Inledning: Att vårda kognitivt sviktande personer är ofta en stor utmaning för distriktssköterskan. Syfte: Att belysa distriktssköterskors erfarenhet av situationer i hemsjukvården där kognitivt sviktande personers självbestämmande har skapat etiska dilemman. Metod: Intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats. Tio distriktssköterskor verksamma inom hemsjukvården i två av Sveriges kommuner intervjuades med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Materialet transkriberades och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Det framkom fyra kategorier och 13 underkategorier. Kategorin Mycket svåra situationer av olika karaktär visar på hur svåra situationer kan komma akut eller pågå över lång tid. De svåra situationerna gestaltas även genom att patienterna nekar behandling och hjälp av hemtjänst. Patienterna kan även leva under dåliga förhållanden samt hot eller misshandel. Den andra kategorin som var Distriktssköterskans hantering av situationerna har underkategorier som beskriver på vilket sätt distriktssköterskorna hanterar situationerna för att det i slutänden ska bli så bra som möjligt för patienten. Kategorin Närstående påverkar situationerna lyfter hur närstående både kan fungera som stöd och som hinder för patienterna. Slutligen kommer kategorin Skapar reflektion hos distriktssköterskan där distriktssköterskorna reflekterade över hur självbestämmandet för patienten kan se ut samt vilka möjligheter de har att påverka vården inom hemsjukvård. Slutsats: Etiska dilemman uppstår i vården av kognitivt sviktande personer. Distriktssköterskorna använder sig av flera strategier för att lösa dem på bästa sätt. / Introduction: To provide nursing care for patients who suffer from cognitive impairment is often a big challenge for the district nurse. Aim: To illuminate the district nurses´ experience in home care when situations with cognitive impaired person’s autonomy creates ethical dilemmas. Method: A qualitative interview study. Ten district nurses´ in two different counties in Sweden were interviewed using semi-structured interview. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Four generic categories and 13 sub-categories emerged. The generic category Very difficult situations of different nature show how situations can emerge acute or develop over a long period of time. The difficult situations are also demonstrated when patients´ decline help or treatment, live under poor circumstances or have assault and violence around them. The second generic category How the district nurses´ handle the situations has subcategories which describe how the district nurses´ handle the situations with the aim of what´s best for the patient. The generic category The relatives influence in the situations lifts how relatives can work as support for the patient as well as obstacle for the patients wellbeing. The final generic category was Leaves the district nurse with reflections where the district nurses´ reflected on how the patients’ autonomy should be and what possibilities they have to affect the home care situations. Conclusion: Difficult ethical dilemmas emerge when caring for patients´ with cognitive impairment. The district nurses have a lot of strategies to solve them the best way possible.

Tendo em vista a questão de como formar uma personalidade ética, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de realizar uma investigação teórica visando à compreensão de como se desenvolvem dois aspectos que compõem tal formação: a moral e a cognição. Buscou-se ainda comparar as semelhanças entre esses aspectos e observar intervenções pedagógicas que propiciassem o desenvolvimento de ambos. Para o estudo do desenvolvimento moral, analisaram-se os trabalhos do psicólogo americano Lawrence Kohlberg, que baseou sua investigação nos estudos de Dewey e Piaget, aprimorando uma sequência de etapas pelas quais as pessoas passam em sua formação. Além disso, o psicólogo e seus colaboradores pesquisaram quais condições favoreciam esse avanço de forma a propiciar que níveis mais elevados de desenvolvimento fossem atingidos. Para o estudo dos aspectos cognitivos de tal questão, buscou-se um autor holandês, que elaborou, na área da matemática, um modelo para o desenvolvimento do pensar geométrico: Pierre van Hiele. Apesar de ele ter elaborado um modelo específico para o pensar geométrico, afirma ser possível utilizar esse modelo para o estudo da cognição em outras áreas do conhecimento, não se restringindo apenas à geometria. Ao se compararem as semelhanças entre os dois estudos, foram observados elementos comuns a ambos, entre eles, a necessidade de se favorecer a ocorrência de conflitos cognitivos para o avanço de uma etapa à outra. A partir da semelhança das teorias, buscaram-se ações possíveis de aplicação em sala de aula que propiciassem esses desenvolvimentos de forma eficaz. Quanto às intervenções pedagógicas, foi destacado o diálogo a conversação, a argumentação e a discussão de dilemas morais como condição favorável em sala de aula. Verificou-se que a conversação apresenta o ganho de propiciar que os