Swedish society is characterized by trust and confidence in authorities. In connecting with society changing and becoming more multicultural, shortcomings and mistrust against authorities have become increasingly common. The police are seen as a threat and are subjected to threats. The threats are a consequence of repeated situations where discrimination and special treatment of certain groups of people took place rather than being treated with respect and helpfulness. The aim of the study was to investigate to what extent experiences, in terms of meetings and interactions, shape young adults' attitudes towards the police. Furthermore, we wanted to find out whether geographical residence area plays a role in an individual's attitudes, and if so, in what way. Earlier research shows that the pronounced value base of the police and guidelines do not always agree with their treatment of and contacts with all groups of people. Through qualitative interviews with young adults, living in different areas of Gothenburg, it emerges that previous experiences of police actions have the greatest significance for the young adults' attitudes towards the work of the police. / Det svenska samhället utmärks av tillit och förtroende för myndigheter. I samband med att samhället förändrats och blivit mer mångkulturellt har brister och misstro mot myndigheter blivit allt vanligare. Polisen ses som ett hot och utsätts för hot. Hotet är en konsekvens av upprepade situationer där diskriminering och särbehandling av vissa grupper av människor ägt rum. Syftet med studien är att undersöka i vilken grad erfarenheter, i form av möten och interaktioner, präglar unga vuxnas attityder till polisen. Vidare vill vi undersöka om geografisk bosättning spelar roll för en individs attityd och i så fall på vilket sätt. Tidigare forskning visar att polisens egen formulerade värdegrund och riktlinjer inte avspeglas i kontakt med alla grupper. Det finns en skillnad i behandling, bemötande och tillit. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med unga vuxna, bosatta i olika områden i Göteborg, framkommer att tidigare erfarenheter av polisers agerande har störst betydelse för de unga vuxnas attityder till polisens arbete.

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The purpose of the study is to gain an increased understanding of individuals who havereceived income support. The thesis has the following three problem statements: The perceived contact with administrators? In what way the individual perceives the given support from the surroundings? What social consequences were experienced during the time with incomesupport? Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted to achieve the purpose. The respondents reconstructed their experiences regarding receival of income support. The respondents that participated have previously received income support and are todayproviding for themselves in the form of salary from work or study grants. The collectedempirical data have been produced based on a qualitative research method. The theoretical starting points that have been used are based on trust and reliance, Sense ofcoherence and the Compass of shame.The results indicates that the contact with the administrator was of significance for the individual and the value of maintaining the same contact was regarded highly. Furthermore, social support is noted as health-promoting as the respondents' relationships with family and friends have proven to be meaningful, manageable, and understandable in relation to the studied social phenomena. In some cases, have reducedinteraction occurred with friends. Geographical circumstances have affected the reduction of interactions, which was perceived as strained for some respondents.The conclusions related to the results were that the interviewed persons felt limitedregarding their own possibilities for maneuvering the situation in relation to receivingincome support. This experience was expressed as uncomfortable and shameful. / Syftet med denna studie är att få en ökad förståelse för individens upplevda erfarenheter av att erhålla försörjningsstöd. Studien har besvarat följande tre frågeställningar: Hur upplevdes kontakten med handläggare? På vilket sätt uppfattar den enskilde stöd från omgivningen? Vilka sociala konsekvenser av försörjningsstödet upplevdes? Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes, där respondenterna fått rekonstruera sina erfarenheter gällande erhållandet av försörjningsstöd. De deltagande respondenterna har tidigare erhållit försörjningsstöd och försörjer sig idag med antingen lön från arbete eller studiebidrag. Den insamlade empirin har framställts utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. De teoretiska utgångspunkter som har används är tillit och förtroende, KASAM och skamkompassen. Resultatet visade på att kontakten med handläggaren var betydande för den enskilde och värdet att behålla samma kontakt värderades högt. Vidare uppmärksammas det sociala stödet som hälsofrämjande då respondenternas relationer till familj och vänner visat sig vara meningsfullt, hanterbart och begripligt i relation till det studerade sociala fenomenet. Inte i alla fall har minskad interaktion förekommit med vännerna, däremot har geografiska omständigheter påverkat den minskade interaktionen vilket upplevdes ansträngt för en del respondenter. Slutsatsen indikerar att respondenterna upplevde det begränsade personliga handlingsutrymme som besvärligt i relation med försörjningsstödet. Upplevelsen av att erhålla försörjningsstöd målades upp som obekvämt och skamfullt

Forskning visar att klientens förtroende för den professionella är avgörande för ett gynnsamt socialt arbete. Trots betydelsen av förtroende i det sociala arbetets praktik, visar undersökningar att socialtjänsten tenderar att ha ett lägre förtroende jämfört med andra samhällsaktörer. Det verkar dock existera en kunskapslucka vad gäller forskning som undersöker förtroendet för socialtjänsten i marginaliserade områden. Eftersom personer från marginaliserade områden tenderar att ha ett lägre förtroende för politiska institutioner generellt i jämförelse med majoritetsbefolkningen, är det av särskild relevans att undersöka hur förtroendet för socialtjänsten ser ut i marginaliserade områden. Följande studie syftar därmed till att undersöka förtroendet för socialtjänsten i marginaliserade områden ur lokalinvånares och socialarbetares perspektiv. För att besvara studiens syfte har en kvalitativ metod tillämpats. Studiens datamaterial utgörs av sex intervjuer med socialarbetare och fem fokusgruppsintervjuer med lokalinvånare från Angered och Vivalla. Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgör av en postkolonial teori och begreppet ”den Andra” samt teorier om stigma och territoriell stigmatisering. Studiens resultat visar att lokalinvånare i marginaliserande område har ett bristande förtroende för socialtjänsten, vilket kommer till uttryck i form av en stor rädsla och misstro mot myndigheten. Av resultatet framkommer att lokalinvånarnas bristande förtroende för socialtjänsten kan förklaras utifrån faktorer som diskriminering och stigmatisering av personer från marginaliserade områden, bristande information om socialtjänsten, socialttjänstens bristande tillgänglighet i områdena, skam, ryktesspridning samt begränsningar i socialtjänstens verksamhet. / Research shows that the client's trust in the professional is crucial for social work. Despite the importance of trust in the practice of social work, surveys show that social services tend to have a lower level of trust compared with other societal actors. However, there seems to be a knowledge gap regarding research that examines confidence in the social services in marginalized areas. As people from marginalized areas tend to have lower confidence in political institutions compared to majority populations, it is of relevance to examine what trust in social services means and how it is expressed in marginalized areas. The following study therefore aims to examine trust in social services in marginalized areas from the perspective of local residents and social workers. A qualitative method was applied to this study to the purpose of the study and to answer the research questions. The study's data material consists of six interviews with social workers and five focus group interviews with residents from two different neighbourhoods that are considered marginalized: Angered and Vivalla. The theoretical framework of the study consists of a postcolonial theory and the concept of "the Other" as well as theories of stigma and territorial stigmatization. The results of the study show that residents in marginalized areas lack trust in social services, which is expressed in the form of fear and mistrust. The results show that the residents lack of trust in social services can be explained by factors such as discrimination and stigmatization of people from marginalized areas, lack of information about the social services, the social services' lack of accessibility in said areas, shame, rumours, and restrictions in the social services' activities.

