Cette thèse s’inscrit au cœur du chantier de réflexion sur l’interaction entre les États et les entreprises multinationales qui s’impose dans le contexte de l’accélération actuelle du processus de mondialisation de l’économie capitaliste. Nous l’abordons sous l’angle plus particulier des multinationales et de leur engagement institutionnel au sein des organisations, associations, forums ou réseaux qui contribuent à la définition et parfois même à la gestion des différentes politiques publiques orientées vers le développement économique, l’innovation et le marché du travail. Quelles sont les différentes facettes de l’engagement institutionnel des filiales de multinationales au Canada ? Comment ces comportements peuvent-ils être influencés par les différentes caractéristiques et stratégies de ces entreprises ? Un modèle théorique large, empruntant des hypothèses aux nombreuses approches théoriques s’intéressant aux comportements généraux des multinationales, est testé à l’aide d’analyses quantitatives de données obtenues dans le cadre d’une enquête auprès des multinationales au Canada associée au projet international INTREPID. D’abord, cette thèse permet une opérationnalisation plus précise du concept d’« imbrication de la firme » à travers la notion d’engagement institutionnel. Elle met en évidence les différentes dimensions de ce phénomène et remet en question la vision « essentiellement » positive qui l’entoure. Les résultats de cette thèse viennent questionner de la centralité des approches macro-institutionnalistes, particulièrement celle associée aux Variétés du capitalisme, dans les études sur les multinationales. Ils réaffirment par contre l’importance des différentes approches économiques et démontrent plus particulièrement la pertinence de la théorie de la dépendance aux ressources et l’impact de la présence d’un acteur structuré venant faire le contrepoids aux gestionnaires. Malgré nos efforts de théorisation, nous sommes incapable d’observer un effet modérateur des facteurs stratégiques sur l’impact du pays d’origine dans la détermination de l’engagement institutionnel. Cette thèse offre des indications permettant de cibler les interventions institutionnelles qui cherchent à « attacher » les multinationales à l’économie canadienne. Elle met aussi en évidence la contribution d’acteurs indirects dans la consolidation des relations d’engagement institutionnel et plus particulièrement le rôle positif que peuvent jouer les syndicats dans certains forums ou réseaux. / This thesis participates in a wide reflection on the interaction between government and multinational companies that is required in the current context of an accelerated globalization of the capitalist economy. We approach this issue by focusing on the institutional engagement of multinationals within different organizations, associations, forums or networks related to various development, innovation or labor market policies. What are the different dimensions of the institutionnal engagement of canadian subsidiary of multinationals ? How are those behaviors influenced by the various characteristics and strategies of these companies ? A comprehensive theoretical model, borrowing from many approaches used to understand the general behaviors of multinationals, is verified by quantitative analysis using original data obtained through the author’s participation in the Multinationals in Canada survey associated with the global INTREPID research initiative. By highlighting the different facet of institutional engagement of the firm, this thesis establishes a more accurate operationalization of the broad concept of the “embeddedness”. Doing so, it put in question the essentially positive interpretation of the lather. The results reaffirm the relevance of various economics approach, but question the centrality of macro-intuitionalist approaches, particularly the Varieties of capitalism paradigm. Our analysis also illustrates the relevance of the Resource dependence theory and the impact of the presence in a firm of a structured actor able to counterbalance managers. Despite our theoretical venture, we were unable to observe a moderator effect of autonomy or power of the subsidiary on the country of origin influence on its institutional engagement behaviors. This thesis provides some insight for better targeting institutional and economical interventions that seek to ‘embed’ multinationals and their capital inside the Canadian economy. It also draws light to the contributions of different stakeholder in the consolidation of the institutional engagement of multinationals, especially unions for training forums or employers networks.