pensamentos dos alunos fiquem mais claros pela explicitação de suas ideias, além de enriquecer seu repertório a partir da visão alheia; a argumentação acresce, aos proveitos da conversação, a tomada de decisão, pois exige do aluno o posicionamento e uma escolha; a discussão de dilemas morais acrescenta, às intervenções anteriores, o benefício do trabalho com os valores pessoais de cada um e da exigência de uma hierarquização desses valores. Essas intervenções buscam o aumento do nível de consciência dos alunos, essencial para a formação da personalidade ética. / Aiming at forming an ethical personality, this paper carries out a theoretical investigation designed to understand how to develop two aspects that make up such formation: morality and cognition. It also compares the similarities between these aspects and the observed pedagogical interventions that provide for the development of both such aspects. For the study of moral development, the American psychologist Lawrence Kohlbergs work was looked into. He based his research on the studies of Dewey and Piaget, by improving a sequence of stages through which people undergo their formation. In addition the psychologist and his colleagues investigated what conditions favored this advance in order to allow for higher levels of development. In order to study the cognitive aspects of this question, Pierre van Hiele, a Dutch author in the field of mathematics, was studied. He developed a model for the development of geometric thinking. Although this author has prepared a specific model for geometric thinking, he claims one should be able to apply it to cognition studies not only in Geometry but also in regard with other fields. When comparing the similarities between the two studies, elements common to both were observed - among them the need to enable cognitive conflicts to advance from one stage to another. Based on the similarity of theories, the paper looked into other possible actions for implementation in the classroom that could effectively provide such development. Regarding the pedagogical interventions, dialogue (conversation, argument and debate on moral dilemmas) was highlighted as a favorable condition in the classroom. One observes that conversation includes the benefit to provide for clearer thoughts on the part of the students when elucidating their ideas. Also, it enriches their repertoire based on the view of others. To the advantage of conversation, argument adds decision making, for it requires the student\'s attitude and choice. And, to the previous interventions, debating moral dilemmas adds the benefit of working with the personal values of each one and of the requirement of a hierarchy of those values. These interventions seek to increase the level of students awareness, which is essential for the formation of the ethical personality.

This thesis explores caregiving ideology and social interaction in Tanzanian families with a focus on guidance and control of young children. The study is set within a context of social change in terms of urbanization as well as the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The aim of the study was to explore how the conditions for children’s participation are shaped within local deology and situated practice. A qualitative study was undertaken inspired by the traditions of language socialization, sociocultural theory and discursive psychology. Data was collected in one urban and one rural district in the coastal region in Tanzania. The thesis contains four articles. Article one and two are based on data from focus group discussions with parents and grandparents exploring caregiving responsibilities. The first study explores caregivers’ discourses regarding the responsibility of guidance and control of children related to social change. The analysis constructed two interpretative repertoires: guidance and control as a community matter and guidance and control as a family matter. These repertoires are related to an ideological caregiving dilemma regarding parental authority and individual rights. The second study investigates caregivers’ discourses regarding early childhood discipline strategies. The analysis suggested a model illustrating various levels of power asymmetries related to corporal punishment, conceptualized in terms of to beat with care, to treat like an egg, as if beating a snake and the non-care of non-beating. Article three and four are based on video recorded data and present analyses of moment-to-moment, multimodal sequences of interaction. The third study explores how siblings in Tanzania actively engage in their own socialization concerning caregiving responsibilities through the negotiation of guidance and control between younger siblings, older siblings and adults. The forth article presents findings from analyses of naturally occurring literacy events. The analysis shows how participation is negotiated in terms of  symmetries and asymmetries between younger and older siblings. Norms and values belonging to the social order of the formal school are enacted parallel to the social order of participatory