examine the perceptions of SBEs on determinants of ECs’ performance by applying both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The population from which the sample was drawn comprised of 1890 urban based ECs registered with CIDB in the construction industry in Gauteng. Systematic random sampling was utilized and a sample size of 501 ECs was used. A structured questionnaire and interview guide were administered as the data collection instruments. A pilot survey was conducted where 2 key informants (SBEs) and 15 respondents (SBEs) were interviewed as representatives of ECs. A survey was used to assess the four hypotheses in the study. Content analysis was used to identify themes that emerged from qualitative data. The analysis of qualitative data demonstrated the perceptions of SBEs that financial factors, manpower, materials, machinery and equipment, project implementation, quality of work, legal and environmental and strategic planning were the main determinants that should be addressed when setting up and running construction businesses to reduce the negative impact on business performance. Based on the perceptions of SBEs, in quantitative, the univariate and multivariate statistical methods were performed to measure the level of significance between and among the performance determinants were tested at 5% confidence interval. Multiple linear regressions carried out based on the perceptions of SBEs identified strategic planning, project implementation and project performance as the most statistically significant factors in predicting the performance of ECs in Gauteng Province. The results from both qualitative and quantitative methods were synthesised and analysed through data transformation, typological development and case study analysis and the perceptions of respondents indicated a strong agreement between the qualitative and quantitative results. Based on multivariate results which were a result of the perceptions of SBEs, a performance prediction model was developed which is the core contribution of the study. The structure of the model, how it is used, its advantages and disadvantages were presented. The model provides a platform upon which ECs could predict performance and this would benefit ECs, clients, community and policymakers. In conclusion, the study established three significant determinants that include strategic planning, project implementation and project performance as highly relevant variables to improve construction business performance. Based on the perceptions of the respondents, the study recommends ECs to acquire and develop financial management skills that would enable them to understand and manage financial requirements that stakeholders such as financial institutions need in the areas of budgeting and cash flow management, bookkeeping knowledge, financial policies and controls and project pricing strategy. On the shortage of skills, the study recommends SBEs to take an initiative role in training employees, motivating and retaining competent workforce. The government need to establish technical colleges for training workers (apprenticeship) in order to equip them with appropriate industry knowledge, skills and experience. Lack of collateral security was widely reported by most SBEs and the study recommends the formation of a sector bank that would support emerging contractor businesses. / Business Management / D.B.L.