How do indigenous people perceive and practice eco-agriculture, especially when it was introduced as a development project? This thesis aims to delve into this question by focusing on a policy-induced agrarian transition for Pumi community in Sino-Myanmar borderlands. Using ethnographic methods, I intend to offer an intimate account of a provincial programme to facilitate eco-agriculture in this ethnic region. With the conceptual framework presented, the current research starts with the introduction of Pumi agricultural history and indigenous farming knowledge, with a focus on Pumi biocultural heritage. Then, I will examine how the process of ‘indigenisation of modernity’ (Sahlins 2000) has occurred against the backdrop of Pumi eco-agriculture programme. The insights will be distilled from three different aspects, which are agricultural land use, technical practices, and governance issues. For each aspect, I will scrutinise to what degree the government is following an industrial model to design the eco-agriculture agenda which corresponds to the ‘conventionalisation hypothesis’ of organic production (Buck 1997) and is thus in alignment with their long-term strategic goals to ‘modernise’ this borderland region through agricultural transformations, whereas the local Pumi farmers are actively coping with the government’s external interventions, meanwhile searching for the ‘alternative pathway’ towards agricultural modernisation. In the final chapter, I will interpret the motives of the both actors in the programme. For the government, the post-development theory will be employed to provide a critique of the ‘development discourse’ embedded in the agenda. For local farmers, the concept of ‘environmentality’ (Agrawal 2005) will be focused to interpret the Pumi farmers’ motives to indigenise, which ultimately questioning the transforming powers of modernity and globalisation on Pumi agrarian society. Basically, this thesis aims to trace the socio-political processes which drive the ‘agrarian transition’ in a Southeast Asian frontier, and further demonstrate how the resource abundance in the borderlands can underpin intense processes of commodification and dispossession (Nevins and Peluso 2008; Ishikawa 2010; see also Milne and Mahanty, 2015), the implications of which crystallised in an ethnographic context. To a larger extent, this research aims to shed lights on the interactions between social structure and individual agency ― although the Pumi farmers are struggling to survive with the adaptation to modern inputs, they are still marginalised by the structured inequality of the market economy, which limited the farmers’ opportunities to improve their own livelihoods. Furthermore, this research also has significant policy implications as it addresses the issues such as agricultural policy and ethnic relations in the borderland regions. By reflecting upon the overlapping implications of highland livelihoods, agencies, and the transforming powers of social change, the current study aims to build a locally rooted understanding of Pumi eco-agriculture programme, and provide lessons for sustainable planning and future policy-making for rural development in developing countries such as China.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present master s thesis examines regional economic transformations in Brazil resulting from changes in the global and Brazilian post 1985 economy. The theoretical base highlights conceptual changes on regional development, including new models of regional development, new locational trends of economic activities, and the peculiarities of the Brazilian economy for these new models. Empirical research and data analysis is divided into two stages. The first stage examines historical processes of regional economic concentration and deconcentration in Brazil. The second stage examines post-1985 data and interprets recent regional economic transformations. Analysis and interpretation of the data corroborate phenomenon already underway in recent Brazilian regional dynamics, namely: 1) regional deconcentration processes of the previous decade (1975-85) continue, but with less momentum, 2) the opening of Brazil to international trade had negative impacts on the Southeast region and positive effects on the South and Center-West regions, 3) there is a deconcentration of investments in the durable goods sector, mostly in wages, and unlike this trend, there is a concentration of investments, primarily in the Southeast region, in sectors with high technological potential, 4) investments were concentrated over the 1990s in two regions (South and Southeast) and in six states (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia), 5) analysis on a sub-regional scale reveals the presence of dynamic locations in all regions and that relevant Industrial Agglomerations, classified in Brazil as Local Productive Arrangements, are associated with the profile and structure of the locality. / A presente dissertação examina as transformações econômicas regionais ocorridas no Brasil no período pós-85 a partir do conjunto de mudanças que se observou na economia mundial e brasileira. O embasamento teórico destaca as mudanças ocorridas nas teorias e conceitos sobre desenvolvimento regional, o novo modelo de desenvolvimento regional, as novas tendências