learning with roots in everyday interaction in the home. The four studies illustrate conditions of participation in terms of symmetries and asymmetries in early childhood relationships. The findings are also discussed in terms of a caregiving dilemma regarding individual rights versus parental authority. This dilemma is identified both in lived and theoretical ideology as presented in caregivers’ discourses and the ideology of children’s rights. / Avhandlingen behandlar omsorgsideologi och social interaktion i  tanzaniska familjer med fokus på vägledning och kontroll av yngre barn. Studien är situerad i en kontext som präglas av social förändring med avseende på urbanisering och implementeringen av konventionen om barns rättigheter. Syftet med studien var att utforska hur förutsättningar för yngre barns deltagande skapas inom ramen för lokala ideologier och som lokala praktiker. Data samlades in i en urban och en rural miljö utmed den Tanzaniska östkusten. Avhandlingen innehåller fyra delstudier. I analysen av data användes kvalitativa metoder som har sin teoretiska grund i språksocialisation, socio-kulturell teori och diskursiv psykologi. De första två artiklarna baseras på fokusgruppdiskussioner med föräldrar samt mor- och farföräldrar. Den första artikeln utforskar diskurser med avseende på ansvaret för vägledning och kontroll av barn relaterade till den aktuella sociala förändringen. Analysen konstruerade två tolkningsrepertoarer: samhällsansvar för vägledning och kontroll och familjeansvar för vägledning och kontroll. Dessa repertoarer är relaterade till ett ideologiskt omsorgsdilemma som rör föräldrars auktoritet och barns individuella rättigheter. Den andra studien utforskar diskurser rörande disciplinering och kroppslig bestraffning av små barn. Analysen presenterar en modell som illustrerar hur olika disciplineringsstrategier representerar olika former av  maktasymmetrier i form av a) att slå med omsorg, b) att behandla som ett ägg, c) som att slå en orm och d) icke-omsorgen i att inte slå. Studie tre och fyra är baserade på videoinspelat material och presenterar analyser av multimodala sekvenser av interaktion. Den tredje studien utforskar hur syskon under måltidssituationer bidrar till sin egen socialisation genom förhandlingar mellan yngre syskon, äldre syskon och vuxna. Den fjärde studien presenterar fynd från analyser av spontana läs- och skrivhändelser i barns vardag. Analysen visar hur förutsättningar för deltagande förhandlas i termer av symmetrier och asymmetrier mellan yngre och äldre syskon. Normer och värden som tillhör den tanzaniska skolans sociala ordning kan återfinnas i förhandlingar parallellt med informellt lärande med rötter i vardaglig interaktion i hemmiljö. De fyra studierna illustrerar förutsättningarna för deltagande i relationer genom att analysera symmetrier och asymmetrier i familjerelationer under de tidiga barndomsåren i Tanzania. Fynden tolkas också som omsorgsdilemman som rör individens rätt i motsats till auktoritet och anpassning till traditionella värden. Detta dilemma kan spåras både i praktisk och teoretisk ideologi i föräldrars och mor- och farföräldrars diskurser inom den kontext som barnrättsideologin skapar.

In this thesis, the main focus is on deontic logic as a tool for formal representation of moral reasoning in natural language. The simple standard system of deontic logic (SDL), i.e. the minimal Kripkean modal logic extended with the deontic axiom, stating that necessity (interpreted as obligation) implies possibility (interpreted as permission), has often been considered inadequate for this aim, due to different problems, e.g. the so-called deontic paradoxes. A general survey of deontic logic and the problems with SDL is made in chapter 1. In chapter 2, a system denoted Classical Deontic-Modal logic (CDM1) is defined. In this system, there is a primary obligation operator indexed to sets of possible worlds, and a secondary requirement operator, defined in terms of strictly necessary conditions for fulfilling an obligation. This secondary operator has most of the properties of the necessity operator in SDL. In chapters 3 and 4, it is argued that CDM1 is able to handle the SDL problems presented in chapter 1 in an adequate way, and the treatment of these problems in CDM1 is also compared with their treatment in some other well-known deontic systems. In chapter 5, it is argued that even though the problems related to quantification in modal contexts are relevant to deontic logic, these issues are not specific to deontic logic. In chapter 6, the relations between some controversial features of moral reasoning, such as moral dilemmas and “non-standard” deontic categories like supererogation, and deontic logic are discussed. It is shown how CDM1 can be modified in order to accommodate these features.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka kunskap och uppfattningar om papperslösas tillgång och rätt till vård hos personal inom öppen hälso- och sjukvård i Landstinget i Uppsala län. Ett ytterligare syfte var att undersöka om information kring handhavandet av papperslösa finns på arbetsplatserna, vad personal i så fall anser om detta, samt vad de önskar för information.   