This study aims to examine which mechanisms affect young adults' trust in authorities, with a focus on capital composition, and specifically cultural capital (education). Through this focus on capital, the study examines the underlying factors that affect what requirements that young adults feel that they can demand of/put on authorities. The data material has been collected through six interviews with young adults aged 20–30 who are, or during the past year have been, registered at the Public Employment Service (Arbetsförmedlingen) in Stockholm, Sweden. The reference framework that formed the basis for the analysis consists of Pierre Bourdieu's capital theory and the concept of habitus, in addition to Max Weber's theories on status and accumulation of opportunities. The results of the study shows that capital composition correlates with trust level, but that the level of trust also relates to which extent an authority meets the expectations that exist around their services. Moreover, the results show that the level of trust correlates with the level of risk the young adult must take to trust authority. / Denna uppsats är en kvalitativ intervjustudie som syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar unga vuxnas tillitsnivå till myndigheter, med inriktning på kapitalsammansättning och framförallt kulturellt kapital (utbildning). Dessutom undersöker studien vilka bakomliggande faktorer som påverkar vilka krav unga vuxna upplever att de kan ställa på myndigheter, även detta med fokus på olika typer av kapital. Datamaterialet har samlats in genom sex intervjuer med unga vuxna i åldern 20–30 år som är, eller under det senaste året varit, inskrivna på Arbetsförmedlingen i Stockholms stad. Den referensram som legat till grund för analysarbetet har bestått av Pierre Bourdieus kapitalteori och begreppet habitus samt av Max Webers teorier kring status och möjlighetsansamling. Resultaten av studien visar att kapitalsammansättning korrelerar med tillitsnivå, men att nivån av tillit också har att göra med i vilken utsträckning myndigheter uppfyller de förväntningar som existerar kring deras tjänster. Dessutom visar resultatet att nivån av tillit korrelerar med hur stor risk det innebär för individen att hysa tillit till myndigheten.

The aim of the research was to establish the emotional experiences of adolescents who experience a discrepancy between their self-concept and ideal self-concept. An empirical investigation was carried out in order to establish the relationship that exists between the self-concept and the ideal self-concept of adolescents and certain emotions they experience. The investigation further identified the emotions that are prominent in the case of a discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self-concept. A Self-concept, Ideal Self-concept and Emotional Profile Index Questionnaire were completed by 250 adolescents. Trust and sociability showed the strongest positive correlations and depression, distrust and aggression the strongest negative correlations with aspects of the self-concept. In most instances no relationship existed between the ideal self-concept of adolescents and the emotions they experience. In terms of a discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self-concept, results indicated that trust was the most prominent positive emotion and depression, aggression and distrust the most prominent negative emotions. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

A partir d’une ethnographie de la mobilité des travailleurs colombiens originaires de classes moyennes urbaines, cette recherche explore les recompositions spatiales, sociales et d’entraide, à la lumière d’une mondialisation qui prône la flexibilité tout en limitant la mobilité de certains. Les Colombiens font parti du groupe des indésirables au niveau de la mobilité internationale et passent par des formes de contournement et de dénationalisation; mais ils sont bien placés au sein de l’échelle des migrants aux Etats-Unis où ils reconstruisent des identités positives. Cette approche contribue aux études sur les latinos aux Etats-Unis en y positionnant le groupe des Colombiens qui bien que numériquement important est aujourd’hui invisible, mais aussi au débat sur le rôle des réseaux sociaux dans les mobilités. Ces migrants n’utilisent les réseaux d’origine nationale que comme une aide parmi d’autres et la méfiance joue un rôle récurrent dans les liens qu’ils développent. L’approche multi sites incluant le pays d’origine a permis de mieux interpréter les stratégies des personnes qui se construisent au sein d’un seul champ social. L’étude rend compte de la remise en question des hiérarchies et du rôle des femmes au sein des relations transnationales. Enfin, ce travail questionne la fonction de la ville globale et des quartiers multi ethniques non ségrégués dans l’accueil des migrants. En effet, loin des schémas des quartiers ethniques isolés, les Colombiens ont construit différents «espaces colombiens» dont Jackson Heights, dans le Queens, serait un nœud essentiel leur donnant accès à un capital social au niveau du «Grand New York», mais aussi de certains réseaux transnationaux. / Based on the ethnography of the mobility of middle-class Colombian workers of urban origin, this research explores the spatial, social and solidarity reconstructions, amidst a globalization process which advocates for flexibility while restricting the mobility of certain individuals. Colombians belong to an undesirable group when it comes to international mobility and they go through certain forms of bypassing and citizenship denial; however they are well positioned when it comes to the social standing of migrants in the United States, finding ways to recreate positive identities. This approach contributes to the studies about Latinos in the United States, not only placing Colombians within this group, currently invisible in spite of their growing number, but also placing them in the debate of the roll of social networks in mobilities. These migrants only use the national origin networks as an aid among others and distrust plays a recurrent roll in the connections they develop. The multi city approach, including the country of origin, has allowed a better interpretation of the strategies of persons who grow in a unique social field. This study brings back the question of hierarchy and of the roll of women in transnational relationships. Finally, this study questions the function of the global city and of non segregated multi-ethnical neighbourhoods concerning the reception of migrants. In fact, far from the schemes of isolated ethnic neighbourhoods, Colombians have built different «Colombian spaces», Jackson Heights in Queens being an essential knot giving them access to a social capital, not only at a «Great New York» level, but also to certain transnational networks.