locacionais e as peculiaridades da economia brasileira para esse novo modelo. A fase da pesquisa baseada na análise de dados se divide em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa são analisados os processos históricos de concentração e desconcentração econômica regional por que passou o Brasil. Na segunda etapa são examinados os dados pós-85 e realizada a interpretação das recentes transformações econômicas regionais. As análises e interpretações dos dados corroboram para vários fenômenos em curso na dinâmica regional brasileira recente, a saber: 1) o processo de desconcentração econômica regional da década anterior (1975-85) continua, só que com menor ímpeto; 2) a abertura comercial teve impactos negativos sobre a região Sudeste e positivos sobre as regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste; 3) observa que está havendo desconcentração dos investimentos no setor de bens duráveis, sobretudo nos de bens salários, e ao contrário dessas tendências, também se identifica um processo de concentração regional dos investimentos, principalmente na região Sudeste, em setores com grande potencial tecnológico; 4) os investimentos foram concentrados ao longo dos anos 90 em 02 regiões (Sul e Sudeste) e em 06 Estados (São Paulo, Rio de janeiro, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul e Bahia); 5) A escala sub-regional revela que se tem no Brasil à presença de localidades dinâmicas em todas às regiões e que as Aglomerações Industriais relevantes, classificadas no Brasil como Arranjos Produtivos Locais, estão associadas ao perfil e a estrutura da localidade.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present master s thesis examines regional economic transformations in Brazil resulting from changes in the global and Brazilian post 1985 economy. The theoretical base highlights conceptual changes on regional development, including new models of regional development, new locational trends of economic activities, and the peculiarities of the Brazilian economy for these new models. Empirical research and data analysis is divided into two stages. The first stage examines historical processes of regional economic concentration and deconcentration in Brazil. The second stage examines post-1985 data and interprets recent regional economic transformations. Analysis and interpretation of the data corroborate phenomenon already underway in recent Brazilian regional dynamics, namely: 1) regional deconcentration processes of the previous decade (1975-85) continue, but with less momentum, 2) the opening of Brazil to international trade had negative impacts on the Southeast region and positive effects on the South and Center-West regions, 3) there is a deconcentration of investments in the durable goods sector, mostly in wages, and unlike this trend, there is a concentration of investments, primarily in the Southeast region, in sectors with high technological potential, 4) investments were concentrated over the 1990s in two regions (South and Southeast) and in six states (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia), 5) analysis on a sub-regional scale reveals the presence of dynamic locations in all regions and that relevant Industrial Agglomerations, classified in Brazil as Local Productive Arrangements, are associated with the profile and structure of the locality. / A presente dissertação examina as transformações econômicas regionais ocorridas no Brasil no período pós-85 a partir do conjunto de mudanças que se observou na economia mundial e brasileira. O embasamento teórico destaca as mudanças ocorridas nas teorias e conceitos sobre desenvolvimento regional, o novo modelo de desenvolvimento regional, as novas tendências locacionais e as peculiaridades da economia brasileira para esse novo modelo. A fase da pesquisa baseada na análise de dados se divide em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa são analisados os processos históricos de concentração e desconcentração econômica regional por que passou o Brasil. Na segunda etapa são examinados os dados pós-85 e realizada a interpretação das recentes transformações econômicas regionais. As análises e interpretações dos dados corroboram para vários fenômenos em curso na dinâmica regional brasileira recente, a saber: 1) o processo de desconcentração econômica regional da década anterior (1975-85) continua, só que com menor ímpeto; 2) a abertura comercial teve impactos negativos sobre a região Sudeste e positivos sobre as regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste; 3) observa que está havendo desconcentração dos investimentos no setor de bens duráveis, sobretudo nos de bens salários, e ao contrário dessas tendências, também se identifica um processo de concentração regional dos investimentos, principalmente na região Sudeste, em setores com grande potencial tecnológico; 4) os investimentos foram concentrados ao longo dos anos 90 em 02 regiões (Sul e Sudeste) e em 06 Estados (São Paulo, Rio de janeiro, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul e Bahia); 5) A escala sub-regional revela que se tem no Brasil à presença de localidades dinâmicas em todas às regiões e que as Aglomerações Industriais relevantes, classificadas no Brasil como Arranjos Produtivos Locais, estão associadas ao perfil e a estrutura da localidade.

No description available.