Studien är av en deskriptiv design med kvantitativ ansats. 86 anställda vid vårdcentraler i Uppsala län besvarade enkäter med frågor angående kunskap och uppfattningar om lagstiftning samt tillgång till och önskan om information gällande papperslösa. Insamlad data har sammanställts i Microsoft Excel och presenterats i tabeller och diagram.   Resultatet av studien tyder på att det finns en kunskapsbrist bland personal inom öppen hälso- och sjukvård angående lagstiftningen om papperslösas tillgång till sjukvård. Enligt de medverkandes vetskap finns ingen information tillgänglig på arbetsplatsen gällande papperslösa, och så gott som alla önskar information av något slag. Majoriteten av de tillfrågade anser att papperslösa ska ha samma rätt till vård som svenska medborgare.   Slutsatsen av denna studie är att det finns ett behov av information och riktlinjer gällande handläggning av papperslösa i Landstinget i Uppsala län. / The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge and opinions concerning undocumented migrants’ access and right to health care among employees within the primary health care sector in the county council of Uppsala. An additional aim was to investigate whether there is information available about management of undocumented migrants at the workplaces, and if so what the employees think about it and what kind of information they wish to receive.   The study is quantitative with a descriptive design. 86 employees at primary health care centres within the county of Uppsala answered questionnaires concerning knowledge and opinions about legislation as well as access to and demand for information concerning undocumented migrants. Collected data was compiled using Microsoft Excel and was then presented in tables and diagrams.   The result of the study indicates that there is a lack of knowledge among employees within the primary health care sector concerning legislation on undocumented migrants’ access to health care. According to the employees’ knowledge there is no information available at the workplace concerning undocumented migrants, and nearly everyone requested information of some kind. The majority of the employees are of the opinion that undocumented migrants should have the same right to health care as Swedish citizens.   The conclusion of this study is that there is a need for information and guidelines concerning management of undocumented migrants in the county council of Uppsala.

This essay follows a Media Teacher in her work as a coordinator and an artistic leader for a European project called Legalopoli concerning laws and ethics in a senior level school for 13-16 year-olds in Mora, Sweden. The students write film stories about how their characters have to make choices in ethical dilemma situations. Then the learners create interactive computer games together through practical film work. At the same time we can see how the educator also gets into difficult ethical situations, when she is working with the students. This forces her to self-reflection. She realizes that the practical knowledge in her work has a greater deal of an ethical dimension, than she earlier has been aware of. She understands that the convincing force in the project consists of the confidence and trust she has to create and develop among the students, who, in the start, were unsure and lacked in respect for one another. Through the practical film work they all get close and learn to see both themselves and each other. The students develop from being afraid of saying anything in the group to become confident and capable media producers, where their voices get listened to. They have started a journey into becoming democratic and caring citizens with wider perspectives of themselves and of the world. / Denna essä följer en mediepedagogs arbete som koordinator och konstnärlig ledare för ett Europeiskt projekt kallat Legalopoli, om lagar och etik i en högstadieskola i Mora. Eleverna skriver filmberättelser om rollkaraktärer, som ställs inför olika etiska dilemman i det interaktiva dataspel, som studenterna gemensamt skapar genom praktiskt filmarbete. Samtidigt får vi följa hur pedagogen på samma sätt, ställs inför olika svåra valsituationer i det pågående arbetet med eleverna. Hon tvingas till självreflektion och inser att den praktiska kunskapen i hennes arbete innehar en större etisk dimension än hon tidigare trott. Hon inser att bärkraften i projektet är det förtroende och den tillit, som hon måste skapa och utveckla bland eleverna, som från början var osäkra och betedde sig respektlöst mot varandra. Genom det praktiska filmarbetet kommer de alla nära varandra och får efter hand syn på både sig själva och varandra. Eleverna utvecklas från att ha varit rädda för att yttra sig i gruppen, till att bli tillitsfulla och kapabla medieproducenter, där de får göra sina röster hörda. De påbörjar en bildningsresa till att bli demokratiska och solidariska medborgare med vidgade perspektiv på sig själva och världen.