La globalisation et les crises économiques successives, les pressions de la concurrence et les exigences des clients contraignent les entreprises pour survivre à initier des changements et à réviser leurs promesses et perspectives de rétributions, parfois de manière brutale. Les frontières organisationnelles se délitent, des relations atypiques et triangulaires se développent, les collectifs de travail sont fragilisés, les valeurs interpellées. L’équivocité des situations initie des processus de sensemaking. Les schémas mentaux traditionnels de la relation d’emploi basés sur la confiance, la stabilité et la fidélité sont bousculés. A la sécurité d’emploi à long terme et la carrière interne se substitue la notion d’employabilité et de flexisécurité. Les employés essaient de percevoir et d’interpréter ce qui survient dans les organisations. Les « contract makers » viennent alors préciser et expliquer les changements dans les promesses et obligations du contrat psychologique entre l’employé et l’organisation. En cas d’échec, ce sont les « contract influencers » comme les syndicats qui viennent donner un sens qui n’est pas forcément celui attendu par le management… Les plans de restructuration avec réduction d’effectif se multiplient engendrant des processus de rupture et de violation du contrat psychologique et un climat social dégradé. Les processus de cession de site, l’absence de perspectives à long terme engendrent de l’incertitude et de l’inquiétude chez les salariés, des contrats psychologiques de transition sans garantie émergent et lorsque la situation perdure ces derniers sont susceptibles d’engendrer des comportements hostiles et déviants qui peuvent conduire à un contrat psychologique de défiance.La présente thèse étudie le processus de formation et d’évolution du contrat psychologique sous le prisme du sensemaking du personnel d’une entreprise agro-alimentaire de Dijon. Un cadre d’analyse contextualiste basé sur une méthode mixte quantitative et qualitative nous permet de suivre les processus de formation, d’évolution de rupture et de reconstruction du contrat psychologique et de comprendre comme les acteurs organisationnels construisent la réalité. / Globalization and economic crises, as well as the pressures of competition and customer demands, are forcing companies, in order to survive, to initiate changes and revise their promises and payment prospects, sometimes in a brutal way. Organizational boundaries are disintegrating, atypical or triangular relationships are developing, staffs feel weakened, and values are ?. The ambiguity of these situations initiates the processes of sensemaking. Traditional expectations based on trust, stability and fidelity are shaken up. Job security and long-term internal careers are being replaced by the concepts of employability and flexisecurity. Employees try to understand and to detect what is happening in organizations. « Contract makers » then come a long side to explain and to detail changes in the promises and obligations of the psychological contract between the employee and the organization. When this process fails, it is the « contract influencers » such as unions who give meaning, but is not necessarily the one the management expected... Restructuring plans which include downsizing lead to the increasing number of processes of rupture and violation of the psychological contract and down-grading in the social climate. The process of selling the site and, the lack of long-term prospects create uncertainty and anxiety among employees. Transitional psychological contracts with no guarantee conditions emerge and when this situation persists it is likely to generate hostile and deviant behaviors that can lead to distrust psychological contract.This thesis examines the process of forming and developing the psychological contracts through the prism of sensemaking, employees of a food company in Dijon. An analytical framework based on a contextualist quantitative and qualitative mixed method allows us to follow the process of establishing and developing rupture and reconstruction of psychological contracts, as well as to understand how people concerned in the organization construct reality.