The aim of this study is to illustrate the experiences of school age educare teachers when it comes to group sizes in Swedish school age educare. The quality of the Swedish school age educare has decreased and one of many factors seem to be essential to this development – big groups.  There are not many studies in this field, only a few related to preschool and compulsory school as in class sizes. That is why it is of interest to study this area. The research questions bring up the teachers’ possibilities and restraints in relation to the size of the groups of children in school age educare.  The empirical data consists of both a qualitative survey and qualitative interviews. The data has been processed by using hermeneutic perspectives and categorized and divided into themes. To analyze and discuss the results I’ve approached theories about the ecological systems theory by Bronfenbrenner and Dahllöf’s frame factor theory.  The conclusion is that in school age educare managing large groups, the staff experience difficulties to create relations to the children and because of the lack of space they need to structure the time, spaces, and activities. Hence, a bigger group and narrow spaces can have negative effects on the social relations and the spare time of the children which are two important aspects within Swedish school age educare. The teachers believe that a smaller group of children is preferable as well as appropriate locals and enough space to be able to fulfill the curriculum and to increase the quality.

La construction des indicateurs dans les évaluations des politiques publiques en matière d’aide au développement est révélatrice des liens et d’échange que les pays occidentaux et africains entretiennent. De la diversité des méthodes aux négociations des normes requises, la construction des indicateurs devient un enjeu pour défendre les visions politiques des types de développement. Il parait, du point de viue de la science politique nécessaire, de déconstruire les systèmes de domination, d’entrer pleinement la construction des indicateurs dans le champ de la négociation et dans celui du pouvoir. Cette thèse interroge le contenu politique des indicateurs, leur abscence de neutralité vis-à-vis d’un projet politique, d’un rapport à l’Etat et à la politique en général. / The index building in evaluation of development aid public policies can contribute to define the exchange and link between African and western countries. By the diversity of methods and negotiation of standards, building indicators become stakes in defining political views of development. It is now necessary from the point of view of the political science, to deconstruct the system of monopoly by introducing index building in the field of negotiation, as well as the field of political power. This research is about the political content of index, their absence of neutrality in political project, states vision and finally in policy.

This research study aims to investigate the significance of the gender of secondary school head teachers in influencing their leadership styles within the context of Pakistan. Pakistan's cultural milieu is characterized by patriarchal undertones that translate into low gender equality, particularly in terms of lower educational attainment and lesser professional opportunities for females as compared to males. Within this setting, this thesis views the relationship between gender and educational leadership through the feminist educational leadership perspective, while the contextual environment is analysed by employing an adaptation of Brofenbrenner's ecological development theory. A mixed-methods research design has been used to answer this study's research questions. The quantitative research method is based on a survey that was administered to a random sample of 350 secondary school head teachers belonging to the public and private sectors within nine districts of the Punjab province in Pakistan. The self-rater Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire was used to determine the self-perceptions of head teachers regarding their leadership styles. In addition, the qualitative research method utilizes semi-structured interviews of a purposive sample of 14 head teachers in order to obtain an in-depth understanding of how the contextual environment is perceived by head teachers and to investigate whether the head teacher's gender is a significant factor in influencing these perceptions within Pakistan's context. The survey generated 264 responses and the findings indicate that on average secondary school head teachers perceive their leadership style as being transformational; particularly private sector female head teachers have the highest mean score for the transformational leadership style, hence suggesting that the gender of secondary school head teachers does play an important role in terms of influencing how they assess their leadership styles in Pakistan's context. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis of the interviews reveals important gender-based differences in terms of how head teachers perceive their contextual environment and how they practice transformational leadership within their schools. This study's findings have implications for theory, practice and policy making in the field of educational leadership, as they emphasize the need for implementing gender-sensitive educational policies that may facilitate both male and female head teachers to perform their roles effectively as school leaders within Pakistan's context.