Lagen (1988:870) om vård av missbrukare i vissa fall (LVM) är en tvångsvårdslag och är den enda lagen som avviker från frivillighetsprincipen i socialtjänstlagen, vilket ger socialsekreterarna möjligheten att gå emot individens fria vilja. Studien syftar till att belysa de faktorer som kan bidra till vilka svårigheter socialsekreterare kan ställas inför i relation till LVM-lagstiftningen, individens rättssäkerhet och självbestämmanderätt. Syftet är också att problematisera socialsekreterarnas tillvägagångssätt gällande tillämpningen av LVM-lagstiftningen och om mål och syfte uppfylls. De teoretiska utgångspunkter som används för att kunna analysera det empiriska materialet är teorier om socialsekreterarnas handlingsutrymme och etiska dilemman som kan uppstå i relation till klienten samt teorier om makt och motivation. För att samla in det empiriska materialet användes semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika socialsekreterare, därmed fångades socialsekreterarnas egna erfarenheter upp kring arbetet med LVM i praktiken. Resultatet av studien har visat att det förekommer motsättningar i LVM- lagen eftersom det är en tvångsvårdslag där socialsekreterarna har makten att ta ifrån klienten deras fria vilja, samtidigt som hänsyn skall tas till klientens självbestämmanderätt och integritet. Socialsekreterarna i sin tur är styrda av den högre ledningens makt genom ledningens riktlinjer och direktiv, vilket både påverkar socialsekreterarna och klienten på ett negativt sätt. Motivationsarbetet med klienten handlar om att få klienten motiverad till att gå med på behandling vare sig denne vill det eller inte och förekommer i form av dold makt och hot, där klientens fria vilja inte beaktas. Tillämpningen av mål och syfte i LVM- lagen har visat sig skilja markant åt inom olika kommuner i Stockholms län, beroende på att det förekommer ett brett handlingsutrymme och en tolkningsbarhet i lagen samt att ingen standardmodell finns att följa. / The law (1988:870) concerning care of addicts in some cases (LVM) is a compulsory care law and is the only law that deviates from the voluntariness principle in the social care law, which gives social workers the ability to go against individual’s free will. This study aims to elucidate the factors that may contribute to the difficulties social workers may face in relation to LVM- law, individual's legal certainty and self- determination of the individual. The purpose is also to problematize the social worker's approach concerning application of the LVM- law and if its purpose and goal is fulfilled. The theoretical starting points that are used to analyze the empirical material are theories about the social worker's discretion and the ethical dilemmas that may arise in relation to the client, also included here are theories about power and motivation. The empirical material was gathered through semi-structured interviews with different social workers, thus the social workers own experiences was captured of the work with the LVM- law in practice. The result of the study has shown that there are certain contradictions in the LVM- law since it is a compulsory care law where social workers have the power to take away their free will of the client, while taking account the right of self-determination and integrity. In turn, the social workers are controlled by higher management’s power by management policies and directives, which have a negative effect on the social workers and clients. Motivation work with the client involves getting the client motivated to agree to treatment irrespective of whether he wants it or not and occurs in the form of hidden power and threats, where the client's free will, not will be considered. The application of goal and purpose of the LVM- law have shown to differ significantly in different municipalities in Stockholm county since there is a wide range of discretion, dependent on the existence of a wide discretion and interpretability of the law and that no standard model is to follow.

This study analysed the reporting of the debate over the Guggenheim Bilbao in the Basque nationalist newspapers Egin and Diario Vasco. I was looking at differences/similarities between the newspapers, and at how argumentation changed over time (1997/1998), drawing upon content analysis, discourse analysis of the ideological themes in the reporting and an indepth analysis of two editorials, one in Spanish and one in Basque. The content analysis confirmed that economy and Basque culture/identity were highly controversial themes; and that in 1998 the museum became more accepted. An analysis of rhetorical strategies e.g. quantification rhetoric for economic predictions; vagueness/evasiveness to portray the Basques' reception of modem architecture/art, permitted the examination of intragroup/intergroup models of interaction, strategies and underlying ideological dilemmas (Billig et ai, 1988). After the inauguration, Diario Vasco claimed that the museum was concerned with Basque modem art, while Egin maintained a cautious distance. The in-depth comparative analysis of political rhetoric in two Egin's editorials, reporting similar events in Basque or Spanish, confirmed that the use of these different languages involves different construction of the readership; and different strategies to convey communality between writer/reader. In the Basque language editorial, communality was cautiously constructed until an assertive we Basques stressed search of unity, differentiation, and sovereignty: conflict/differences between Basques were omitted, backgrounded or ironized, while differences with the Spanish foregrounded. In the Spanish editorial, an impersonal third person tone avoided using the rhetoric of we. Specific Basques were blamed for the repression of Basque secessionism. A dramatic tone suggested subtle criticism against ETA, yet implying that it was reasonable to include ETA among the human victims. The explicit nation state's deixis in the Spanish editorial implied Spain was the nation state. In the Basque context the nation state's deixis was ambiguous: we Basques might be used to address Basques beyond French-Spanish boundaries, suggesting a long-term representation/project that imagined Basqueness beyond its present-day administrative division or actual political influence. The implications of such fine detail differences were discussed.