La rencontre des patients addictés suscite fréquemment l’inquiétude. Celle-ci rend difficile l’exercice du soin, même spécialisé, et attaque ses conditions éthiques. Cette thèse se propose d’explorer l’expérience des professionnels de l’addictologie, dans la diversité de leurs approches et de leurs pratiques. Elle s’inscrit dans une épistémologie de la complexité et adopte une méthodologie complémentariste. Des discours socio-anthropologiques, philosophiques et psychanalytiques peuvent ainsi être mis en contact au profit d’une appréhension plurivoque de la problématique éthique et clinique de la relation de soin en addictologie. Dans un premier temps, nous avons exploré de manière qualitative l’expérience des soignants. L’étude « Éthique et Narrativité dans les Addictions » (EthNaA) nous a apporté de nombreuses données sur les sources et les effets de l’inquiétude dans le soin, ainsi que sur des voies de dégagement. Une lecture psychodynamique de ces résultats nous a permis d’extraire une première théorie de la relation de soin : dans la rencontre, soignant et patient se replient sur des positions narcissiques qui déterminent leurs représentations de l’autre et d’eux-mêmes, ainsi que leur modalités de lien ; alternativement monstres et héros, les acteurs s’agrippent et se rejettent dans un climat de défiance qui infiltre tous les espaces ; dans la douleur de cette expérience et dans la conscience des conséquences éthiques pour le patient, les professionnels cherchent des moyens de restaurer une confiance dans un soin de soi et une recherche de soutien à l’ « extérieur », sans toutefois pouvoir s’y engager. Dans un second temps, en tant qu’acteur de ce soin, il était nécessaire que nous présentions notre propre expérience, ainsi que des histoires cliniques, pour pouvoir prétendre soutenir un discours éthique. Cette expérience est très proche de celle des soignants d’EthNaA mais son exposé a permis de souligner l’ancrage intrapsychique des mouvements affectifs décrits précédemment. Cela nous a mis sur la voie d’une seconde théorie capable de soutenir des propositions de nature à restaurer le soin dans ses qualités éthiques et cliniques. La « relation inquiète » met en présence un patient souffrant dans une attente silencieuse, et un soignant désireux de s’investir mais vulnérable, en premier lieu du fait d’un affaiblissement de la fonction tierce en lui comme dans son cadre institutionnel. La relation de soin s’enferme alors dans une circularité qui évoque le cercle des attitudes de Jean-Paul Sartre, entre masochisme, haine, sadisme et amour. Cet amour, présent dans le discours des soignants, reste replié sur soi et défiant. Nous avons alors repris les idées des professionnels d’EthNaA et les avons complétées en proposant un souci de soi, resubjectivant et allié à un réinvestissement de la fonction tierce intériorisée. Cette nouvelle prise de position soignante, dans une affirmation du primat du tiers, doit permettre une reconnaissance de l’autre-patient comme sujet propre. Ce « jeu » entre les protagonistes doit s’inscrire dans une éthique simultanément exigeante et tolérante. La piste « amoureuse » ouverte par les soignants d’EthNaA peut alors rejoindre l’éthique de Vladimir Jankélévitch. La relation de soin entre deux sujets restaurés peut alors se relancer – portée par une nouvelle dialectique entre soin de soi et amour de l’autre, entre inquiétude saisissante et élancement, entre défiance et confiance – sur une trajectoire sinueuse et parfois chaotique, mais qui donne finalement au soin le dernier mot. / The encounter with addicted patients frequently arouses a feeling of disquiet. It renders the practice of care difficult, even in expert settings, and degrades its ethical conditions. The present work explores the experience of professionals from the field of addictions treatment taking account of the diversity of their approaches and practices. It is in line with an epistemology of the complexity and adopts a complémentariste methodology. In this way, sociological, philosophical and psychoanalytical theoretical corpus can be put in discussion in order to comprehend the complexity of the ethical and clinical questions emerging from the care relationship.In a first phase, we conducted a qualitative inquiry of the caregiver’s experience. The study “Éthique et Narrativité dans les Addictions” (EthNaA) provided us with numerous data on sources and effects of disquiet in the care setting, as well as on ways out. A psychodynamical reading of these results led us to a first theory of the care relationship: in the encounter, the caregiver and the patient both withdraw on narcissistic positions which determine how they