私有財產權之保障在我國政治與經濟發展中扮演著重要的角色，但由於傳統上我國法律文化中並無權利之因素，且繼受西方國家法制時特別強調社會本位，以致憲法第十五條雖明文保障財產權，亦未能落實個人財產權免於國家公權力侵犯之核心。大法官釋字第三三六號解釋認為都市計劃法第五十條就公共設施保留地之取得不設期限係合憲，即是未能保障財產權之例子。 本文為建立財產權基本理論，從財產權之定義、財產權合理化理論及財產權理論之運用三方面著手。在何謂財產權專章中，析述財產權定義、特權、功能及缺失。在財產權合理化理論專章中，本文介紹現代最早之財產權理論(即先占理論)、勞力理論、人格發展理論、功效主義財產權理論及羅爾斯之分配正義理論。其中，個人擁有自身乃先占理論與勞力理論之源頭；功效主義理論認為財產權係因社會需要而生；人格發展理論認為財產權將人的意志具現在外部領域；羅爾斯之分配主義理論試圖建立同世代與世代間利用物質資源之公平正義。上述理論須經過重構後，方能深植在我國法律文化中。在財產權理論運用專章中，本文嚐試運用各種財產權理論於我國憲法財產權保障制度和徵收制度上。就憲法財產權保障制度而言，本文援引洛克天賦權利理論，認為財產權係先於國家存在之權利，並引伸出防禦權及有限政府之概念，避免過於偏重社會義務或國家義務之財產權制度。就徵收制度而言，本文評析大法官釋字第二三六號、三三六號、四００號及四四０號解釋。釋字第二三六號、三三六號解釋，偏重於社會整體利益之考量，犧牲個人財產權，釋字第四００號解釋則建立政府公權力不得侵犯個人及財產權係實現個人人格發展之概念，後者雖已將洛克及黑格爾理論共治一爐，此為我國憲法上財產權保障之大事，但從其前後不一貫之立場，我國財產權制度仍有尚待努力之處。 / The protection of property plays an important role in political and economic development of Taiwan. But in tradition there was no factor of　right in our legal culture, and especially considered social interests when we adopted and learned from western legal systems. It can't make people prevent from intervention of state power although Article 15 of Constitutional Law prescribes protection of property. For example, the interpretation of No.336 of Grand Justice upheld Article 50 of City Planning Law deleting deadline of public reservation. The said interpretation is a bad example. The goal of this dissertation is to establish fundamental theory of property. It is divided into three parts: what is property, why is property and how is property. Part I (what is property) analyzes definition of property. It also proceeds about characters、functions and flaws of property. Part Ⅱ(why is property) introduces the earliest modern theory of property (i.e., first occupancy theory)、labor theory、utilitarian property theory、personality development theory and Rawl's distributive justice theory. Suum is the origin of first occupancy theory and labor theory. Utilitarianism argues that property is derived from social demand. Rawl's distributive justice theory desires to establish the justice of using material about the same generation and the different generations. Only after reconstructing the said theories, property can deep input into our legal culture. Part Ⅲ (how is property) uses the said property theories to property protection of Constitutional Law and takings . For establishing the more protection system of property in Constitutional Law, it should employ natural right theory. And then it will produce the concept of negative right and limited government in Taiwan. It also can prevent from over - emphasising social obligations of individual and positive functions of state. In discussing takings, this dissertation analyzes the interpretation of No.236、No.336、No.400 and No.440 of Grand Justice. The interpretations of No.236 and No. 336 stress the importance of whole social interests, but it overlooks the individual right. The interpretation of No.400 constructs the concepts of limited state power and personality development. The latter is the turning point of property protection in our Constitutional Law. But oberserving contradiction of the said interpretations of Grand Justice, we still need to endeavor to establish the better system of property in our country.

Ecofeminism perceives an interconnection between the domination of women and poor people, and the domination of nature. This domination is founded on modern, Western, patriarchal, dualised structures, which subordinate all considered as "the other" compared to the superior masculine archetype. Hence, all feminine is seen as inferior and may therefore be exploited. This is presently manifested in the neo-liberal economic development ideal. Its global penetration generates huge economic profits, which are reaped by Northern and Southern elites, while its devastating crises of poverty, violence, environmental destruction, and human rights abuses makes life increasingly unmanageable for Southern women, poor people and nature. Feminism and ecology have therefore come together aiming at liberating women, poor people and nature. They want to change the dualised, reductionist perception of reality into a holistic cosmology. Ecofeminism consequently aims to integrate the concerns of women, poor people and nature into development. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)