Hiphopen har i alla dess tider varit en mansdominerad musikgenre och bransch men detta har under de senaste åren kommit att förändras, inte minst inom den svenska kontexten. Svensk hiphop karakteriseras idag av en utpräglad feminism, då till exempel det kvinnliga kollektivet Femtastic har växt fram. Att kvinnor idag har en minst lika stor roll som män inom den svenska hiphopen och att denna har en stark relation till feminism, visar på att den sexism vänd emot kvinnor som har präglat många raptexter skrivna av män här har kommit att förlora sin popularitet. Vi har genom att använda Edleys kritiska diskurspsykologi undersökt hur svenska kvinnliga rappare uttrycker sig och positionerar sig själva och andra i sina låttexter utifrån aspekterna kön och sexualitet, aspekter som manliga rappare ofta har använt vid beskrivning av kvinnor. Vi har med hjälp av tolkningsrepertoarer, subjektspositioner, ideologiska dilemman och Judith Butlers begrepp subversivitet kunnat urskilja olika mönster i konstruktioner av kön och sexualitet och funnit att artisterna i fråga många gånger agerar på ett sätt som bryter eller frångår köns- och sexualitetsbundna normer. Vi har även kunnat uttyda hur artisterna använder språkliga resurser som ett verktyg för att till exempel framhäva en kvinnlig styrka, såväl individuell som kollektiv. / Hip hop has throughout the years been a male dominated music genre and industry but this has recently come to change, not least within the Swedish context. Today Swedish hip hop is largely characterized by its pronounced feminism, partly because of the development of the female collective Femtastic. The fact that women today have an at least equally clear role in the Swedish hip hop industry as men indicates that sexism, which has been a frequently reoccurring theme in male rap lyrics, has come to lose its popularity. We have, through the use of Edleys critical discourse psychology, examined how Swedish female rappers express gender and sexuality and how they position themselves and others with regard to these aspects, aspects that male rappers often have used to describe women. By using interpretative repertoires, subject positions, ideological dilemmas and Judith Butlers term subversivity, we have been able to distinguish certain patterns in the constructions of gender and sexuality. We have found that the artists frequently express themselves in ways that digresses from stereotypical norms of gender and sexuality and distinguished how they use linguistic resources as tools with which they, among other things, accentuate female strength, individual as well as collective.

This thesis explores how the body and femininity are constructed by starting from the subjective experiences of 12 young women labelled with an intellectual impairment. The methodological approach is inspired by so-called participatory research. The study combines the concepts of (dis)ability and gender from a sociological perspective. It shows how the young women negotiate norms regarding the body and femininity to pursue the coveted body and femininity ideals, but also to do the opposite: resist these ideals. The thesis is based on the following four articles: Theorizing the Body: Conceptions of Disability, Gender and Normality addresses different perspectives on the body in relation to conceptions of disability, gender and normality. The article highlights the importance of integrating disability and gender when exploring an understanding of conceptions and constructions of the body. Negotiating Normality: The Complexity of Showing (off) Bodies identifies four different strategies the young women use to make themselves visible as fashionable young women of today, e.g. as non-disabled. It shows that these strategies comply with conceptions of fashion, and that they are at the same time expressions of different marks of resistance.                                                                            Risky Transitions in an Ableist Environment: The Experience of Frequent Critical Looks presents an exemplification of social construction of the body by focusing on critical looks. The concept of critical looks is analysed from an intersectional perspective, specifically in relation to how (dis)ability, gender and, to some extent, age interact. It shows how the body is made visible by being stared at, both to oneself and to others depending on place and interactions. Reflections on Collaborative Research: to What Extent, and on Whose Terms? discusses the possible methodological and ethical dilemmas found in different research phases, and in relation to the participants, in collaborative research within disability research. It shows that collaborative research can benefit from being problematized and discussed further regarding the categorization of disability as well as participation.