depict one another and themselves, as well as their ways of establishing mutual bounds; alternatively monsters and heroes, the protagonists grab onto each other and reject each other in a climate of distrust which infiltrates all the areas of the relationship; through the pain of this experience and the consciousness of the ethical consequences for the patient, the caregivers seek resources allowing them to restore a trust by taking care of themselves and looking for support from the “outside”, but they still seem unable to commit themselves in this move.In a second phase, as a professional enrolled in the care of addicted patients, it was necessary that we exhibit our own experience and clinical stories in order to support an ethical stand. Our experience is very similar to the caregiver’s in the study but its report allowed us to underline the intrapsychic integration of the emotional dynamics previously described. It opened the way of a second theory able to support innovative propositions likely to restore the care in its ethical and clinical qualities.The “disquiet relationship” brings a suffering patient in a silent expectation face to face with a caregiver, willing to get involved but vulnerable, in the first place because of the weakening of the function of the third position in the caregiver’s thought as well as in the institutional frame. The care relationship then locks itself in a circularity witch evokes the circle of attitudes described by Jean-Paul Sartre among masochism, hatred, sadism and love. This love, present in the caregiver’s discourses, remains withdrawn into itself and distrustful. We then started again from the caregiver’s ideas, completing them by introducing a care of the self able to restore the subjectivity of the agent through its combination with the reinvestment of the function of the third position in the caregiver’s thought. This new caring stand, through the assertion of the primacy of the third position, shall allow the acknowledgement of the patient as a subject. This “play” between protagonists shall place itself in an ethic simultaneously demanding and tolerant. The “amorous” track opened by the caregivers of the study can then rejoin the ethic of Vladimir Jankélévitch. The care relationship between two restored subjects can then make a fresh start – supported by a new dialectic between care of the self and love of the other, between piercing disquiet and anxious yearning, between distrust and trust – on a sinuous and sometimes chaotic trajectory, but which finally gives to the care the last word.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the mutual impact which social relations and entrepreneurship had in relation to the success of four actors in a rural area in northern Sweden at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Many Swedish scholars have studied the process of social differentiation, before the industrial revolution. However, we still know very little about the forces behind this process, why some peasant households became more successful than others, especially during the first half of the nineteenth century when the economic differences were increasing. To grasp this process, the notion of social position has been used as a tool to grade the population on a scale from low- to high-ranked households in an economic and political sense. The fact that households were more or less successful turns our attention to the ability among individuals and households to change their social position. A theoretical concept chosen to investigate such change is the notion of entrepreneur, which implies a focus on the actor working for personal profit in a changing economic world. The main question has been how important social relations connected to entrepreneurship are in order to promote success among peasant households in the pre-industrial society. The empirical investigation has been conducted on two different levels. The first level is a structural study analysing the physical landscape of the court district of Rödön, the economic stratification and the political activity of the population in the area and, finally, their economic behaviours as peasants and rural businessmen. The second is a qualitative study emphasising on four individual actors: the businessman Per Wikström in the town of Östersund and three of the most successful peasant households in the region. The four case studies reveal that the rural elite had a pragmatic and dynamic approach to choosing social relations outside the family. Many acquaintances grew persistent and embedded in family or kinship relations, whereas others were short-lived or sacrificed for a calculated economic gain.